軟件測(cè)試外文翻譯--gui自動(dòng)化測(cè)試研究

1、<p><b>　　附錄1外文譯文</b></p><p>　　GUI自動(dòng)化測(cè)試研究</p><p>　　摘要:指出了目前自動(dòng)化測(cè)試所采用的錄制技術(shù)存在的不足，針對(duì)不斷變化的圖形用戶界面測(cè)試代碼很難維護(hù)和擴(kuò)展的問題，采用基于對(duì)象的捕捉技術(shù)，設(shè)計(jì)了以Windows消息機(jī)制為基礎(chǔ)的GU IATF測(cè)試框架，實(shí)現(xiàn)了高度靈活并易于擴(kuò)展的圖形用戶界面自動(dòng)化測(cè)試。<

2、/p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：軟件測(cè)試；回歸測(cè)試；自動(dòng)化</p><p><b>　　0．引言</b></p><p>　　測(cè)試是一種旨在評(píng)估一個(gè)程序或系統(tǒng)的屬性或能力，確定它是否符合其所需結(jié)果的活動(dòng)。在整個(gè)軟件開發(fā)過程中，從需求分析到系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)直到代碼實(shí)現(xiàn)，都會(huì)出現(xiàn)或多或少的問題。如何保障軟件的質(zhì)量，軟件測(cè)試就成為關(guān)鍵的技術(shù)。軟件測(cè)試的工作量很大并具有

3、一定的重復(fù)性，尤其在測(cè)試后期所進(jìn)行的回歸測(cè)試中（回歸測(cè)試在軟件出現(xiàn)發(fā)展性的改變和修正性改變時(shí)運(yùn)行），需要驗(yàn)證以前發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題在新版本中是否解決，大部分測(cè)試工作是重復(fù)的。實(shí)現(xiàn)軟件測(cè)試的自動(dòng)化可以使大量的測(cè)試程序化地反復(fù)執(zhí)行，不僅節(jié)約了大量的勞動(dòng)力，而且提高了測(cè)試效率并保證了測(cè)試的質(zhì)量。</p><p><b>　　1．錄制技術(shù)的不足</b></p><p>　　目前一些錄

4、制技術(shù)被應(yīng)用到圖形用戶界面的自動(dòng)化測(cè)試中，在軟件開發(fā)周期中，系統(tǒng)需要不斷地更新和維護(hù)，為了保證測(cè)試質(zhì)量，測(cè)試代碼對(duì)不斷變化的系統(tǒng)要有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)能力，換句話說，測(cè)試也同樣需要維護(hù)。測(cè)試腳本的錄制過程是根據(jù)具體的界面和操作進(jìn)行的，一旦腳本的執(zhí)行界面發(fā)生改變，運(yùn)行就會(huì)出現(xiàn)異常，甚至僅僅是被操作對(duì)象位置的改變或圖像分辨率的改變都可能會(huì)造成圖形用戶界面自動(dòng)化測(cè)試的失敗，因此，基于錄制技術(shù)的自動(dòng)化測(cè)試維護(hù)的代價(jià)相當(dāng)高。另外，腳本錄制的過程是固定的，

5、所以腳本的運(yùn)行會(huì)完全按照操作步驟，不具備靈活性。</p><p>　　2．自動(dòng)化測(cè)試框架的提出</p><p>　　在目前的軟件測(cè)試中，一個(gè)備受關(guān)注的問題是如何高效地實(shí)現(xiàn)圖形用戶界面的自動(dòng)化測(cè)試，并使測(cè)試代碼具有很高的靈活性。本文提出了一種基于對(duì)象捕捉技術(shù)的圖形用戶界面自動(dòng)化測(cè)試框架GUIATF（Graphics User Interface Automation Testing Fram

6、ework），為測(cè)試人員方便地創(chuàng)建并靈活地維護(hù)測(cè)試代碼提供保證。當(dāng)用戶界面發(fā)生變化時(shí)，測(cè)試代碼能很快地進(jìn)行更新，對(duì)用戶界面的變化有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)能力。</p><p>　　3．GUIATF框架的工作原理</p><p>　　GUIATF框架的基礎(chǔ)是消息機(jī)制，通過消息的發(fā)送來觸發(fā)相應(yīng)的事件。消息的初始接收器必須是窗口對(duì)象。Windows消息通常直接由該窗口對(duì)象處理。通常產(chǎn)生于應(yīng)用程序主框架窗口的

7、命令消息被傳送到命令傳送中描述的命令目標(biāo)鏈。GUIATF框架要完成的任務(wù)是為測(cè)試人員開發(fā)自動(dòng)化測(cè)試代碼提供功能強(qiáng)大的接口，模擬測(cè)試用例中定義的用戶操作，通知系統(tǒng)發(fā)送一系列的消息給應(yīng)用程序，實(shí)現(xiàn)測(cè)試用例的自動(dòng)化運(yùn)行。</p><p>　　3.1 GUIATF的作用</p><p>　　圖1 GUIATF的作用</p><p>　　從圖1可以看出GUIATF將消息發(fā)送給

8、系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)消息之后通知應(yīng)用程序來觸發(fā)對(duì)應(yīng)的事件，完成測(cè)試用例中定義的一系列用戶操作。GUIATF是連接應(yīng)用程序和用戶操作的橋梁。在自動(dòng)化測(cè)試過程中，測(cè)試用例是批量運(yùn)行的，為了跟蹤測(cè)試結(jié)果，GUIATF需要不斷記錄執(zhí)行過程、探測(cè)不期望出現(xiàn)的事件以及在運(yùn)行異常時(shí)保存現(xiàn)場(chǎng)截圖。這些結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)通過日志管理存儲(chǔ)在日志數(shù)據(jù)庫中，便于測(cè)試人員查看和分析測(cè)試結(jié)果。</p><p>　　3.2 GUIATF的結(jié)構(gòu)</p&g

9、t;<p>　　GUIATF框架由四個(gè)模塊構(gòu)成：對(duì)象定位、字符轉(zhuǎn)換、消息發(fā)送和日志記錄，如圖2所示。對(duì)象定位模塊將用戶要操作的控件對(duì)象轉(zhuǎn)化為GUIATF框架自身定義的自動(dòng)化對(duì)象，然后再對(duì)其定位，在定位過程中，需要獲取控件的一些屬性信息，最常用到的是控件顯示在界面上的名稱。在不同的語言版本中，同一個(gè)控件的名稱是不同的，字符轉(zhuǎn)換模塊提取當(dāng)前環(huán)境的語言類型，將要檢索的控件名稱轉(zhuǎn)換為當(dāng)前語言環(huán)境中對(duì)應(yīng)的名稱，發(fā)送給對(duì)象定位模塊。對(duì)

10、象定位成功后，消息發(fā)送模塊將模擬用戶操作的消息發(fā)送到被鎖定的對(duì)象，比如：用鼠標(biāo)點(diǎn)擊被定位的按鈕或在被定位的編輯框中錄入信息等。在以上三個(gè)模塊執(zhí)行的過程中，日志跟蹤模塊分別記錄它們工作的詳細(xì)信息，以便自動(dòng)化測(cè)試運(yùn)行結(jié)束后，測(cè)試人員通過查看日志信息分析測(cè)試結(jié)果。</p><p>　　圖2 GUIATF的結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p><b>　　(1)對(duì)象定位模塊</b></

11、p><p>　　對(duì)象定位模塊使GUIATF框架在處理控件對(duì)象方面具備功能豐富的接口，測(cè)試人員通過調(diào)用它們可以方便、高效地實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化對(duì)象的創(chuàng)建、檢索自動(dòng)化對(duì)象包含的子對(duì)象、激活對(duì)象、確定對(duì)象角色、狀態(tài)和位置等功能。應(yīng)用程序中的每一個(gè)控件都屬于主窗口中的子窗口，包括按鈕、編輯框等，它們都是Windows系統(tǒng)中的窗口。每個(gè)窗口都有一個(gè)窗口句柄作為其在系統(tǒng)中的唯一標(biāo)識(shí)，對(duì)象定位模塊通過獲取窗口句柄將其轉(zhuǎn)化為自身定義的自動(dòng)化對(duì)

12、象，主要定義如表1所示。</p><p>　　表1 對(duì)象定位模塊主要成員函數(shù)及屬性</p><p><b>　　(2)字符轉(zhuǎn)換模塊</b></p><p>　　字符轉(zhuǎn)換模塊實(shí)現(xiàn)了GUIATF框架跨語言自動(dòng)化測(cè)試的能力。它將自動(dòng)化對(duì)象的屬性信息動(dòng)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為當(dāng)前語言環(huán)境下對(duì)應(yīng)的表現(xiàn)形式。在應(yīng)用程序中存在的每一個(gè)字符串都有一個(gè)ID值，唯一地標(biāo)識(shí)該字符串

13、的含義，我們把它稱為鍵（KEY），對(duì)于一個(gè)鍵，可以對(duì)應(yīng)多個(gè)值（VALUE），每一個(gè)值代表一種語言的表現(xiàn)形式。應(yīng)用程序中包含的所有字符串組成一個(gè)鍵的集合，這個(gè)鍵集合對(duì)應(yīng)了多個(gè)值集合，每一個(gè)值集合相當(dāng)于一個(gè)語言包。比如：我們將一個(gè)英文版的應(yīng)用程序漢化的過程就是用中文語言包中的漢語將英文替換。</p><p><b>　　圖3 字符轉(zhuǎn)換過程</b></p><p>　　使用

14、GUIATF 框架提供的接口查找控件對(duì)象時(shí)，要實(shí)現(xiàn)跨語言就不能使用控件對(duì)象在一種具體語言下的名稱，而要通過此名稱的ID 號(hào)，也就是鍵（KEY)，根據(jù)所獲取當(dāng)前語言環(huán)境的類型，動(dòng)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換對(duì)應(yīng)的字符表現(xiàn)形式。轉(zhuǎn)換過程如圖3所示：在得到要轉(zhuǎn)換字符串的ID值之后，首先確認(rèn)數(shù)據(jù)庫的配置參數(shù)，包括存放數(shù)據(jù)庫的服務(wù)器名稱，數(shù)據(jù)庫名稱，當(dāng)前語言類型和格式等，然后創(chuàng)建與數(shù)據(jù)庫的連接，把要查找的語言類型和字符串作為參數(shù)傳遞給查詢命令，執(zhí)行查詢就可以獲取我們需

15、要的轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果。</p><p><b>　　(3)消息發(fā)送模塊</b></p><p>　　自動(dòng)化對(duì)象定位之后，消息發(fā)送模塊提供相應(yīng)的接口將消息發(fā)送給系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)后通知應(yīng)用程序觸發(fā)自動(dòng)化對(duì)象執(zhí)行對(duì)應(yīng)的事件。在這個(gè)模塊中，主要封裝了鼠標(biāo)消息類型、鍵盤消息類型以及消息發(fā)送的控制邏輯。</p><p>　　鼠標(biāo)消息類型根據(jù)用戶使用它的行為定義，包括

16、左鍵單擊、左鍵雙擊、右鍵單擊和拖動(dòng)。</p><p>　　Define moduleMouseMessage</p><p><b>　　{</b></p><p>　　public boolDragAndDrop (WinObj From, WinObj To) ;</p><p>　　publicWinObj Get

17、PopupMenu ( ) ;</p><p>　　public void LeftClick ( ) ;</p><p>　　public void LeftDoubleClick ( ) ;</p><p>　　public voidMove ( Point Pos) ;</p><p>　　public void RightClick

18、( ) ;</p><p><b>　　?</b></p><p><b>　　}</b></p><p>　　鍵盤消息類型定義了單鍵的按下、彈起，多鍵的選擇，字符串的錄入以及功能鍵對(duì)自動(dòng)化對(duì)象的控制。</p><p>　　Define module KeyBoardMessage</p>

19、;<p><b>　　{</b></p><p>　　public void KeyDown (Keys Key) ;</p><p>　　public void KeyUp (Keys Key) ;</p><p>　　public void Type (Keys[ ]KeyArray) ;</p><p&g

20、t;　　public void Type ( string Text) ;</p><p>　　public bool Type (WinObjWObject, Keys Key) ;</p><p>　　public bool Type (WinObjWObject, Keys[ ]KeyArray) ;</p><p><b>　　?</b>

21、;</p><p><b>　　}</b></p><p>　　圖形用戶界面的操作效率受機(jī)器性能的影響，當(dāng)需要點(diǎn)擊某個(gè)對(duì)話框的一個(gè)按鈕時(shí)，向系統(tǒng)發(fā)出打開對(duì)話框的消息要等待響應(yīng)，在不同的機(jī)器或環(huán)境中，響應(yīng)的時(shí)間是不一樣的，如果對(duì)話框沒有出現(xiàn)就觸發(fā)點(diǎn)擊按鈕的消息會(huì)導(dǎo)致操作的失敗，因此，消息的發(fā)送需要一定的控制邏輯來協(xié)調(diào)，包括：根據(jù)用戶界面狀態(tài)的變化判斷用戶進(jìn)程何時(shí)失效，確

22、保相關(guān)消息響應(yīng)之后觸發(fā)對(duì)應(yīng)操作的執(zhí)行。主要定義如下所示：</p><p>　　Define module ControlLogic</p><p><b>　　{</b></p><p>　　public boolWaitProcessIdle (WinObjWObject) ;</p><p>　　public boo

23、l StateChange (WinObjWObject, States State, ) ;</p><p>　　publicWinObjWaitDialogBox( string NameStartsWith) ;</p><p>　　publicWinObjWaitWindow ( string NameStartsWith) ;</p><p>　　publ

24、icWinObjWaitMessageBox( string NameStartsWith) ;</p><p><b>　　?</b></p><p><b>　　}</b></p><p><b>　　(4)日志記錄模塊</b></p><p>　　在測(cè)試用例的批量自動(dòng)化運(yùn)

25、行過程中，日志記錄不僅需要包含測(cè)試用例的執(zhí)行細(xì)節(jié)，而且還要提供測(cè)試用例執(zhí)行的環(huán)境、時(shí)間、次數(shù)和狀態(tài)等信息，這些信息都是測(cè)試用例管理器負(fù)責(zé)的。GUIATF框架的日志記錄模塊通過調(diào)用測(cè)試用例管理器提供的接口實(shí)現(xiàn)日志的存儲(chǔ)和查詢。</p><p>　　4．GUIATF框架的優(yōu)勢(shì)</p><p>　　(1)方便測(cè)試用例的創(chuàng)建和修改：GUIATF框架的設(shè)計(jì)思想是基于對(duì)象捕捉的，只要被操作對(duì)象存在于用

26、戶界面中，即使位置或圖像分辨率發(fā)生變化，測(cè)試代碼會(huì)根據(jù)對(duì)象的特征進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確地定位并對(duì)其操作。</p><p>　　(2)詳細(xì)的運(yùn)行日志：提供詳細(xì)、準(zhǔn)確的運(yùn)行日志并檢測(cè)不期望彈出的對(duì)話框，保存錯(cuò)誤現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的截圖，使測(cè)試人員快速地定位存在的錯(cuò)誤。</p><p>　　(3)語言中立：提供測(cè)試代碼的多語言支持，一份測(cè)試代碼可以成功地運(yùn)行在多語言環(huán)境中，完美地實(shí)現(xiàn)了自動(dòng)化測(cè)試的跨語言能力。</p&

27、gt;<p><b>　　5．結(jié)束語</b></p><p>　　GUIATF框架提供了功能豐富的接口，大大提高了用戶界面自動(dòng)化測(cè)試代碼的開發(fā)效率。測(cè)試人員通過調(diào)用GUIATF框架提供的功能可以高效、靈活地實(shí)現(xiàn)測(cè)試邏輯，不會(huì)像錄制技術(shù)那樣因?yàn)闇y(cè)試腳本的固定使得測(cè)試很難維護(hù)。在模擬多用戶的并發(fā)操作中，GUIATF框架在實(shí)現(xiàn)多機(jī)并發(fā)操作中還存在一定的不足，目前雖然實(shí)現(xiàn)了多機(jī)進(jìn)程間的

28、通訊和同步，但是和測(cè)試用例管理器還沒有建立連接，沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)并發(fā)測(cè)試批量運(yùn)行日志的統(tǒng)一管理。另外，多機(jī)運(yùn)行并發(fā)測(cè)試在調(diào)試方面也比較復(fù)雜，對(duì)調(diào)試技巧有很高的要求，在下階段的工作中將對(duì)其進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)研究。</p><p><b>　　附錄2外文原文</b></p><p>　　Research on GUI Automation Testing[25]</p>&l

29、t;p>　　Abstract: This paper points out the obvious deficiencies of recording technique in testing automation at present, aiming at constantly variational GUI , adopts objectoriented cap turing technique , designs GU

30、 IATF framework based on Windows message mechanism and imp lements GUI automation testing , largely imp roved agility of automation testing.</p><p>　　Key words: software testing; regression testing; auto

31、mation</p><p>　　0.Introduction</p><p>　　Is a test designed to assess a program or system attributes or the ability to determine whether it meets the required results of its activities. In the en

32、tire software development process, from needs analysis to the system design until the realization of the code, there will be more or less the issue. How to protect the quality of software, software testing has become the

33、 key technology. Software testing the heavy workload and has a repetitive, especially in the latter part of tests conducted by</p><p>　　1.The lack of recording technology</p><p>　　At present, so

34、me recording technology has been applied to the graphical user interface of the automated test, in the software development cycle, the system needs to constantly update and maintain, in order to guarantee the quality of

35、testing, testing code to changing the system have a strong sense of adaptability to change Saying that the test is also the need to preserve. Test script recording process is based on the specific operation of the interf

36、ace and, once the script of the implementation</p><p>　　2.Automated test framework of the proposed</p><p>　　In the current software testing, one area of concern is how to achieve efficient gra

37、phical user interface of the automated test , and test code with high flexibility . This paper presents a target capture technology - based graphical user interface automated test framework GUIATF ( Graphics User Interf

38、ace Automation Testing Framework ) , for the test easily create and maintain flexibility in the testing code to provide guarantee . When the user interface changes , test code can be quickly up</p><p>　　3.G

39、UIATF framework of the working principle</p><p>　　GUIATF framework is based on the information mechanism, the message sent through the appropriate incident to trigger . The initial news receiver must be the

40、window object . Windows message usually directly targeted by the window treatment . Application procedures are usually produced in the framework of the main window to order message sent to transmit an order describe

41、d in the order linked objectives . GUIATF framework to complete the task is to test the development of automated test cod</p><p>　　3.1The role of GUIATF</p><p>　　Figure 1 GUIATF role</p>

42、<p>　　Can be seen from Figure 1 GUIATF will send a message to the system , the system response to the news notification application to trigger the corresponding events , completed a series of test cases in the d

43、efinition of user actions. GUIATF is connected applications and user operation of the bridge . In the automated testing process , the test case is the bulk of the running , in order to track tes results , GUIATF nee

44、d to keep records of the implementation process, detection do not exp</p><p>　　3.2 GUIATF the structure </p><p>　　GUIATF a framework of four modules: object positioning, character transforma

45、tion, messaging and logging, as shown in Figure 2. Object module will be targeted users to control the operation of objects into the framework of their own definition of GUIATF automation object, and then its position in

46、 the positioning process, the need to acquire control of a number of attributes, most often used is displayed in control Interface name. In a different language versions of the same controls are different</p><

47、p>　　Figure 2 GUIATF the structure</p><p>　　(1) Object orientation module </p><p>　　GUIATF target positioning module so that the framework in dealing with control objects in a feature-rich

48、interface , the test by calling them can be easily and efficiently automate the creation of objects , objects include automated retrieval of the object , activated objects, targeting the role of Status and location , a

49、nd other functions. Application procedures for each of the main window controls are all in sub-window , including buttons , edit box , and so on , and they are in the Windo</p><p>　　Table 1 target positionin

50、g module function and key members of attributes</p><p>　　(2)Character conversion module </p><p>　　Character conversion module achieved a framework for cross-language GUIATF automated test

51、ing capabilities . It will automate the object attribute information into the current dynamic environment corresponding language form of expression . In applications that exist in every string has a value of ID

52、, uniquely identify the meaning of the string, we call it keys (KEY), for a button, can be more than the corresponding value (VALUE) , each A value on behalf of a language form of expr</p><p>　　Figure 3 char

53、acters in the course of conversion.</p><p>　　GUIATF use the framework provided by the control interface to find targets, to achieve inter-language will not be able to control the use of targets in a specific

54、 language under the name, but by this name ID number,which is key(KEY),according to Get the current language environment the type of dynamic conversion of the characters corresponding expressions . The conversion

55、process as shown in Figure 3 : To get the ID string conversion value, the first database to confirm the configuratio</p><p>　　(3)Messaging module </p><p>　　Automation object positioning, messa

56、ging module to provide the appropriate interface will send a message to the system , the system response to notify the application automation object to trigger the implementation of the corresponding events. In this m

57、odule, the main type of packaging the news mouse, keyboard and type of information sent news of control logic.</p><p>　　Mouse type of information the user to use it in accordance with the definition of acts,

58、 including the left-click, double-click the left, right-click and drag.</p><p>　　Define moduleMouseMessage</p><p><b>　　{</b></p><p>　　public boolDragAndDrop (WinObj From

59、, WinObj To) ;</p><p>　　publicWinObj GetPopupMenu ( ) ;</p><p>　　public void LeftClick ( ) ;</p><p>　　public void LeftDoubleClick ( ) ;</p><p>　　public voidMove ( Point

60、 Pos) ;</p><p>　　public void RightClick ( ) ;</p><p><b>　　...</b></p><p><b>　　}</b></p><p>　　Keyboard definition of the types of information t

61、he press the button, Dan Qilai, multi-button choice, string and the entry button on the control automation object.</p><p>　　Define module KeyBoardMessage</p><p><b>　　{</b></p>

62、<p>　　public void KeyDown (Keys Key) ;</p><p>　　public void KeyUp (Keys Key) ;</p><p>　　public void Type (Keys[ ]KeyArray) ;</p><p>　　public void Type ( string Text) ;</p&g

63、t;<p>　　public bool Type (WinObjWObject, Keys Key) ;</p><p>　　public bool Type (WinObjWObject, Keys[ ]KeyArray) ;</p><p><b>　　…</b></p><p><b>　　}</b>&

64、lt;/p><p>　　Graphical user interface of the operating efficiency performance of the machine , when the need to click on a dialog of a button , to open a dialog system to wait for the response to the news, in

65、different machines or the environment , the response time is not the same And if the dialog does not appear to trigger the click of a button on the news operation will lead to the failure , therefore , need to send

66、information to a certain logic to coordinate control ,including : According to</p><p>　　Define module ControlLogic</p><p><b>　　{</b></p><p>　　public boolWaitProcessI

67、dle (WinObjWObject) ;</p><p>　　public bool StateChange (WinObjWObject, States State, ) ;</p><p>　　publicWinObjWaitDialogBox( string NameStartsWith) ;</p><p>　　publicWinObjWaitWindow

68、 ( string NameStartsWith) ;</p><p>　　publicWinObjWaitMessageBox( string NameStartsWith) ;</p><p><b>　　…</b></p><p><b>　　}</b></p><p>　　(4) Loggi

69、ng Module </p><p>　　Automated test case in bulk in the course of operation , the log records must include a test case not only the implementation details , but also to provide the implementation of the envi

70、ronmental test case , time , number and status information , which are responsible for the test case manager . GUIATF framework of the log records by calling the test case management module provides the interface of the

71、 store and query logs.</p><p>　　4. GUIATF framework of the advantages </p><p>　　(1) test case for the creation and modification : GUIATF framework for the design idea is based on the capture

72、 of the object , as long as the object exists in the operation of the user interface , location or even change image resolution , testing code based on the characteristics of accurate target To locate and its operation

73、. </p><p>　　(2) a detailed log of the operation : to provide detailed and accurate detection of running logs and do not expect the pop-up dialog, wrong-site preservation of the shots, to test quickly t

74、he wrong location. </p><p>　　(3) neutral language: the test code multi-language support, a test code can be run successfully in an environment of the perfect realization of the automated testing of the i

75、nter-language ability.</p><p>　　5.Concluding remarks </p><p>　　GUIATF framework provides a feature-rich interface , greatly improving the user interface of the automated test code development e

76、fficiency . Test by calling GUIATF framework of the functions can provide efficient and flexible manner to achieve test logic , not as recording technology because the test scripts that make the test difficult to