外文翻譯以及原文---在機(jī)械系統(tǒng)中綠色制造方面的調(diào)查和實踐

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化</p><p>　　學(xué) 生 姓 名 肖 俊 </p><p>　　指 導(dǎo) 教 師 楊 六 順 </p><p><b>　　.</

2、b></p><p>　　在機(jī)械系統(tǒng)中綠色制造方面的調(diào)查和實踐 </p><p>　　摘要：機(jī)械加工系統(tǒng)是一個典型的制造系統(tǒng)。一個機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的綠色制造結(jié)構(gòu)是用來描述系統(tǒng)的輸入,輸出及其控制元素的特征。 基于此功能結(jié)構(gòu),出現(xiàn)了機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的綠色制造問題框架。</p><p>　　機(jī)械系統(tǒng)中的綠色制造問題分為三類和相關(guān)系列的子問題。 在綠色制造問題框架中的三個問題分別是

3、:能源消費最少，環(huán)境污染最少,和兩者的復(fù)合最少。 一系列在機(jī)械系統(tǒng)綠色制造方面的問題，專家進(jìn)行了相當(dāng)長時間的調(diào)查和實踐,簡要概括如下:優(yōu)化原材料能源消費結(jié)構(gòu)，優(yōu)化制造中能源節(jié)約相匹配的系統(tǒng)，優(yōu)化高效率的刀具設(shè)計,優(yōu)化機(jī)械系統(tǒng)中綠色制造的多目標(biāo)制造模型。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞:制造系統(tǒng)，綠色制造,結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p><b>　　1.引言</b></p&g

4、t;<p>　　由刀具和輔助設(shè)備構(gòu)成的制造系統(tǒng), 是一個通過改變形狀和特征將原材料或者半成品加工成下一步生產(chǎn)的終產(chǎn)品或者半成品。由工作母機(jī)組成的制造單位,工廠或者生產(chǎn)線是最典型的制造系統(tǒng)。 將加工原材料轉(zhuǎn)變成成品或半成品的過程是一個增值的過程,加工系統(tǒng)是一個能為人類創(chuàng)造將來的系統(tǒng)。盡管如此,在轉(zhuǎn)變過程中,兩方面影響共同存在。一是能源消耗問題,另一個是環(huán)境污染問題。 伴隨著強(qiáng)有力的環(huán)境法和規(guī)定的執(zhí)行,和正在提高的環(huán)境保護(hù)的公

5、共意識,上面的兩個問題被學(xué)術(shù)和工業(yè)協(xié)會給予重視。 他們展開了一些調(diào)查,但是仍然在相當(dāng)長的時間內(nèi)人們忽略了在制造系統(tǒng)中存在的問題，而且相關(guān)的固有問題也沒有得到妥善解決。綠色制造是一個制造概念,也是一個與可持續(xù)發(fā)展政策一致的哲學(xué)。從綠色制造觀點而言,本文構(gòu)造了以上所提問題的整體結(jié)構(gòu)。近幾年由中國重慶大學(xué)綠色制造科技學(xué)院執(zhí)行的此框架，便呈現(xiàn)了一些在綠色制造方面的研究實踐和成就。</p><p>　　2. 制造系統(tǒng)中“綠

6、色”問題</p><p>　　綠色制造系統(tǒng)是,在整個產(chǎn)品從設(shè)計,制造包裝，運(yùn)輸,使用,回收到廢物處理的循環(huán)中,既要考慮環(huán)境影響又要考慮能源消耗問題的制造方式。它的目的是使得對環(huán)境的消極影響最小化,使得資源的利用率最大化,使得經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和整體效益最佳化。實質(zhì)上,綠色制造是可持續(xù)發(fā)展政策和循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)制造的體現(xiàn)。機(jī)械制造系統(tǒng)是一個基本的制造系統(tǒng),綠色制造的含義和哲學(xué)可以絕對應(yīng)用于機(jī)械制造系統(tǒng)。</p><

7、;p>　　但是事實上,當(dāng)加工系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)時,正如圖2所示,有形和無形環(huán)境污染在生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生了。這些環(huán)境污染主要包括:</p><p>　　固體廢物,剩余材料,廢鐵等;</p><p>　　液體廢物,廢冷卻液,廢潤滑劑等;</p><p>　　氣體廢物,冷卻水霧,塵埃等;</p><p><b>　　噪聲污染;</b&g

8、t;</p><p>　　其他污染,熱能,震動等。</p><p>　　圖2展示了綠色制造加工系統(tǒng)的作用框架,此加工系統(tǒng)強(qiáng)調(diào)了材料輸入,過程控制,產(chǎn)品輸出,以及在綠色制造的加工系統(tǒng)中環(huán)境污染等。根據(jù)加工系統(tǒng)的綠色制造功能框架,很多重要的綠色制造問題被發(fā)現(xiàn)和得知。一般他們可被分為以下三中類型：1)資源消耗最小化,它主要包括三個子問題:材料消耗最小化,能量消耗最小化,和輔助材料消耗最小化。2)

9、環(huán)境污染最小化。3)能源消耗和環(huán)境污染的符合最小化。例如,在加工過程中有大量的選擇問題,如加工過程路線的選擇,機(jī)器刀具冷卻液選擇。 傳統(tǒng)的選擇問題在加工中主要考慮三個因素即時間,花費,質(zhì)量。 盡管如此,加工過程中,上面提到的決策問題中的加工元素對資源消耗和環(huán)境污染有著必然聯(lián)系。因此,從綠色制造角度來講,在決策時,資源消耗和環(huán)境污染這兩方面的影響仍然需要考慮進(jìn)去.以上所提到的三種問題可以進(jìn)一步分成能說明加工系統(tǒng)的綠色制造問題.如圖3所示.

10、 很明顯,材料,能量,廢物流動的分析是解決這三類問題的先決條件。</p><p>　　3.加工系統(tǒng)中對綠色制造的調(diào)查和實踐</p><p>　　3.1.材料流動和其最小化材料分析模型應(yīng)考慮單一的機(jī)械種類,加工中的材料以及材料分析模型可以建立,在整個加工系統(tǒng)中的利用率U,損失率V以及材料消耗的廢物可以計算出來。包括利用率,損失率和材料消耗廢物模型不是依靠零件的加工工程而是依靠加工用量,這是由

11、零件設(shè)計人員和技術(shù)人員決定的。節(jié)約材料的方法是粗糙工件的篩選和廢料的回收。正常情況下,粗糙工件是從大的片體或者圓柱材料上切割下來的。有各種方法來從原材料上切割粗糙工件，并且用各種方法切割的粗糙工件其利用率是不同的。因此,通過優(yōu)化原材料切割是節(jié)約材料的最有效的方法,切割原材料的最佳系統(tǒng)被限制了,軟件是用來優(yōu)化棒和板的切割。于是,在中國有500多個企業(yè)已經(jīng)買了軟件。</p><p><b>　　3.2 能量

12、流動</b></p><p>　　3.2.1.有關(guān)能量流動模型的調(diào)查主要集中在機(jī)械加工系統(tǒng)中的降低能量的消耗上面。不管怎么樣,從綠色制造的觀點來看,機(jī)械加工系統(tǒng)中的能量消耗問題應(yīng)全面考慮。圖4顯示了在基本加工系統(tǒng)中能量的流動,如圖4所示降低能量僅僅是加工系統(tǒng)中全部能量消耗的一部分.</p><p>　　3.2.2在能源消費最小化的和在以多個機(jī)械工具的加工系統(tǒng)中為節(jié)約能源相匹配的

13、系統(tǒng)實踐.根據(jù)圖4三個主要方法可以被采用，來節(jié)約能源。</p><p>　　1)通過降低能源消費,優(yōu)化部件設(shè)計和過程參數(shù)；</p><p>　　2)通過降低能量損失,提高加工系統(tǒng)的效率；</p><p>　　3)通過減少由加工系統(tǒng)的非裝載造成的能量損失。</p><p>　　隨著一系列的分析和實驗,一個新的節(jié)約能源的方法被發(fā)現(xiàn)了。在加工系統(tǒng)中

14、用多刀具和多工件,通過以合理的方式將刀具和工件匹配起來是一個有效的方法來降低能源消耗。原因是每個刀具非裝載時消耗能量的特點是不同的。 因此,即使工件的加工參數(shù)保持不變,用不同的刀具加工工件所消耗的能量是不同的.下面是一個很簡單的例子。有兩個車床,1號和2號，并且工件的兩個車床需要調(diào)換一下,根據(jù)過程要求, 當(dāng)輪到工件A時主軸轉(zhuǎn)速應(yīng)該是600轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘，當(dāng)輪到工件B時轉(zhuǎn)速應(yīng)該是185轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘。當(dāng)工件被轉(zhuǎn)換到另一個車床上時因為切削能量P和額外的

15、能量P幾乎是相等的，非裝載的能量消耗可以比較。根據(jù)非裝載能量消耗的測驗數(shù)據(jù),方案一消耗0. 79 kW ·h,方案二消耗0.65 kW·h。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)換兩個工件的車床時, 很明顯可以得出如果采用方案二，可以節(jié)約0.14KW*H。這個能量節(jié)約方法已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于幾個工廠,并且較好的節(jié)約能源的效果已經(jīng)達(dá)到了。</p><p>　　3.3廢物流及其最小化</p><p>　　3.3.1廢

16、物流分析。在加工過程的廢物流由剩余材料,次品,廢冷卻液等。</p><p>　　1)剩余材料,廢鐵等。通常,這些固體金屬可以足夠的回收，但是如果車間里的管理措施不能較好的實施,一些傷害或者事故可能會發(fā)生,比如說由飛濺的金屬片造成的傷害,被熱的工件燙傷,以及被地面上的碎片刺傷。</p><p>　　2)廢冷卻液 廢冷卻液通常隨著金屬碎片和工件釋放出來,蒸發(fā)到空氣中成為水霧,變成廢水。當(dāng)廢冷卻

17、液含有有毒的化學(xué)物質(zhì)時,則廢的冷卻液對皮膚,氣管,肺等有害。如果它們釋放到河水或者土地中,周圍的環(huán)境就會被污染.</p><p>　　3)噪聲。機(jī)械加工中的噪聲是由發(fā)動機(jī),清除加工工件,旋轉(zhuǎn)工件的動態(tài)不平衡,以及在切削刀具和工件之間的震動和摩擦等產(chǎn)生的,噪聲對長期待在車間工人的心情和聽力造成危害.</p><p>　　3.3.2廢物最小化的實踐。綠色制造的高效率的干滾機(jī)。環(huán)境污染的最小化主

18、要依靠有效的管理和機(jī)械刀具的綠色特點,它是加工過程的執(zhí)行單元。與我們合作,重慶機(jī)械工具廠為綠色制造生產(chǎn)了一種新的高效率的干滾機(jī), YKS3112型。它的綠色特點可以概括如下:</p><p>　　1)高效干滾無切削液的實現(xiàn)；</p><p>　　2)對稱結(jié)構(gòu),能迅速的噴射熱碎片的噴射器的采用；</p><p>　　3)全密封的蓋子,推拉式安全門及煙霧收集器被應(yīng)用來消

19、減冷卻液煙霧,清潔加工環(huán)境。</p><p>　　3.4.復(fù)合決策。 能源消耗和環(huán)境污染兩方面最小化的實踐， 機(jī)械加工系統(tǒng)中針對綠色制造的多方位政策制訂，專家們已將他們的研究專著于一系列機(jī)械加工過程中政策的制訂問題。</p><p>　　Investigations and practices on green manufacturing</p><p>　　in

20、machining systems</p><p>　　WANG Hua(王華 ) ，ZHOU Hai-bin （周海斌)，</p><p>　　LUAN Jun-jun(欒俊俊 )， SHEN Xiao-ming(申曉明)</p><p>　　(Institute of Green Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Unive

21、risty , Chong qing4 0 00 30 ，China )</p><p>　　Abstract: A machining system is a typical manufacturing system. A green manufacturing function framework of machining systems is structured to describe the trait

22、s of input, output and control elements in the system. Based on the function framework, the green manufacturing problem framework of machining systems is presented. The green manufacturing problems in machining systems a

23、re classified into three classes and related series of subclass problems. The three classes of problems in the green ma</p><p>　　Key words: machining system; green manufacturing; framework</p><p&g

24、t;　　CLC number: T H186 Document code: A</p><p>　　I. INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　A machining system, mainly comprised of machine tools and auxiliary setups, is an input and output system that machines

25、raw materials or semi-final products into final products or semi-final products for the next phase production by changing the shape or traits. The manufacturing unit, shop floor or production line made up of machine tool

26、s,are the typical machining systems. The machining process that is transforming the machining resources into final products or semi-final products is a value ad</p><p>　　2. GREEN MANUFACTURING PROBLEMS IN MA

27、CHINING SYSTEMS </p><p>　　Green manufacturing is a modern manufacturing mode considering both the environmental impact and the resource consumption during the whole product life cycle from design, fabricatio

28、n, packaging, transportation, usage, recycling, to waste disposal, and its objective is to minimize the negative environmental impacts and maximize the utilization rate of resource, and harmonize optimization of economic

29、 benefit and social benefit with the maximum integrated benefit. Substantively, green manufacturing</p><p>　　Fig. 1 gives a function framework model describing the manufacturing function of machining systems

30、, the outputs of which are the final products or the semi-final products</p><p>　　But in fact, while running the process of machining systems, the tangible and intangible environmental discharges are produce

31、d in the due course of production as shown in Fig. 2. These environmental discharges mainly include:</p><p>　　1) Solid wastes, w,: leftover material, scrap iron , etc.</p><p>　　2) Liquid wastes,

32、 w2: waste coolant, waste lubricant, etc.</p><p>　　3) Gaseous wastes, z u,: coolant smog, dust, etc.</p><p>　　4) Noise, w 4.</p><p>　　5) Others, w: heat energy, vibrations.</p>

33、;<p>　　Fig .2 gives the green manufacturing function framework of machining systems, which highlights the material input, the process control, the product output, and the environmental discharges in the machining

34、systems for green manufacturing. According to the green manufacturing function framework of machining systems, many significant green manufacturing problems can be found and derived. Generally they can be classified into

35、 the following three classes;</p><p>　　1) The minimization of resource consumption, MIN R;( i=1，2，?)，and it mainly includes three sub-problems: minimizing materials consumption, minimizing energy consumption

36、 and auxiliary material consumption.</p><p>　　2) The minimization of environment al discharges, </p><p>　　3) The synthesized minimization of both resource consumption and environmental discharg

37、es, MIN (Ri，W;) (i=1，2，?;J=1，2，?).For example, there are numerous decision-making problems in machining processes, such as: the decision- making of process routes, the decision making of machine tools choice, tool choic

38、e, coolant. The traditional decision-making problems in machining mainly consider three factors namely time, cost and quality. However, the machining elements involved in these decision-making </p><p>　　3 IN

39、VESTIGATIONS AND PRACTICES ON GREEN MANUFACTURING IN MACHINING SYSTEMS</p><p>　　3.1 3.1.1 Material flow and its minimization Material flow analysis model Considering for a single machine kind </p><

40、;p>　　Material in machining systems and supposing there are q processes, a material flow model can be established as Fig. 4.In Fig.4 he Utilization rate( U) Loss rate (L)，and Waste (W) of material consumption in the w

41、hole machining system can be calculated. model, including Utilization rate(U)，Loss rate (L)，and Waste(W) of material consumption, are not dependent on the machining process of the part but on the machining allowances, wh

42、ich are fixed by the part designer and technicians. The ways of savi</p><p>　　3.2 Energy Flow </p><p>　　3.2.1 Energy flow analysis model many existing investigations are focused on the Cutting e

43、nergy in machining</p><p>　　Systems 71 .However, from the viewpoint of green manufacturing, the energy consumption in machining systems should be considered systematically. Fig. 5 shows the energy flow in th

44、e basic machining system machine tool system. The cutting energy is only a part of the total energy consumed in the machining system as Shown In fig.5</p><p>　　3.2 .2 Practices on the minimization of energy

45、consumption – matching system for energy-saving in machining systems with multi- machine tool. According to Fig.5 three main methods can be adopted to save energy:</p><p>　　1) By reducing the Cutting Energy

46、Power .by optimizing the part design and process parameters. </p><p>　　2) By reducing the Power Loss By improving the efficiency of machining systems.</p><p>　　3) By reducing the power losses ca

47、used by the unloaded power of machining systems.</p><p>　　With a series of the oretical analysis and experimentations, a new energy-saving method is discovered.</p><p>　　In a machining system wi

48、th multi-machine tools and multi-work pieces, it is an effective way to reduce the energy consumption in the machining system by matching the machine tools and work pieces in the optimum way. The reason is that the trait

49、 of unloaded power of each machine tool is not the same. Therefore, the energy consumption for machining the part on different machine tools is different even though the process parameters of the part are kept the same.

50、The following is a simple exampleE83</p><p>　　3.3 Waste flow and its minimization</p><p>　　3.3 .1 Waste flow analysis The wastages in machining process are mad up of leftover material, rejects,

51、out tools, waste coolants, etc. scrap iron, worn-</p><p>　　1) Leftover material, Scrap iron, etc. Usually, these solid wastes can be recycled adequately. But if the manage measures in shop floor are not take

52、n well, some injury or accidents might happen, such as injury by the splashing scraps, scald by hot work, pieces, and pricked by the scraps on the ground.</p><p>　　2) Waste coolants. </p><p>　　T

53、he waste coolants are usually discharged adhered to the scraps and work pieces, evaporating in the air as smog, and becoming wastewater. As the coolants contain poisonous chemical substances, the waste coolants are harmf

54、ul to skin, trachea, lungs, etc, and if they are released into the river or ground, the surrounding environment will be polluted.</p><p>　　3) Noise. Noise in machining process is produced by motors, clearanc

55、e between running parts, dynamic imbalance of circumrotating parts, the vibration and friction between cutting tool and work piece, etc. Noise causes harm to the hearing and mood of the workers who stay in the shop flo

56、or for such a long time.</p><p>　　3.3 .2 Practices on wastes minimization-design of highly efficient dry hobbing machine tools for green manufacturing</p><p>　　The minimization of Environmental

57、discharges mainly depends on the effective management and the "green" traits of the machine tools, which is the executing unit of machining processes. Cooperating with us, Chongqing Machine Tool Works developed

58、 a new highly efficient dry hobbing. machine tool for green manufacturing, YKS3112. Its green traits can be summarized as follows:</p><p>　　1) Realization of efficient and dry hobbing without coolants.</p

59、><p>　　2) Adoption of Symmetrical body structure, and scrap ejector can eject the hot scraps quickly.</p><p>　　3) Total hermetic proof, push-pull style safe door, and smog collector are adopted to

60、eliminate the coolant smog, and clean the machining environment </p><p>　　3.4 Synthetic decision-making .practices on minimization of both resource consumption and environmental discharges</p><p&g

61、t;　　1) The multi-objective decision-making model for green manufacturing in machining systems</p><p>　　The authors have ever been concentrating their research on series of decision-making problems in machini

62、ng processes. Fig.7 describes a multi-objective decision-making framework model for green manufacturing, in which Time (T)，</p><p>　　REFERENCES</p><p>　　[l] SrinivasanM, Sheng P .Feature-based p

63、rocess planning for environmentally conscious machining-Part I: micro-planning[J].Robotics and Computer Integrated</p><p>　　Manufacturing,1999，15:257一270.</p><p>　　[2]ChoiACK, Kaebernick H, LaiW

64、H. Manufacturing processes modeling for</p><p>　　Environmental impact assessment[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 1997 ;7 0:2 31一238.</p><p>　　[3] SrinivasanM , ShengP. Feature bas

65、ed process planning for environmentally</p><p>　　Conscious machining一Part2: macro-planning[J].Robotics and Computer</p><p>　　Integrated Manufacturing,1999,15:271一281.</p><p>　　[4] H

66、urT,KimI, YamamotoR. Measurement of green productivity and its improvement[ J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,1 2:673一683.</p><p>　　[5] LIUFei, CAO Huayun, ZHANGHua. Green Manufacturing Theory and Tech

67、nologies [M].Beijing: Science Press, 2005</p><p>　　[6] YAN Chun-ping, LIU Fei, LIU Ying, etal. Multi-software collaboration</p><p>　　cutting-stock method based on ASP and its implementing techno

68、logies[ J].</p><p>　　China Mechanical Engineering,2 002,1 3(24):2144一2147.</p><p>　　[7] KishawyHA, KannanS , BalazinskiM . An energy based analytical force model force model for orthogonal cutti