外文資料及翻譯---可編程控制器技術討論與未來發(fā)展

1、<p><b>　　外文資料:</b></p><p>　　PLC technique discussion and future development</p><p>　　Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually per

2、fect, the competition plays more more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the

3、 higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.</p><p>　　The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up

4、 of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best

5、 decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The researc</p><p>　　We come in sight of the control t

6、hat links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances ca

7、n do for the low level only;And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.</p><

8、;p>　　The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the im

9、portation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exporta

10、tion equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.</p><p>　　PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and sav

11、ing machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of t

12、he machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and</p><p>　　The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, ou

13、r root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the

14、PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.</p><p>　　PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on

15、 weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended

16、 the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.</p><p>　　Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people co

17、mprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipmentses, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main e

18、rror perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lo</p><p>

19、;　　HMI the control not only only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in t

20、he temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who

21、make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is</p><p>　　At a lot of situations, the list is is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single mach

22、ine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedb

23、ack to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the </p><p>　　The PLC correspondence has already come mor

24、e more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the datas to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arri

25、ve already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if i

26、n the distance of</p><p>　　The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other

27、party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to

28、 deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; Bu</p><p>　　The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a

29、workses .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A wo

30、rk of half is also 2 and can can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, </p><p>　　Th

31、e process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the c

32、lock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristic

33、s of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but</p><p>　　And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be

34、small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to

35、 work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the exami</p><p>　　A line of transmission of the information contain a stri

36、ng of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other

37、 party, an and 8 differentiationses are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephon

38、e li</p><p>　　Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to depositted t

39、he machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party mu

40、st has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can'</p><p>　　When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the do

41、or and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on

42、door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authorit</p><p>　　The interruption is not

43、 only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of brea

44、ks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also r

45、elevant fasten.</p><p>　　The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count brea

46、k off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation o

47、rders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.</p><p>　　Each equipments always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, that is nasty

48、 to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the op

49、eration again.Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU</p><p>　　When we are work a work piece, gi

50、ving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropp

51、ing the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.</p><p>　　The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some data

52、s of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor D

53、SP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine</p><p>　　You heard too many

54、this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has th

55、e similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement proce

56、ss or the procedure is busy, movement time of the proce</p><p>　　The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net

57、plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwares link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the cont

58、rol in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sk</p><p>　　The development of the higher layer needs our continuous ef

59、fort to obtain.The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique,

60、 push it toward higher wave tide.</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯:</b></p><p>　　可編程控制器技術討論與未來發(fā)展</p><p>　　隨著時代的發(fā)展,當今的技術也日趨完善、競爭愈演愈烈，單靠人工的操作已不能滿足于目前的制造業(yè)前景，也無法保證更高質(zhì)量的要求和高新技術企業(yè)的形象。</p&g

61、t;<p>　　人們在生產(chǎn)實踐中看到，自動化給人們帶來了極大的便利和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上的保證,同時也減輕了人員的勞動強度，減少了人員上的編制。在許多復雜的生產(chǎn)過程中難以實現(xiàn)的目標控制、整體優(yōu)化、最佳決策等,熟練的操作工、技術人員或?qū)＜?、管理者卻能夠容易判斷和操作，可以獲得滿意的效果。人工智能的研究目標正是利用計算機來實現(xiàn)、模擬這些智能行為，通過人腦與計算機協(xié)調(diào)工作，以人機結(jié)合的模式，為解決十分復雜的問題尋找最佳的途徑。</p

62、><p>　　我們在各種場合看到了繼電器連接的控制，那已經(jīng)是時代的過去，如今的繼電器只能作為低端的基層控制模塊或者簡單的設備中使用到；而PLC的出現(xiàn)也成為了劃時代的主題，通過極其穩(wěn)定的硬件穿插靈活的軟件控制，使得自動化走向了新的高潮。</p><p>　　PLC的最大特點在于：電氣工程師已不再電氣的硬件上花費太多的心計，只要將按鈕開關或感應器的輸入點連接到PLC的輸入點上就能解決問題，通過輸出

63、點連接接觸器或繼電器來控制大功率的啟動設備，而小功率的輸出設備直接連接就可以。</p><p>　　PLC的內(nèi)部包含了具有中央處理器的CPU，并帶有外部I/O口擴展的I/O接口地址和存儲器三大塊組成，CPU的核心是由一個或者多個累加器組成，它們具有邏輯的數(shù)學運算能力，并能讀取程序存儲器的內(nèi)容通過計算后去驅(qū)動相應的存儲器和I/O接口；I/O口將內(nèi)部累加器和外部的輸入和輸出系統(tǒng)連接起來，并將相關的數(shù)據(jù)存入程序存儲器或

64、者數(shù)據(jù)存儲器中；存儲器可以將I/O口輸入的數(shù)據(jù)存入存儲器中，并在工作時調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)到累加器和I/O接口上，存儲器分程序存儲器ROM和數(shù)據(jù)存儲器RAM,ROM可以將數(shù)據(jù)永久的存入存儲器中，而RAM只能作為CPU計算時臨時計算使用的緩沖空間。</p><p>　　PLC的抗干擾是極其優(yōu)秀的，我們根本不用去關心它的使用壽命和工作場合的惡劣，這些所有的問題已不再成為我們失敗的主題，而留給我們的是關心如何來利用PLC的內(nèi)部資源為我

65、們加強設備的控制能力，使我們的設備更加的柔性。</p><p>　　PLC的語言并不是我們所想象的匯編語言或C語言來進行編程，而是采用原有的繼電器控制的梯形圖，使得電氣工程師在編寫程序時很容易就理解了PLC的語言，而且很多的非電氣專業(yè)人士也對PLC很快認識并深入。</p><p>　　以上僅僅是PLC的優(yōu)點之一，這也是人們比較容易理解的一部分，在很多的設備中，人們已不再希望看到太多的控制按

66、鈕，它們不但容易損壞而且極易產(chǎn)生人為的失誤，小的并不是主要的失誤也許你還能夠接受；但過大的甚至是致命的失誤是我們無法容忍的。新的技術總是為了給我們帶來更安全和便捷的操作，使得我們面臨的一大堆問題一掃而光，你有了解過HMI嗎？這里說HMI你根本不清楚它是什么，也沒有興趣了解，換一個中文把它說明為觸摸屏或者人機界面你就知道了，它和PLC的結(jié)合給了我們更大的空間。</p><p>　　HMI控制不僅僅是減少了控制按鈕，

67、增加控制的靈活性，更主要的它是可順序性的，而且在能夠改變數(shù)據(jù)輸入和數(shù)據(jù)輸出反饋，在溫度控制曲線的模擬也能直觀的顯示出來。并且能夠通過編寫功能幫助程序來提供各種力所能及的幫助，使得操作者減少不必要的失誤。HMI的廠商目前也越來越多，功能也越來越強，價格也越來越低，使用的面越來越廣。HMI的前景可以說十分的看好。</p><p>　　在很多場合，單靠單機的控制是無法保證設備的順暢運行，而通過設備與設備的信息交流達到我

68、們想要的效果。比如在前包裝和后工序的檢測，我們就要將包裝的信息反饋到檢測處，而檢測處的信息也要反饋到包裝來。這樣通過信息共享來使得兩者之間鏈接起來，形成一個共體，從而使的兩者間的配合更加的緊密，在彼此間達到映影相揮的效果。</p><p>　　PLC的通信已經(jīng)愈來愈體現(xiàn)它的價值，在PLC與PLC之間的通信，能夠通過信息的溝通和數(shù)據(jù)的共享來保證設備之間的相互協(xié)調(diào)，已達到互補的效果。PLC之間的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換采用RS232

69、接口來傳送數(shù)據(jù)，而RS232接口只能保證10米的傳輸距離，如果在1000米的距離內(nèi)我們可以通過RS485來進行通信，更長的距離只能通過MODEL來進行傳輸。</p><p>　　PLC的數(shù)據(jù)傳送只是將內(nèi)部的數(shù)據(jù)傳送到對方的一塊連續(xù)的地址中，我們把它稱為一個表，對方的PLC通過讀取表中的數(shù)據(jù)來進行操作。如果表中的數(shù)據(jù)是一個一般設置的數(shù)據(jù)的話，那只是一般的數(shù)據(jù)傳送，比如今天的油價上升了，我要把油價的價格傳送到所有的輸

70、油機上，那就是數(shù)據(jù)的共享；而當表中的數(shù)據(jù)是一段控制PLC的指令程序，那就很有難度了，比如你要控制一臺機器人來按你想象的動作工作，你會給它編制一段程序并以數(shù)據(jù)的形式發(fā)送過去。</p><p>　　信息輸送的形式有單工位、半雙工位和全雙工位的分別。單工位的意義也就是說兩者之間，一個只能發(fā)送，而一個只能接收，比如一個特務他只能接收上司的指示，而無法給上司回復；半雙工位也就是兩個能都能發(fā)送和接受數(shù)據(jù)，但不能同時發(fā)送和接受

71、，比如你打電話時是不能接電話，對方也一樣；而全雙工位是兩者之間都能發(fā)送和接受數(shù)據(jù)，并可同時發(fā)送和接受。像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)就是典型的例子。</p><p>　　信息輸送的過程也有同步和異步之分：同步的意義在于發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)時數(shù)據(jù)線和時鐘線是同步的，也就是數(shù)據(jù)信號和時鐘信號同時由CPU進行發(fā)送，這需要彼此都要專門的時鐘信號來進行傳送和接送，并且是強制性的，這種方法的特點在于它的速度極快、但相應占用CPU的工作時間也相對的要長、同時技

72、術難度也非常的大。它的要求在于在一幀的數(shù)據(jù)傳送中不能有一位的誤差，不然的話整個數(shù)據(jù)將發(fā)生錯誤，這在硬件上是一個比較大的難度。在一些專用的設備中應用的越來越廣泛，像專用的醫(yī)療設備、數(shù)字信號設備等，在比較單一數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸中，它的效果非常的好。</p><p>　　而異步是應用范圍最廣泛的，這得益于它的技術難度相對要小、同時不需要配制專門的時鐘信號、它的特點在于，它的數(shù)據(jù)是間隔性的，離散性的發(fā)送和接受，當CPU太忙的時候

73、可以停頓性去工作，在硬件上也減少了難度，同時數(shù)據(jù)的丟失相對要少，我們可以通過數(shù)據(jù)的檢測來觀察我們發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)是否有錯誤，像奇偶法、累加法和八位效驗法等，都可以用來幫助我們檢測發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)是否有錯誤發(fā)生，通過反饋來進行辨別。</p><p>　　信息的傳送口線有串口和并口之分：通常的PLC是8位機，當然也有16位機。我們在發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)的時候可以是一位一位的發(fā)送給對方，也可以8位8位的將數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送到對方，一位和8位區(qū)別也就是我

74、們所說的串口發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)和并口發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)。串口速度比較慢，但只要兩條或者三條口線就能解決問題，并能借用電話線來進行遠程控制。而并口的傳送速度是極快的，它是串口的256倍，在短距離占有優(yōu)勢，由于是TTL電平，一般限于1米的范圍，它并不適用于長距離的數(shù)據(jù)傳送，這樣成本太昂貴了。</p><p>　　很多的情況下我們總喜歡采用串并轉(zhuǎn)換芯片來進行傳輸，這種情況下不需要我們進行過于復雜的寄存器設置了，而直接通過數(shù)據(jù)傳送指令進行數(shù)

75、據(jù)交流，但在通信中并不是一個十分可行的辦法，因為在發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)的時候?qū)Ψ降腜LC必須一直等待你的數(shù)據(jù)輸出，它不能去做其他的工作。</p><p>　　當你在看書的時候，你聽到有人敲門、你停下手上的事情、去打開門、并同敲門者對話、這個時候電話響了、你示意接個電話、在接完電話后、回過頭來同敲門者繼續(xù)對話、對話完畢后、你再繼續(xù)看你的書，這種情況我們把它稱為中斷，它具有權威性，也具有優(yōu)先性，PLC具備了這樣的功能。它的特點在

76、于我們在設備的操作過程中可能會遇到緊急的突發(fā)事件，我們要立刻的停下手上的工作，去處理更重要的事情，這種情況是我們經(jīng)常所遇到的，PLC在去執(zhí)行緊急的任務時，總會先保存目前的狀態(tài)，比如程序的地址，CPU的累加器數(shù)據(jù)等，就像我們?nèi)ラ_門時要記下我們看的書在第幾頁了或者干脆作個記號，因為我們待會還要繼續(xù)接著看后面的書。CPU總是按照我們的意愿去做應該做的事情，但你錯誤的給它一件事情，它也會同樣的去做，這一點我們必須注意。</p>&

77、lt;p>　　中斷并不是只有一個，有時會同時存在幾個中斷，中斷具有優(yōu)先的級別，他們會根據(jù)人的要求去執(zhí)行更高級別的中斷。這種中斷中的中斷也就形成了中斷嵌套。當然中斷的級別根據(jù)各種PLC內(nèi)部CPU的資源有關，同時也跟堆棧的容量大小也有關系。</p><p>　　中斷的內(nèi)容有很多種，比如外部中斷、通信中的發(fā)送和接受中斷、定時和計數(shù)的時鐘中斷、還有WDT復位中斷等，它們豐富了CPU在處理各種事務時響應種類。這樣講也

78、許你并不能完全理解中斷的內(nèi)部結(jié)構和操作順序，我們做一個小小的例子來說明.</p><p>　　每一個設備總是不會忘記有一個按鈕，它也是在我們遇到緊急情況時使用的，那就是急停按鈕。當我們遇到人身事故和意外情況時我們只要按下它，機器立即停止所有的操作，并等待處理完意外后再恢復操作。急停按鈕連接PLC內(nèi)部CPU的內(nèi)部I/O接口上，當按鈕給CPU一個外部觸發(fā)信號時，CPU對I/O進行再次檢測，當確認有外部觸發(fā)信號時，CP

79、U保護現(xiàn)場并將程序計數(shù)器自動轉(zhuǎn)到相應的外部I/O中斷程序中去，當外部中斷程序處理完畢，程序計數(shù)器返回到主程序繼續(xù)工作。有一點可以說明的是我們一般會把急停按鈕的外部中斷升至最高級別，從而保證安全。</p><p>　　PLC還具有高級計數(shù)器的功能，當我們在接受一些高速的數(shù)據(jù)時，這里所說的高速是在在微秒級的數(shù)據(jù)，比如條碼掃描機在不斷的掃描數(shù)據(jù)，數(shù)據(jù)處理器DSP計算的高速信號等，我們就要采用到高級計數(shù)器來幫助我們進行計

80、數(shù)。它在PLC執(zhí)行程序時一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)高級計數(shù)器對應的中斷，就會立即放下手上的工作。經(jīng)過再次編程的梯形圖程序說明我們在執(zhí)行程序時高級計數(shù)器會自動的執(zhí)行對應的工作，從而將高級計數(shù)器的級別升至高一級別。</p><p>　　你也許聽過太多的這個詞：“死機”，大致的意思是CPU工作量過大，內(nèi)部資源不足等情況造成程序無法運行。PLC也有類似的情況，在PLC內(nèi)部有一個看門狗WDT，我們可以設置WDT一個程序運行的時間，當程序運行

81、過程中出現(xiàn)程序跳轉(zhuǎn)錯誤時或者程序繁忙時，程序的運行時間超過WDT的設置時間，CPU轉(zhuǎn)而WDT復位狀態(tài)。程序重新開始運行，但對中斷不會進行破壞。</p><p>　　PLC的發(fā)展已經(jīng)從單一的模式進入了通信的網(wǎng)絡時代，并同其它的工控網(wǎng)板和I/O卡板輕易的進行共享。組態(tài)軟件可以將所有的這些硬件連接起來，通過更直觀的動畫圖片來進行控制，并可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在異地進行控制，像神舟五號的發(fā)射就是采用這種辦法來使飛船升空。<