外文翻譯---建筑給排水的節(jié)水節(jié)能措施

1、<p><b>　　中文2662字</b></p><p><b>　　附錄A</b></p><p>　　建筑給排水的節(jié)水節(jié)能措施</p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　我國是一個(gè)水資源短缺的國家，又是一個(gè)人口眾多的國家，水資源供需矛盾尤其突

2、出。據(jù)資料顯示全國人均水資源占有量只相當(dāng)于世界人均水平的1/4，居世界的110位，被列為全球13個(gè)貧水國之一。目前在全國666個(gè)建制市中，有330多個(gè)城市不同程度地貧水，其中嚴(yán)重缺水的竟達(dá)108個(gè)，每年缺水就影響工業(yè)產(chǎn)值2300億元。因此，如何開辟新的水源，節(jié)約或珍惜用水，具有重要意義。</p><p>　　1使用節(jié)水型衛(wèi)生器具，減少用水量及加壓能耗</p><p>　　1.1以瓷芯節(jié)水龍

3、頭和充氣水龍頭代替普通水龍頭。在水壓相同的條件下，節(jié)水龍頭比普通水龍頭有著更好的節(jié)水效果，節(jié)水量為3%～50%，大部分在20%～30%之間。且在靜壓越高、普通水龍頭出水量越大的地方，節(jié)水龍頭的節(jié)水量也越大。因此，應(yīng)在建筑中（尤其在水壓超標(biāo)的配水點(diǎn)）安裝使用節(jié)水龍頭，以減少浪費(fèi)。</p><p>　　1.2使用小容積水箱大便器。目前我國正在推廣使用6L水箱節(jié)水型大便器。設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)在保證排水系統(tǒng)正常工作的情況下建議用

4、戶使用小容積水箱大便器。也可以參考國外（以色列）的做法，采用兩檔沖洗水箱：兩檔沖洗水箱在沖洗小便時(shí)，沖水量為4L（或更少）；沖洗大便時(shí)，沖水量為9L（或更少）。</p><p>　　1.3采用延時(shí)自閉式水龍頭和光電控制式水龍頭的小便器、大便器水箱。延時(shí)自閉式水龍頭在出水一定時(shí)間后自動關(guān)閉，可避免長流水現(xiàn)象。出水時(shí)間可在一定范圍內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)，但出水時(shí)間固定后，不易滿足不同使用對象的要求，比較適用于使用性質(zhì)相對單一的場所，

5、比如車站、碼頭等地方。光電控制式水龍頭可以克服上述缺點(diǎn)，且不需要人觸摸操作，可用在多種場所，但價(jià)格較高。目前，光電控制小便器已在一些公共建筑中安裝使用。</p><p><b>　　2采取減壓措施</b></p><p>　　在給水系統(tǒng)中合理配置減壓裝置是將水壓控制在限值要求內(nèi)、減少超壓出流的技術(shù)保障。</p><p>　　2.1減壓閥減壓閥是

6、一種很好的減壓裝置，可分為比例式和直接動作型。前者是根據(jù)面積的比值來確定減壓的比例，后者可以根據(jù)事先設(shè)定的壓力減壓，當(dāng)用水端停止用水時(shí)，也可以控制住被減壓的管內(nèi)水壓不升高，既能實(shí)現(xiàn)動減壓也能實(shí)現(xiàn)靜減壓。</p><p>　　2.2減壓孔板和節(jié)流塞減壓孔板相對于減壓閥來說，系統(tǒng)比較簡單，投資較少，管理方便。實(shí)踐表明，節(jié)水效果相當(dāng)明顯。但減壓孔板只能減動壓，不能減靜壓，且下游的壓力隨上游壓力和流量而變，不夠穩(wěn)定。另外

7、，減壓孔板容易堵塞?？梢栽谒|(zhì)較好和供水壓力較穩(wěn)定的情況下采用。節(jié)流塞的作用及優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)與減壓孔板基本相同。適合在小管徑及其配件中安裝使用。</p><p>　　3合理設(shè)置和使用水表</p><p>　　3.1提高水表計(jì)量的準(zhǔn)確性在調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于選型和水表本身的問題，水表計(jì)量的準(zhǔn)確性較差。如有的建筑物水表型號過大，當(dāng)用水量較小時(shí)，水表指針基本不動。根據(jù)有關(guān)部門的統(tǒng)計(jì)，約有40%的水表不符合&

8、#177;4%的精度要求。水表計(jì)量的準(zhǔn)確性，不僅涉及買賣公平問題，也關(guān)系到對漏損控制的評價(jià)和采用的對策。為此，應(yīng)采取措施提高水表計(jì)量的準(zhǔn)確性。</p><p>　　3.2水表前加裝過濾器影響水表計(jì)量準(zhǔn)確度的主要原因之一是管網(wǎng)水質(zhì)的影響，主要表現(xiàn)在水中雜質(zhì)堵塞了水表濾網(wǎng)的部分進(jìn)水孔，造成水表計(jì)量不準(zhǔn)確。在水表前安裝過濾器，可以解決這一問題并減輕水表磨損。國外在給水系統(tǒng)的閥門、水表、用水器具前大量使用過濾器并定期清洗

9、。但在我國，過濾器的效用還未引起人們的足夠重視，只是在少數(shù)場合應(yīng)用。所以應(yīng)加快過濾器的研制工作，并盡快在建筑中應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　4利用太陽能用作住宅熱水加熱的節(jié)能技術(shù)措施</p><p>　　利用太陽能用作住宅熱水加熱的使用范圍及太陽能熱水器的分類：</p><p>　　4.1太陽能作為清潔能源，取之不盡，用之不竭，是節(jié)能的重要途徑。太陽能熱水器是由集熱器

10、、儲水箱、給水箱、循環(huán)管、循環(huán)泵、配水管等組成。我國大部分地區(qū)均處于北緯40度以北，日照時(shí)間較長，均適合推廣太陽能熱水器。</p><p>　　4.2根據(jù)現(xiàn)在使用的太陽能熱水器技術(shù)，按集熱器形式可分為平板型和真空管型。</p><p>　　4.2.1平板型：在住宅中使用的小型熱水器，目前多采用自然循環(huán)方式，且為單循環(huán)，即集熱器內(nèi)被加熱的水直接進(jìn)入儲水箱提供使用。結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，成本較低，抗凍能力

11、弱。</p><p>　　4.2.2真空管型：全玻璃真空管結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，價(jià)格適中，水在玻璃管內(nèi)直接被加熱，其組成的家用熱水器一般是將真空管直接接入非承壓水箱，采用落水法取熱水。也有采用金屬熱管組合的承壓式及采用U型管組合的分離式，在不同地區(qū)都全年使用。具有抗凍、耐壓和耐冷熱沖擊能力。</p><p>　　5合理利用市政管網(wǎng)余壓</p><p>　　在城市供水中，根據(jù)城市

12、供水規(guī)模大小不同，一般市政給水管網(wǎng)壓力均在0.2～0.4MPa之間，只能滿足三～五層多層建筑供水壓力，無法保證高層建筑供水壓力。合理利用市政管網(wǎng)壓力，采用分區(qū)供水方式可以減少二次加壓能耗。</p><p>　　6開發(fā)第二資源——中水</p><p>　　中水來源于建筑生活排水，包括人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪信懦纳钗鬯蜕顝U水。生活廢水包括冷卻排水、淋浴排水、盥洗排水、洗衣排水及廚房排水等雜排水。

13、不含廚房排水的雜排水稱為優(yōu)質(zhì)雜排水。中水指的是各種排水經(jīng)過處理后，達(dá)到規(guī)定的水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可在生活、市政、環(huán)境等范圍內(nèi)雜用的非飲用水。</p><p>　　我國的建筑排水量中生活廢水所占份額住宅為69%，賓館、飯店為87%，辦公樓為40%，如果收集起來經(jīng)過凈化處理成為中水，用作建筑雜用水和城市雜用水，如沖廁所、道路清掃、城市綠化、車輛沖洗、建筑施工、消防等雜用，從而替代出等量的自來水，這樣相當(dāng)于增加了城市的供水量。&

14、lt;/p><p><b>　　7充分利用雨水</b></p><p>　　雨水利用就是將雨水收集起來，經(jīng)過一定的設(shè)施和藥劑處理后，得到符合某種水質(zhì)指標(biāo)的水再利用的過程。類似于中水，處理后的雨水作為一種可以利用的水資源，可以用于廁所沖洗、城市綠化、景觀用水以及其他適應(yīng)中水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的用水。現(xiàn)在我國的大多數(shù)建筑都將屋頂?shù)挠晁苯优湃胧姓晁艿?，這不僅增加了市政雨水管道的承受

15、能力，加大了管徑﹑增加了造價(jià)，同時(shí)也是一種對水資源的浪費(fèi)。建筑物收集雨水的一般結(jié)構(gòu)是，由導(dǎo)管把屋頂?shù)挠晁嗽O(shè)在地下的雨水沉沙池，經(jīng)沉積的雨水流人蓄水池，由水泵送至雜用水蓄水池，經(jīng)加氯消毒后送至中水管道系統(tǒng)。為了解決降塵和酸雨問題，一般將降雨前兩分鐘的雨水撇除。</p><p>　　8生活給水系統(tǒng)和消防給水系統(tǒng)兩者分別單獨(dú)設(shè)置</p><p>　　在高層建筑給水設(shè)計(jì)中宜把生活給水系統(tǒng)和消防

16、給水系統(tǒng)兩者分別單獨(dú)設(shè)立，因?yàn)閮煞N給水系統(tǒng)對水壓的要求不同。按規(guī)定：生活給水系統(tǒng)按靜水壓力不大于300kPa～400kPa分區(qū)為宜，消防給水系統(tǒng)按靜水壓力不大于800kPa分區(qū)為宜。故若按消防要求水壓值分區(qū)時(shí)，將使得生活給水管道超壓而造成超量供水等問題；若常年用減壓閥降壓節(jié)流，又勢必造成電能浪費(fèi)；若按生活給水水壓要求分區(qū)，則會相對增加水泵機(jī)組數(shù)目。所以，無論從節(jié)能節(jié)流，還是節(jié)約工程投資、運(yùn)行管理方便的各個(gè)角度來看，均應(yīng)把生活、消防給水系

17、統(tǒng)分開設(shè)置。這樣便于合理確定各給水系統(tǒng)的豎向分區(qū)的壓力值，避免造成能量浪費(fèi)。</p><p><b>　　附錄B</b></p><p>　　Building water supply and drainage water saving energy saving measures</p><p>　　The introduction</

18、p><p>　　China is a country with a shortage of water resources, it is a country with a large population, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is particularly outstanding. According to d

19、ata shows that the per capita water resources is only equivalent to 1/4 of the world per capita level, 110, the world is listed as one of the world 13 PinShuiGuo. In the national 666 JianZhiShi at present, there are more

20、 than 330 urban poor in different degrees of water, serious water shortage of </p><p>　　1 use water-saving sanitary ware, reduce water consumption and pressure energy consumption</p><p>　　1.1 to

21、 porcelain core water-saving faucet and aeration tap instead of ordinary faucets. In the water pressure under the same conditions, water-saving faucet has better water saving effect than ordinary faucet, water quantity o

22、f 3% ~ 50%, most of between 20% ~ 30%. And the static pressure is higher, ordinary tap water, the greater the amount of water saving water-saving faucet. Therefore, should be in the building (especially in excess water p

23、ressure of water distribution point) install and use w</p><p>　　1.2 using a small volume toilet water tank. At present our country is promoting use of 6 l water tank water-saving closet pan. Designers should

24、 guarantee the normal work of the drainage system under the condition of water closet pan suggest users using a small volume. Also can refer to foreign (Israel), by using two flushing cistern: when two gears flushing cis

25、tern flush urine, flush of 4 l (or less); Stool flushing, flush for 9 l (or less).</p><p>　　1.3 electric control system adopts time-lapse self-closing faucets and light the urinal of faucet, toilet water tan

26、k. Time-lapse self-closing faucets in the water must be shut down automatically after the time, can avoid ChangLiuShui phenomenon. Discharge time can be adjusted within a certain range, but the water after fixed time, no

27、t easy to meet the requirements of different use object, is applicable to use properties relative to a single place, such as the station, wharf, etc. Photoelectric c</p><p>　　2 take relief measures</p>

28、<p>　　Rational allocation of pressure-relief devices in the water supply system is to control the water pressure limit, reduce the overpressure in the flow of technical support.</p><p>　　2.1 relief va

29、lve pressure reducing valve is a kind of very good pressure-relief devices, can be divided into type and action type directly. Is according to the ratio of area to determine the ratio of stress, which can be according to

30、 the predetermined pressure relief, when the end stop in the use of water, also can control the decompression pipe water pressure does not rise, can realize dynamic decompression can also implement static stress.</p&g

31、t;<p>　　2.2 decompression orifice plate and orifice plug decompression orifice plate relative to the pressure reducing valve, the system is simple, less investment, convenient management. Practice shows that the w

32、ater saving effect is obvious. But decompression orifice plate can only reduce dynamic pressure, can't reduce static, upstream and downstream of the pressure with pressure and flow rate and stable enough. In addition

33、, decompression orifice plate easy to jam. Can be in better water quality and w</p><p>　　3 set up and use reasonable water meter</p><p>　　3.1 improve the accuracy of the meter measuring in the s

34、urvey found that due to the selection and the meter itself, meter measuring accuracy is poorer. If some buildings water meter model is too large, when the water consumption is small, water meter pointer does not move. Ac

35、cording to the relevant departments of statistics, about 40% of the water meter is not in conformity with the demands of plus or minus 4% accuracy. Water meter measuring accuracy, not only involving trade fair question,

36、also</p><p>　　3.2 meter before adding filters affect water meter measuring accuracy is one of the leading causes of pipe network water quality influence, mainly displays in the water impurity blocked the wat

37、er meter mesh parts into the hole, cause water meter measurement inaccurate. Before the water meter installed filters, can solve this problem and reduce wear water meter. Abroad in feed system of valves, water meters, wa

38、ter filters and regular cleaning is widely used in appliance before. But in our country</p><p>　　4 Making use of the solar energy for residence heating hot water energy-saving technical measures</p>&

39、lt;p>　　The use of the use of solar energy for residence heating hot water and the classification of the solar water heater:</p><p>　　4.1 solar energy as a clean energy, unlimited, unlimited, is the import

40、ant way of energy saving. The solar water heater is composed of collector, storage water tank, water tank, circular tube, the circulating pump, pipes, etc. North of the most areas in China were under 40 degrees north lat

41、itude, the sunshine for a long time, are suitable for promotion of solar water heater.</p><p>　　4.2 according to the current use of solar energy water heater technology, can be divided into the form of the c

42、ollector plate type and tube type.</p><p>　　4.2.1small water heater is used in homes, now use natural circulation ways, more and for the single cycle, the heated in the collector that directly into the stora

43、ge tank to provide water to use. Simple structure, low cost, antifreeze ability weak.</p><p>　　4.2.2 type vacuum tube, all-glass vacuum tube structure is simple, moderate price, the water in the glass tube i

44、s heated directly, the household water heater is generally composed of the vacuum tube directly connected to the unconfined water tank, water method is used to get the hot water. Also have adopted metal tube combination

45、pressure type and using u-shaped tube combination of separate, in different regions are used throughout the year. With antifreeze, pressure and resistance to hot and co</p><p>　　5 Rational utilization of mun

46、icipal pipe network pressure</p><p>　　In urban water supply, the size is different according to the urban water supply, municipal water supply pipe network pressure generally between 0.2 ~ 0.4 MPa, meet only

47、 3 ~ 5 layers of multilayer buildings water supply pressure, there is no guarantee that high-rise building water supply pressure. Rational utilization of municipal pipe network pressure, using the partition way of water

48、supply can reduce secondary pressure energy consumption.</p><p>　　6 develop second resource - water</p><p>　　Water from the building drainage, including people in daily life of sewage and waste

49、water of life. Life waste water including the cooling water drainage, shower, toilet, laundry, drainage and drainage drainage kitchen drainage miscellaneous drainage, etc. Does not contain the kitchen drainage miscellane

50、ous drainage called high-quality miscellaneous drainage. Water refers to the various drainage after processing, meet the prescribed standards for water quality, and can be within the scope of the</p><p>　　Ou

51、r share of residential building displacement of domestic wastewater was 69%, 87%, hotel and restaurant buildings is 40%, if collected after purification treatment for water, and used as building miscellaneous water and m

52、iscellaneous water city, such as toilet flushing, road cleaning, urban greening, vehicle washing, building construction, fire control and other miscellaneous, so as to replace the same amount of water, this is equivalent

53、 to increase the city's water supply.</p><p>　　7 make full use of rainwater</p><p>　　Collected rainwater utilization is the rain, after certain facilities and medicament treatment, get confo

54、rm to the process of some water quality indicators of water reuse. Similar Yu Zhongshui, treated as a kind of can make use of rain water, can be used for toilet flushing, urban greening, landscaping and other adapted to

55、water in the water quality standards in the use of water.Most of the buildings are now in our country will be on the roof rainwater directly discharged into municipal rainwate</p><p>　　8 the drinking water s

56、ystem and fire water system respectively set up separately</p><p>　　In the appropriate to the drinking water system in the design of high-rise building water supply and fire fighting water supply system are

57、set up separately, and because two different feed system for water pressure requirements. According to the rules: the drinking water system according to hydrostatic pressure no greater than 300 kpa to 400 kpa partitions,