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1、<p> 字?jǐn)?shù):英文2356單詞,12170字符;中文3868漢字</p><p> 出處:Nalbantoglu C. One Belt One Road Initiative: New Route on China’s Change of Course to Growth[J]. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2017, 5: 87-99</p>
2、<p><b> 外文文獻(xiàn): </b></p><p> One Belt One Road Initiative: New Route on China’s Change of Course to Growth</p><p> Abstract China’s One Belt One Road Initiative (OBOR) is an
3、inclusive project that is pregnant to profound changes for International Political Economy but also for Chinese Political Economy. In 21st Century, when Chinese Political Economy is observed, it is to be seen that engine
4、s of the economy that once led China to development become the very problems that are distorting the development and growth today. Those problems make the “challenges of China” and they are deeply connected to each other
5、</p><p> Keywords One Belt One Road Initiative, Chinese Political Economy, China’s Development, Domestic Challenge</p><p> 1.Introduction</p><p> Cold War has shaped the Internat
6、ional Relations in a way that bipolar world politics has started to be accepted as given. Any rising power in the international arena has been interpreted as either consolidator or a challenge to American dominated statu
7、s quo (Chuntao, 2014). For that reason, China’s rise in international political economy has given way to a number of interpretations in which “China Threat” theories gathered lots of supporters (Huntington, 1997: p.207).
8、 In that regard, with Xi Jin</p><p> Today, Chinese economy and society are challenged with a number of problems that rooted in the economic factors that were once built on purpose to accelerate the develop
9、ment of the country. In that regard, as de Lisle and Goldstein (de Lisle & Goldstein, 2015: pp. 16-18) claims huge gap among classes, uneven development in different regions, unsustainability of current economic mode
10、l, environmental problems and increasing energy demand have started to push Beijing to adopt a new strategy not onl</p><p> In this work, it is seen that those challenges that are threatening the stability
11、of China with regards to economy and society, are interdependent and interconnected. Therefore, a step by step methodology would remain ineffective by failing to create a long term solution. However, with One Belt One Ro
12、ad Initiative, China will be able to transit its economy and society by using it as a grand tool that will affect every sphere of the problems. Hence, this work claims One Belt One Road to be not on</p><p>
13、 2.Development of China and What Are the Challenges She Is Facing Today</p><p> It is to be noted that observation of the fast track development contemporary China can prove the policies taken in the openin
14、g up era successful, but it is also for sure that they have created a number of complications. To start with, with the continuing emphasize on industrialization, heavy industrialization has become the motor of the growth
15、. In that regard Yulu argues, even though after China’s membership to World Trade Organization in 2000 the share of net exports in the economy has greatly</p><p> As it can be seen from Table 1, China is ch
16、allenged in various ways today (Row C, representing “Challenges”). Challenges in front of China are categorized under “Imbalance in Industrial Structure”, “Environmental Problems”, “Inequality Among Regions”, Income Ineq
17、uality”, “Low Domestic Consumption Rates”, “Lack of Jobs for White Collar Workers”, “Unsustainable Economic Development”. Although those problems are categorized differently, it is to note that they are interrelated as t
18、hey are composed </p><p> 3.OBOR and Its Implications on China Domestically</p><p> If One Belt One Road Initiative is regarded, a number of uses of the Initiative become apparent for China. T
19、o start with, through OBOR transactional costs will be reduced both inside and outside of China. As claimed by Qiren (Qiren, 2013) for China to increase her development without going through an expansion in industrializa
20、tion—by number of factories and number of production—China can gain simply by reducing transactional costs. Secondly, as it is regarded that China is heavily depended coal,</p><p> Starting from those two m
21、ain points, as noted earlier, in this work main effects of the OBOR Initiative are defined as reduction of transactional costs, securitization of energy resources, development of central and western regions, increasing u
22、rbanization, employment opportunities for white collar and blue collar workers, promotion of exports and finally transparency. Those fields that OBOR is foreseen to affect in the country’s socioeconomic structures are as
23、sumed to result in a balanced econo</p><p> 4.Conclusion: OBOR and Its Implications on China’s Challenges</p><p> Today, China is still a strong economy entity and it is continuing to develop.
24、 Chinese administration has more responsibility in world affairs, Chinese economy is one of the strongest windbags of global economy and Chinese population is growing not only in numbers but also in quality of skills. In
25、 the big picture what is seen is a developing China dressing herself up with technology and knowledge. Yet, as Chinese development is based on her utilization of the economic capitals, such as work forc</p><p&
26、gt; To conclude, it is without a doubt that One Belt One Road Initiative is not a simple project or institution. It will tag along a number of changes in world politics and global economy. Those changes in the internati
27、onal arena are not defined as there are multiple actors and institutions. Furthermore, China’s interests are not defined when it comes to world politics and global political economy. However, the task of defining OBOR ca
28、n be concluded by the interests of China in her domestic politics</p><p><b> 中文譯文:</b></p><p> 一帶一路倡議:中國(guó)改革發(fā)展新路子</p><p> 摘要 中國(guó)的一帶一路倡議(OBOR)是一項(xiàng)包容性項(xiàng)目,不僅是國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)的深刻變化,也是中
29、國(guó)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)的重大變革。在二十一世紀(jì),觀察中國(guó)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)可以看出,過(guò)去引領(lǐng)中國(guó)發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)引擎如今恰恰阻礙了中國(guó)的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步。這些問(wèn)題就是“中國(guó)所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)”,這些問(wèn)題緊密相連,使得當(dāng)?shù)氐陌l(fā)展問(wèn)題無(wú)法得到長(zhǎng)期有效的解決。因此,中國(guó)需要重建國(guó)家的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)體系,這樣不僅能夠極好地解決這些挑戰(zhàn),而且也能維護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)事務(wù)的穩(wěn)定。中國(guó)通過(guò)一帶一路倡議,力求在國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)上實(shí)現(xiàn)和平與和諧。因此,中國(guó)面臨的內(nèi)部挑戰(zhàn)讓“一帶一路”行動(dòng)對(duì)于穩(wěn)定中國(guó)的生存來(lái)說(shuō)至
30、關(guān)重要。</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞 一帶一路,中國(guó)政治經(jīng)濟(jì),中國(guó)的發(fā)展,國(guó)內(nèi)的挑戰(zhàn)</p><p><b> 1.引言</b></p><p> 冷戰(zhàn)已經(jīng)形成了某種國(guó)際關(guān)系,其方式是讓人們開(kāi)始接受既定的兩級(jí)世界政治關(guān)系。國(guó)際舞臺(tái)上的任何崛起的力量要么被認(rèn)為是鞏固美國(guó)現(xiàn)有的主導(dǎo)地位,要么被認(rèn)為是對(duì)美國(guó)現(xiàn)有的主導(dǎo)地位的挑戰(zhàn) (Chuntao,
31、 2014)。因此,中國(guó)的國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)崛起已經(jīng)大量為人解讀,其中“中國(guó)威脅”論得到了大量支持(Huntington, 1997: p.207)。在這一點(diǎn)上,習(xí)近平曾在2013年宣布“新絲綢之路”和“21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路”項(xiàng)目(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“一帶一路”或“一帶一路”倡議),于是國(guó)際社會(huì)就開(kāi)始討論“一帶一路倡議”對(duì)國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響,以及對(duì)世界政治的影響。國(guó)際社會(huì)因該倡議的提出而愈加擔(dān)憂,甚至認(rèn)為要把“一帶一路”同化為中國(guó)的馬歇爾計(jì)劃。 因此,
32、中國(guó)吸取第二次世界大戰(zhàn)和冷戰(zhàn)中的教訓(xùn),這項(xiàng)新倡議預(yù)計(jì)將成為中國(guó)邁出建立霸權(quán)集團(tuán)的第一步(Banarjee, 2016)。</p><p> 當(dāng)今中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)面臨著大量問(wèn)題,這些問(wèn)題的根源在于曾經(jīng)為了加快國(guó)家發(fā)展而創(chuàng)設(shè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。在這方面,正如de Lisle and Goldstein(de Lisle&Goldstein,2015:第16-18頁(yè))所述,階級(jí)之間存在巨大差距,不同地區(qū)發(fā)展不平衡,當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)模式發(fā)
33、展不可持續(xù),環(huán)境問(wèn)題和日益增多的能源需求讓北京不得不采取新戰(zhàn)略,不僅要保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境可持續(xù),還要不懼經(jīng)濟(jì)日益緊張的現(xiàn)狀,實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)和諧(de Lisle&Goldstein,2015:pp.1-18)。</p><p> 在這項(xiàng)工作中,我們就可以看出,這些威脅中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的挑戰(zhàn)是相互依存、相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。 因此,循序漸進(jìn)的方法可能因無(wú)法長(zhǎng)期解決問(wèn)題而無(wú)效。 但是,通過(guò)一帶一路,中國(guó)將能夠把這項(xiàng)倡議作為大型工具來(lái)各個(gè)
34、擊破所有問(wèn)題,讓其經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)順利轉(zhuǎn)型。因此,這項(xiàng)工作不僅要求“一帶一路”是一個(gè)完全能在國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)中實(shí)行的項(xiàng)目,而且還要求“一帶一路”包含多種必不可少的要素,以便能讓國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)得到穩(wěn)定而健康的發(fā)展。 一帶一路被視為一項(xiàng)倡議,著眼于中國(guó)的內(nèi)部問(wèn)題,而不是外交政策問(wèn)題。因此,“一帶一路倡議”雖然會(huì)詳細(xì)說(shuō)明對(duì)全球政治和國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)可能產(chǎn)生的影響,但主要還是側(cè)重說(shuō)明當(dāng)代中國(guó)所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。 通過(guò)了解中國(guó)在二十一世紀(jì)所面臨的挑戰(zhàn),“一帶一路倡議”的
35、重要性將得到更好的理解。“一帶一路倡議”能夠調(diào)停中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)遇到的挑戰(zhàn)。</p><p> 2.中國(guó)的發(fā)展及當(dāng)今中國(guó)所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)</p><p> 值得注意的是,當(dāng)代中國(guó)快車道發(fā)展可以證明改革開(kāi)放時(shí)期采用的政策是成功的,但也確實(shí)造成了一些并發(fā)癥。首先,由于不斷強(qiáng)調(diào)工業(yè)化,重工業(yè)化成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力。在這方面,Yulu認(rèn)為,中國(guó)即使在2000年加入世界貿(mào)易組織,經(jīng)濟(jì)凈出口份額大大增加,投資份
36、額在世界上仍然是最高的,達(dá)48%(The Guardian,2014)。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)中幾乎沒(méi)有什么份額,十分依賴于工業(yè)中的投資和凈出口量。其次,優(yōu)先發(fā)展東部城市的經(jīng)濟(jì),尤其是經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū),造成西部城市發(fā)展速度不如東部。中國(guó)北方黑龍江,吉林,內(nèi)蒙古,遼寧以及新疆的煤,天然氣等化石能源豐富,但卻不能得到開(kāi)發(fā),其原因在于中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)主要是以能源生產(chǎn)為基礎(chǔ),而這不僅僅是開(kāi)礦和設(shè)立工廠(商業(yè)周刊,2013)。</p><p>
37、; 同樣地,與北方省份相似,由于本區(qū)域的城市依賴工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn),中國(guó)中部地區(qū)的發(fā)展相對(duì)較緩(Huang,2015:第84頁(yè))。所以在全中國(guó),發(fā)展與城市業(yè)務(wù)吸引力和業(yè)務(wù)成本相關(guān)。西部和中部省份工資水平較低,吸引力較低,與東部省份相比,要么就是還沒(méi)有得到發(fā)展,要么就是發(fā)展不如東部省份(Cooper,2008年,第4頁(yè))。最后,為了繼續(xù)保持自改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)高增長(zhǎng)率,中國(guó)通過(guò)采取“戶口”登記等不同的社會(huì)政策來(lái)保證廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力和充足的勞動(dòng)力
38、。戶口登記制度稍微減少了移民到東部較發(fā)達(dá)城市的人數(shù),較發(fā)達(dá)的城市早前就認(rèn)為,如果在沒(méi)有登記的情況下就移民到另一個(gè)城市的話,會(huì)在諸如教育和醫(yī)療服務(wù)等方面存在的巨大隱患(Huang, 2015)。所以,戶口制度不僅稍微減少了移民人數(shù)的增加,而且還減少了欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的人口,而這又迫使這些地區(qū)不得不降低生活水平(Liang,2015:pp.42-45)。</p><p> 從表1可以看出,如今中國(guó)在多個(gè)方面都面臨著挑戰(zhàn)(
39、C行代表“挑戰(zhàn)”)。 中國(guó)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)分為“產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不平衡”,“環(huán)境問(wèn)題”,“區(qū)域不平等”,“收入不平等”,“國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)水平低”,“白領(lǐng)工作短缺”,“不可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展”。雖然這些問(wèn)題的分類方式有所不同,但由于這些分類基于某些共同因素,所以它們又是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的,(列F代表“因素”)。</p><p> 3.“一帶一路”及其對(duì)中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的啟示</p><p> 如果“一帶一路”開(kāi)始實(shí)施,中國(guó)實(shí)施這
40、一倡議能帶來(lái)的優(yōu)勢(shì)就顯而易見(jiàn)了。首先,通過(guò)一帶一路,中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)外的交易成本都將減少。根據(jù)Qiren(Qiren,2013)所說(shuō),對(duì)中國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō),要想在不經(jīng)歷工業(yè)擴(kuò)張的情況下提高發(fā)展——通過(guò)控制工廠數(shù)量和生產(chǎn)數(shù)量——中國(guó)通過(guò)只降低交易成本就獲得收益。第二,由于中國(guó)十分依賴煤炭資源,所以石油和天然氣資源對(duì)急需發(fā)展的工業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要。通過(guò)“一帶一路”,中國(guó)不僅能夠達(dá)到中東和中亞的資源,而且通過(guò)“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略,中國(guó)不僅能獲得中東和中亞的資源,還
41、能維護(hù)其在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的可持續(xù)性和可用性(Simpfendorfer,2009: 第28-31頁(yè))。其次,“一帶一路”能為中西部地區(qū)的發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)和刺激。一帶一路在中國(guó)的主要目的地是義烏,西安,重慶和烏魯木齊。這些城市成為貿(mào)易中心之后,這些城市對(duì)企業(yè)和投資將會(huì)更有吸引力,這些城市的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展也會(huì)得到提高。同樣,為了加快戰(zhàn)略取得的進(jìn)程,中央政府將優(yōu)先發(fā)展這些城市(BOCOM International,2015)。與貧困地區(qū)的發(fā)展進(jìn)程相似,城
42、市的發(fā)展也將得到振興。通過(guò)發(fā)展西部和中部地區(qū),隨之而來(lái)的的工資增長(zhǎng)和生活水平提高會(huì)逐</p><p> 一帶一路另一個(gè)預(yù)期作用是中國(guó)白領(lǐng)和藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)增多。隨著倡議的啟動(dòng),諸如鐵路建設(shè)、地方和地區(qū)的行政管理等許多領(lǐng)域,都需要整頓。由于一帶一路的路線涉及到許多國(guó)家 ——由于中國(guó)是一帶一路戰(zhàn)略中不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的主要締造者——國(guó)內(nèi)外都將為熟練工和不熟練工以及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層的專業(yè)人才提供職位。而且委婉來(lái)說(shuō),中國(guó)在從無(wú)意識(shí)、小
43、型、自給自足的國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)型為更有意識(shí)的工業(yè)化國(guó)家的過(guò)程中,未來(lái)還需要更多的技術(shù)工人和白領(lǐng)(新華社,2015年)。</p><p> 接下來(lái),通過(guò)實(shí)行“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略,中國(guó)將會(huì)增加出口量。盡管中國(guó)已經(jīng)和許多國(guó)家和組織成為貿(mào)易伙伴(中國(guó)的出口量已經(jīng)很高),但由于中國(guó)的鄰國(guó)與其他不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家仍需發(fā)展,所以中國(guó)的出口額可能還會(huì)增加。預(yù)計(jì)中國(guó)的出口會(huì)刺激中國(guó)的發(fā)展。最后,中國(guó)另一個(gè)可能受“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略影響的是鐵路透明度。中國(guó)
44、如果要開(kāi)展國(guó)際項(xiàng)目,建立國(guó)際伙伴關(guān)系,就必須在國(guó)內(nèi)政治和政策中建立透明度原則。為了發(fā)展不同的合作關(guān)系,尤其是經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的關(guān)系,中國(guó)政府不僅要在全球化國(guó)家實(shí)行透明化管理,而且要在國(guó)內(nèi)所有事務(wù)中實(shí)現(xiàn)透明化管理。如前所述,從這兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)出發(fā),在這項(xiàng)工作中,“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略的主要作用是減少交易成本,使能源資源證券化,發(fā)展中西部地區(qū),加快城市化進(jìn)程,增加白領(lǐng)和藍(lán)領(lǐng)的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì),促進(jìn)出口以及實(shí)現(xiàn)透明化管理。,我們可以預(yù)見(jiàn)“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略會(huì)在某些方面對(duì)國(guó)家
45、的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生影響,而這能夠讓經(jīng)濟(jì)模式保持平衡,讓經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,增加收入和國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)水平,減少環(huán)境問(wèn)題。表2可以看出“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略帶來(lái)的影響與這些假設(shè)的對(duì)國(guó)家社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化的組成部分之間的相關(guān)性。</p><p> 4. 結(jié)論:“一帶一路”及其可能對(duì)中國(guó)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)帶來(lái)的影響</p><p> 如今,中國(guó)仍然是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體,并且仍在繼續(xù)發(fā)展。中國(guó)政府在世界事務(wù)中承擔(dān)起
46、更大的責(zé)任,中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)最強(qiáng)勁的風(fēng)囊之一,而且中國(guó)人口不僅在數(shù)量上得到在增長(zhǎng),而且在技術(shù)素質(zhì)上也得到增長(zhǎng)。我們?cè)诤陚ニ{(lán)圖中可以看到,正在發(fā)展中的中國(guó)在不斷用技術(shù)和知識(shí)武裝自己。然而,由于中國(guó)的發(fā)展是把勞動(dòng)力、豐富的能源資源和進(jìn)入不同市場(chǎng)的途徑等經(jīng)濟(jì)資本作為基礎(chǔ)的,中國(guó)馬上就會(huì)失去在當(dāng)代全球經(jīng)濟(jì)所擁有的這些優(yōu)勢(shì)。因?yàn)椴粌H國(guó)際環(huán)境在改變,而且中國(guó)在未來(lái)就現(xiàn)在擁有的資本也會(huì)短缺——?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力、能源資源和長(zhǎng)期市場(chǎng)。發(fā)展可持續(xù)和發(fā)展穩(wěn)定迫使中國(guó)
47、必須利用現(xiàn)有的資源,而這也會(huì)讓中國(guó)的政策經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)性改變。因此,北京要做的是解決中國(guó)遇到的氣候不利于身體健康的瓶頸問(wèn)題,這將有利于中國(guó)的發(fā)展規(guī)劃更安全,避免造成巨額損失。</p><p> 總而言之,“一帶一路”倡議不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的項(xiàng)目或機(jī)構(gòu),這是毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的。它緊跟世界政治和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的許多變化。國(guó)際舞臺(tái)上的這些變化并沒(méi)有被定義為有多重角色和制度。此外,中國(guó)的利益在世界政治和全球政治經(jīng)濟(jì)方面并沒(méi)有明確定義。但是,
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