外文翻譯--感應電動機的起動方法和問題

1、<p>　　INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING METHODS AND ISSUES</p><p>　　感應電動機的起動方法和問題</p><p>　　Abstract Many methods can be used to start large AC induction motors. Choices such as full voltage, reduced

2、 voltage either by autotransformer or Wyes - Delta, a soft starter, or usage of an adjustable speed drive can all have potential advantages and trade offs. Reduced voltage starting can lower the starting torque and help

3、prevent damage to the load. Additionally, power factor correction capacitors can be used to reduce the current, but care must be taken to size them properly. Usage of the wr</p><p><b>　　摘要： </b>

4、;</p><p>　　許多方法可用于啟動大型交流感應電動機。選擇如全電壓，通過自耦變壓器或Y形三角電壓降低，軟起動器，或可調速驅動器的使用都可以有潛在的優(yōu)勢和權衡。降壓起動可以降低起動轉矩，防止損壞負載。此外，校正電容器可用于降低功率因數，但必須注意正確的尺寸。錯誤的電容器的使用可能會導致重大損失。選擇適當的啟動方法，電機將包括為保證電機的設計提供了所需的性能的同時，最大限度地降低其成本的初始荷載的動力系統(tǒng)分析

5、。本文將最常用的起動方法和推薦的應用研究。</p><p>　　Index Terms: motor starting. Reduced voltage start auto transformer, wyes-delta, power factor correction</p><p>　　索引條款：電動機起動。降壓起動自耦變壓器，Y形三角洲，功率因數校正</p><

6、p>　　INTRODUCTION </p><p>　　There are several general methods of starting induction motors: full voltage, reduced voltage, wyes-delta, and part winding types. The reduced voltage type can include solid sta

7、te starters, adjustable frequency drives, and autotransformers. These, along with the full voltage, or across the line starting, give the purchaser a large variety of automotives when it comes to specifying the motor to

8、be used in a given application. Each method has its own benefits, as well as performance trade offs. Pr</p><p><b>　　簡介：</b></p><p>　　有起動異步電動機的幾種常見方法：全電壓，降低電壓，Y形三角洲，和部分繞組類型。低電壓型可包括固態(tài)啟

9、動器，變頻驅動器，和自耦變壓器。這些，連同全電壓，或直接起動，給買方的汽車種類繁多的時候指定在給定的應用程序中使用的電機。每種方法都有其自身的利益，以及性能的權衡。正確的選擇會涉及的任何權力制約制度進行徹底的調查，以加速負載設備的整體成本。</p><p>　　In order for the load to be accelerated, the motor must generate greater torq

10、ue than the load requirement. In general there are three points of interest on the motor's speed-torque curve. The first is locked-rotor torque (LRT) which is the minimum torque which the motor will develop at rest f

11、or all angular positions of the rotor. The second is pull-up torque (PUT) which is defined as the minimum torque developed by the motor during the period of acceleration from rest to the speed at which break</p>&

12、lt;p>　　為了使負載能加速，電機必須產生更大的扭矩比負荷要求。一般有三點對電機轉速的扭矩曲線的興趣。第一個是鎖定轉子扭矩（LRT），最小轉矩，電機將在剩下的所有的角位置的轉子。二是拉轉矩（放），定義為最小轉矩由電動機在加速期從其余的速度，轉矩發(fā)生。最后是擊穿扭矩（BDT）被定義為最大轉矩，電機的發(fā)展。如果這些點所需的負荷曲線的下方，然后電機不能啟動。</p><p>　　The time it take

13、s for the motor to accelerate the load is dependent on the inertia of the load and the margin between the torque of the motor and the load curve, sometimes called accelerating torque. In general, the longer the time it t

14、akes for the motor to accelerate the load, the more heat that will be generated in the rotor bars, shorting ring and the stator winding. This heat leads to additional stresses in these parts and can have an impaction mot

15、or life.</p><p>　　這需要對電機的加速負載的時間是依賴于負載的慣量和電動機的轉矩與負載曲線之間的邊緣，有時也被稱為加速轉矩。一般來說，越需要電機的加速負載時，其會在轉子產生更多的熱量，短路環(huán)和定子繞組。這種熱導致這些部件的附加應力，可以有一個影響電機的壽命。</p><p>　　II. FULL VOLTAGE The full voltage starting meth

16、od, also known as across the line starting, is the easiest method to employ, has the lowest equipment costs, and is the most reliable. This method utilizes a control to close a contactor and apply full line voltage to th

17、e motor terminals. This method will allow the motor to generate its highest starting torque and provide the shortest acceleration times. This method also puts the highest strain on the power system due to the high starti

18、ng currents t</p><p>　　II。全壓全電壓起動方法，也被稱為直接起動，是采用最簡單的方法，具有最低的設備成本，是最可靠的。該方法利用一控制關閉接觸器應用全電壓的電機端子。這種方法將使電機產生最高的起動轉矩和提供最短的加速時間。這種方法也提出了最高的菌株對電力系統(tǒng)由于高的起動電流，一般可以在六到七倍的電機電流正常滿負荷。如果電機是電力系統(tǒng)薄弱，突然的高功耗可引起電壓暫降，不僅在電機端子，但整個

19、電源總線送起動電機。此電壓下降將導致電機的起動轉矩下降，下降和轉矩的任何其他電機電源總線上運行。開發(fā)的感應電動機的轉矩變化大致為所施加的電壓的平方。因此，根據電壓下降量，電機在這一弱勢客車運行可能失速。此外，電壓條件下監(jiān)測許多控制系統(tǒng)，一個潛在的問題，可以采取離線運行電動機全電壓起動時。除了電源總線的電性變化，一個潛在的直接起動的物理缺點的驅動設備，看到突然加載。這種沖擊加載由于暫態(tài)扭矩可超過600%的鎖定轉子扭矩可增加對設備的磨損，甚

20、至導致災難性的故障，如果負載不能處理在盯著由電機產生的轉矩。</p><p>　　A. Capacitors and Starting Induction motors typically have very low power factor during starting and as a result have very large reactive power draw. See Fig. 2. This

21、effect on the system can be reduced by adding capacitors to the motor during starting. </p><p>　　答：電容起動異步電動機通常有非常低的功率因數在起動和結果具有非常大的功畫。見圖2。這對系統(tǒng)的影響可以通過增加電容器的電機起動時降低。</p><p>　　The large reactive cu

22、rrents required by the motor lag the applied voltage by 90 electrical degrees. This reactive power doesn't create any measurable output, but is rather the energy required for the motor to function. The product of the

23、 applied system voltage and this reactive power component can be measured in VARS (volt-ampere reactive). The capacitors act to supply a current that leads the applied voltage by 90 electrical degrees. The leading curren

24、ts supplied by the capacitors cancel the la</p><p>　　大反應電流的電機滯后電壓90°電角度的要求。這無功不產生任何可測量的輸出，而是用于電機的功能所需的能量。應用系統(tǒng)的電壓的乘積這功分量可測變量（乏）。電容器的行為提供一電流，使電壓90°電角度。領先的電流由電容器提供取消滯后電流通過電機的要求，減少需要從電力系統(tǒng)繪制功量。為了避免過電壓和電

25、機損壞，須特別小心，以確保電容器作為電機達到額定轉速的刪除，或在斷電時使電機不會從電容器提供勵磁電流，發(fā)電機模式。這將擴大對下一節(jié)和附錄中。</p><p>　　B. Power Factor Correction Capacitors can also be left permanently connected to raise the full load power factor. When used in

26、this manner they are called power factor correction capacitors. The capacitors should never be sized larger than the magnetizing current of the motor unless they can be disconnected from the motor in the event of a power

27、 loss.</p><p>　　B.功率因數校正電容器還可以留下永久連接到提高全負荷功率因數。當以這種方式使用它們被稱為功率因數校正電容器。電容器不應尺寸大于磁化電流的電機除非他們可以斷開電機在斷電的情況下。</p><p>　　The addition of capacitors will change the effective open circuit time constant

28、of the motor. The time constant indicates the time required for remaining voltage in the motor to decay to 36.8% of rated voltage after the loss of power. This is typically one to three seconds without capacitors.</p&

29、gt;<p>　　另外的電容器將改變有效開路時間常數的電機。時間常數表明剩余電壓在電機額定電壓衰減到36.8%的功率損失后所需的時間。這通常是一個三秒的無電容器。</p><p>　　With capacitors connected to the leads of the motor, the capacitors can continue to supply magnetizing curren

30、t after the power to the motor has been disconnected. This is indicated by a longer time constant for the system. If the motor is driving a high inertia load, the motor can change over to generator action with the magnet

31、izing .</p><p>　　與連接到電機的引線電容器，電容器可以在電動機的電源已斷開，繼續(xù)提供磁化電流。這是一個較長的時間常數為系統(tǒng)顯示。如果電機是驅動大慣性負載，電機可以改變與勵磁發(fā)電機行動。</p><p>　　Current from the capacitors and the shaft driven by the load. This can result in the

32、 voltage at the motor terminals actually rising to nearly 50% of rated voltage in some cases. If the power is reconnected before this voltage decays severe transients can be created which can cause significant switching

33、currents and torques that can severely damage the motor and the driven equipment. An example of this phenomenon is outlined in the appendix.</p><p>　　從電容器和軸驅動的負載電流。這可能會導致在電機端子實際上在上升至近50%，在某些情況下，額定電壓在電壓。如果重新連

34、接電源之前，這個電壓衰減嚴重的瞬變可以創(chuàng)建可引起明顯的開關電流和扭矩，會嚴重損壞電機和驅動設備。這種現象的一個例子是在附錄中列出了。</p><p>　　Ill. REDUCED VOLTAGE Each of the reduced voltage methods are intended to reduce the impact of motor starting current on the power s

35、ystem by controlling the voltage that the motor sees at the terminals. It is very important to know the characteristics of the load to be started when considering any form of reduced voltage starting. The motor manufactu

36、rer will need to have the speed torque curve and the inertia of the driven equipment when they validate their design. The curve can be built from an </p><p>　　生病。降低電壓的電壓降低的方法的目的是降低電機起動電流對電力系統(tǒng)的電壓控制，電機將在終端。這是了

37、解負載的特點是啟動時考慮任何形式的降壓起動很重要。汽車制造商將需要轉速扭矩曲線和驅動設備的慣性，當他們驗證他們的設計。該曲線可由初始，或脫離扭矩，只有其他四個數據點的速度范圍內，和全轉速轉矩的起動條件。離心式或平方曲線可以在許多情況下，假設，但也有一些應用，這將是有問題的。一個例子是，螺桿壓縮機具有更高的扭矩要求在較低的速度比一般離心泵或風機負載。見圖3。通過了解負載的細節(jié)必須開始制造商可以確保電機能產生足夠的轉矩啟動負載，具有起動方法

38、，chhosen。</p><p>　　A. Autotransformer </p><p><b>　　答：自耦變壓器</b></p><p>　　The motor leads are connected to the lower voltage side of the transformer. The most common taps

39、that are used are 80%, 65%, and 50%. At 50% voltage the current on the primary is 25% of the full voltage locked rotor amps. The motor is started with this reduced voltage, and then after a pre-set condition is reached t

40、he connection is switched to line voltage. This condition could be a preset time, current level, bus volts, or motor speed. The change over can be done in either a closed circuit tran</p><p>　　電機引線連接到變壓器的低壓側

41、。這是最常用的水龍頭80%，65%，和50%。在50%上的電壓電流是25%次全電壓鎖定轉子電流。電機啟動這個降低的電壓，然后在一個預先設定的條件達到連接切換到線電壓。這種情況可能是一個預先設定的時間，目前的水平，總線伏，或電機速度。的變化可在一個閉合電路的過渡，還是一個開放的電路轉換的方法。在開放電路電壓的連接方法是作為它是從低電壓變?yōu)樗骄€。護理應用于確保不會有問題，從瞬變由于開關。這個潛在的問題可以通過使用閉路過渡消除。與閉回路法有

42、一個連續(xù)的</p><p>　　Voltage applied to the motor. Another benefit with the autotransformer starting is in possible lower vibration and noise levels during starting.</p><p>　　施加到電動機的電壓。在啟動過程中的另一個好處與自耦

43、變壓器起動在盡可能低的振動和噪音水平。</p><p>　　Since the torque generated by the motor will vary as the square of the applied voltage, great care should be taken to make sure that there will be sufficient accelerating torque

44、available from the motor. A speed torque curve for the driven equipment along with the inertia should be used to verify the design of the motor. A good rule of thumb is to have a minimum of 10% of the rated full load tor

45、que of the motor as a margin at all points of the curve.</p><p>　　由于電機產生的轉矩會隨著所施加的電壓的平方變化，要特別注意確保有足夠的加速轉矩可以從電機。用于驅動設備，隨著慣性力矩速度曲線可以用來驗證電機設計。一個好的經驗法則是有一個最低的額定滿負載轉矩的電動機10%作為所有點的曲線邊緣。</p><p>　　Addit

46、ionally, the acceleration time should be evaluated to make sure that the motor has sufficient thermal capacity to handle the heat generated due to the longer acceleration time.</p><p>　　此外，加速時間應進行評估，以確保電機由于較

47、長的加速時間產生足夠的熱容量的熱處理。</p><p>　　B. Solid State or Soft Starters </p><p><b>　　B.固態(tài)軟起動器</b></p><p>　　These devices utilize silicon controlled rectifiers or Scars. By controll

48、ing the firing angle of the SCR the voltage that the device produces can be controlled during the starting of the motor by limiting the flow of power for only part of the duration of the sine wave.</p><p>　　

49、這些器件采用可控硅整流器或疤痕。通過控制觸發(fā)角的晶閘管電壓，該裝置產生可控制的電動機起動過程中通過限制只有正弦波的時間部分功率流。</p><p>　　The most widely used type of soft starter is the current limiting type. A current limit of 175% to 500% of full load current is prog

50、rammed in to the device. It then will ramp up the voltage applied to the motor until it reaches the limit value, and will then hold that current as the motor accelerates.</p><p>　　軟起動器使用最廣泛的類型是類型的電流限制。電流限制為1

51、75%到500%的滿負荷電流編程的裝置。然后它會增加電機電壓直至達到極限值，然后就認為，電流為電動機的加速。</p><p>　　Tachometers can be used with solid state starters to control acceleration time. Voltage output is adjusted as required by the starter controlle

52、r to provide a constant rate of acceleration. The same precautions in regards to starting torque should be followed for the soft starters as with the other reduced voltage starting methods. Another problem due to the fir

53、ing angle of the SCR is that the motor could experience harmonic oscillating torques. Depending on the driven equipment, this could lead </p><p>　　轉速表能與固態(tài)起動器用于控制加速時間。輸出電壓是由起動器必須提供一個恒定的速率加速調整。在以相同的預防措施，啟動轉矩應遵

54、循的軟起動器與其他降壓起動方法。由于可控硅的觸發(fā)角的另一個問題是，電機能經歷諧波振蕩的扭矩。根據驅動設備，這可能會導致令人興奮的系統(tǒng)的自然頻率。</p><p>　　C. Adjustable Frequency Drives </p><p><b>　　C.變頻驅動器</b></p><p>　　This type of device gi

55、ves the greatest overall control and flexibility in starting induction motors giving the most torque for an amount of current. It is also the most costly.The drive varies not only the voltage level, but also the frequenc

56、y, to allow the motor to operate on a constant volt per hertz level. This allows the motor to generate full load torque throughout a large speed range, up to 10:1. During starting, 150% of rated current is typical.This a

57、llows a significant reduction in the p</p><p>　　這種類型的設備提供了最大的整體控制和靈活性，在起動異步電動機給最轉矩電流量。它也是最昂貴的。驅動的變化不僅電壓水平，而且頻率，使電機在一個恒定的伏特每赫茲級操作。這使電機產生滿負載轉矩在整個調速范圍大，可達10:1。在啟動過程中，額定電流的150%是典型的。這允許啟動所需的負載功率的顯著減少，并降低了電機產生的熱量，

58、所有這些總計達更高的效率。漁農處的使用也可以允許一個較小的電機是由于可用的扭矩在較低的速度范圍內顯著增加的應用。電機仍應尺寸大于所需的功率來驅動負載。漁農處允許的負荷，是不是加速容易獲得與其他類型的降壓起動控制方法很大程度上。</p><p>　　The greatest drawback of the AFD is in the cost relative to the other methods. Drive

59、s are the most costly to employ and may also require specific motor designs to be used. Based on the output signal of the drive, filtered or unfiltered, the motor could require additional construction features. These con

60、struction features include insulated bearings, shaft grounding brushes, and insulated couplings due to potential shaft current from common mode voltage. Without these features, shaft currents, whi</p><p>　　漁

61、農處的最大的缺點是成本相對于其他方法。驅動器是最昂貴的使用，可能還需要具體的電機的設計被使用?；隍寗悠鞯妮敵鲂盘?，過濾或未經過濾的，可能需要額外的電機結構特點。這些結構特征包括絕緣軸承，軸接地電刷和絕緣接頭，由于潛在的軸從共模電壓電流。如果沒有這些功能，軸電流，循環(huán)通過軸的軸承，通過電機支架與背，創(chuàng)造，導致軸承過早失效的軸承弧，潛在的電弧時需要考慮應用電機/驅動封裝在一個危險的環(huán)境中，第二冊/區(qū)。</p><p&g

62、t;　　An additional construction feature of a motor used on an AFD may require is an upgraded insulation system on the motor windings. An unfiltered output signal from a drive can create harmonic voltage spikes in the moto

63、r, stressing the insulation of the motor windings.It is important to note that the features described pertain to motors which will be startedand run on an AFD. If the drive is only used for starting the motor, these feat

64、ures may not be necessary.</p><p>　　一種用在AFD電機的額外建筑功能可能需要的是升級的絕緣系統(tǒng)的電機繞組。從驅動一個未經過濾的輸出信號可以在電機產生諧波電壓尖峰，強調電機繞組絕緣。需要注意的是，所描述的功能涉及到的發(fā)動機將在該處跑起步很重要。如果驅動器是用于啟動電機，這些特征可能是不必要的。</p><p>　　Consult with the mot

65、or manufacturer for application specific requirements.</p><p>　　隨著應用程序的具體要求，電機制造商咨詢。</p><p>　　D. Primary Resistor or Reactor Starting </p><p><b>　　初級電阻或電抗起動</b></p>

66、;<p>　　This method uses either a series resistor or reactor bank to be placed in the circuit with the motor. Resistor starting is more frequently used for smaller motors.</p><p>　　該方法利用一系列電阻器或電抗器的銀行被放

67、置在電路與電機。電阻起動更頻繁地使用較小的電機。</p><p>　　When the motor is started, the resistor bank limits the flow of inrush current and provides for a voltage drop at the motor terminals. The resistors can be selected to provi

68、de voltage reductions up to 50%. As the motor comes up to speed, it develops a counter EMF (electro-magnetic field) that opposes the voltage applied to the motor. This further limits the inrush currents. As the inrush cu

69、rrent diminishes, so does t>e voltage drop across the resistor bank allowing the torque generated by the mo</p><p>　　當電動機啟動時，電阻銀行限制浪涌電流的流動，并提供電機端子的電壓降。電阻可以選擇提供電壓降低到50%。當電機達到的速度，它開發(fā)了一個反電動勢（電磁場）反對電機電壓。這進一步限

70、制了浪涌電流。由于浪涌電流減少，那么T＞E壓降電阻銀行允許轉矩由電動機產生的增加。在預定的時間的裝置將在短路電阻和打開起動接觸器的電路能夠有效消除電阻銀行。這提供了一個封閉的過渡，消除了由于切換瞬變的關系。</p><p>　　Reactors will tend to oppose any sudden changes in current and therefore act to limit the curr

71、ent during starting. They will remain shorted after starting and provide a closed transition to line voltage.</p><p>　　反應堆將傾向于反對當前的任何突然變化，因此起到限流起動過程。他們將開始提供短路電壓關閉后過渡期。</p><p>　　IV. INCREMENT TYP

72、E </p><p><b>　　四、增量型</b></p><p>　　The first starting types that we have discussed have deal with the way the energy is applied to the motor. The next type deals with different ways t

73、he motor can be physically changed to deal with starting issues.</p><p>　　首先，我們討論的類型與能量施加到電機的方式處理。第二類有不同方式的運動身體可以改變處理啟動問題。</p><p>　　Part Winding </p><p><b>　　部分繞組</b><

74、;/p><p>　　With this method the stator of the motor is designed in such a way that it is made up of two separate windings. The most common method is known as the half winding method. As the name suggests, the st

75、ator is made up of two identical balanced windings. A special starter is configured so that full voltage can be applied to one half of the winding, and then after a short delay, to the second half. This method can reduce

76、 the starting current by 50 to 60%, but also the starting torque. One drawback t</p><p>　　用這種方法對電機的定子是這樣一種方式，它是由兩個獨立的繞組設計。最常見的方法被稱為半繞組的方法。顧名思義，定子是由兩個相同的平衡繞組。一個特殊的起動器被配置為全電壓可用于纏繞的一半，然后在短暫的延遲后，到下半年。該方法可以由50～60