辦公樓地源熱泵空調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)：</b></p><p>　　SYSTEMS INTEGRATION:</p><p>　　ENERGY EFFICIENT AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER WITH RADIANT COOLING FLOORS</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b&g

2、t;</p><p>　　The German automobile systems manufacturer BROSE Inc., is currently in the process of designing its new research, development and headquarter facility in Auburn Hills, Michigan. The programmatic

3、requirements of this two-story facility include 7,000 m2 test facilities, prototype shops and educational/recreational space. The building is designed to be a load-bearing, cast-in-place concrete structure with imbedded

4、hydronic radiant cooling and heating piping. The exterior envelope system will utiliz</p><p>　　The author of this paper is the LEED? accredited design architect of this new facility and responsible for Progr

5、amming, Schematic Design and Design Development. The project is a registered LEED? building design.</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Brose Inc., the leading German door, seat, and window systems m

6、anufacturer of automobiles is a partner of the international automotive industry, supplying products for more than 30 clients and leading seat producers. At 24 locations worldwide, there are approximately 7,000 employees

7、 engaged in developing and producing components and systems for automobile doors and seats. Due to the increase in market share in the US market and the purchase of the automotive door closure division of Robert Bosch<

8、;/p><p>　　Two recently built similar research and administrative facilities built by Brose in Germany (one in Hallstadt, near Nürnberg, and one in Coburg), served as a model for this new North America head

9、quarter. In all three buildings, the concept of activated and utilized thermal mass was used in accordance to their own primary structural system. Not only does this strategy save energy and create a superior interior cl

10、imate for the occupants but also to show new ways of early integration of systems thi</p><p>　　The historic Reichstag building, the German parliament was at the time of its inauguration in December of 1894 o

11、ne of the most sophisticated and technically advanced buildings of its time. The design incorporated central heating, humidification and summer “cooling” with the help of thermal mass. Paul Wallot, the architect of the b

12、uilding, responded as follows when asked how the arts of architecture, painting, sculpture are related: ”Today some have spoken of three ‘sister arts’, architecture, pa</p><p>　　Hydronic Radiant Heating Buil

13、ding Systems in History</p><p>　　Thermal labyrinths, cavities and channels underneath useable floor space are known from the earliest structures of the Roman Empire. The combination of “forced” warm air and

14、the thermal storage capacity of heavy mass structural building elements, such as brick and concrete tunnels, walls, floors, and ceilings is well-known as “hypocausts”. These systems of thermal storage were used in the Ro

15、man bath, the “Thermae”. Bathing in Roman times was a lengthy and social event, lasting several hours and </p><p>　　Radiant floors in modern times are sufficiently known as either closed, indirect or open-di

16、rect heating systems utilizing a high efficiency boiler for space and warm water heating. They are widely used throughout the building industry. In Europe the use of hydronic heating systems in residential and commercial

17、 applications is a common technology and used cost-effectively. After World War II, U.S. GI’s brought the technology back from the campaigns in Germany to the western hemisphere were it was</p><p>　　Radiant

18、Cooling</p><p>　　A core-cooled ceiling is the cooling equivalent of a floor heating system. In the radiant cooling system, cold water is circulated through plastic piping. These pipes can be embedded into th

19、e slab either closer to the floor or at the ceiling level. If in combination with radiant, warm water piping, utilizing the same pipes, a location in the floor is preferable, since heat radiation from a ceiling surface t

20、o occupants in a room is undesirable. In both instances the presence of a thermal storage </p><p>　　In the case of the Brose building our current conservative estimate predicts energy savings of 10% over the

21、 traditional forced air system. Other radiant cooling systems place the cooled piping grid into a panel, which is suspended from the structural slab, thus eliminating the need for a concrete slab and the more laborious i

22、ntegration involved. Those panels are usually built from aluminum panels, with metal tubes connected to the rear of the panel. An alternative is to build a "sandwich system,</p><p>　　Cooling grids can a

23、lso be imbedded in plaster, gypsum board, or mounted on ceiling panels. These systems provide an even surface temperature distribution. Due to the fact that plastic tubing for hydronic heating and cooling is flexible; it

24、s placement has only to pay attention to structural conditions (i.e. density and placement of reinforcement steel), namely near columns in concrete, cast-in-place flat-slab applications. The major benefit is that the ven

25、tilation systems and their duct work need</p><p>　　Hydronic radiant cooling has been applied in the U.S., but it never reached significant market penetration. Together with efficient ventilation systems and

26、humidity control, the hydronic radiant cooling system provides advantages over conventional HVAC systems that are worth considering during building design.</p><p>　　The Brose Integrated Hydronic Design</p

27、><p>　　What appears to be today’s state-of-the art heating and cooling system technology was in fact used in large-scale applications in the U.S. as early as 1960. A high-rise office building located at the wes

28、t bank of Lake Merrit in downtown Oakland for example used a radiant hydronic cooling system for is 28 story office floors. Surprisingly, the specific cooling energy (W/m2) of the office building is significantly larger

29、than that of buildings of comparable size located in downtown San Francisco u</p><p>　　Our project for Brose will investigate and analyze all systems, such as air supply, envelope and glazing systems, return

30、 air, and radiant cooling/heating with their interdependencies and will use significantly less energy as a conventionally air-conditioned office building. The optimized systems and the hydronic concept will thus provide

31、a healthier indoor environment than All-Air Systems.</p><p>　　Air Distribution</p><p>　　The key to the understanding of the integration of the Brose building system is the partial separation of

32、the heating and cooling function from the ventilation requirements of the new facility. Since heating and cooling are largely provided by the thermal mass with its embedded hydronic system, the ventilation infrastructure

33、 can become significantly smaller. The supply air for the new facility will be entering the occupied spaces through an access floor system, which is raised 0,30 m above the s</p><p>　　Conclusion</p>&

34、lt;p>　　With the integrated building systems design approach which balances effects of enclosure, exterior solar shading, and internal glare protection with the systems of displacement ventilation and hydronic cooling

35、and heating, Brose Inc. would have obtain a humane, energy-efficient working environment with excellent IAQ. The increased initial cost for concrete cast-in-place construction versus conventional steel framing to place t

36、he piping will be compensated by reduced energy cost in a brief period</p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p><b>　　系統(tǒng)綜合化:</b></p><p><b>　　使用輻射制冷地板的</b><

37、/p><p>　　能量高效率的汽車研究中心</p><p><b>　　摘要 </b></p><p>　　德國汽車系統(tǒng)制造商BROSE公司, 當(dāng)前是在Auburn Hills, 密執(zhí)安進(jìn)行它的新研究的設(shè)計(jì)、發(fā)展總部設(shè)施過程中。這種二層設(shè)施的綱領(lǐng)性要求包括7,000 m2 測(cè)試設(shè)施、原型商店和教育及娛樂空間。大廈被設(shè)計(jì)是一種承重、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)澆筑混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)

38、，以嵌入液體循環(huán)輻射冷卻和加熱的輸送管道。建筑外表將運(yùn)用高性能給上釉的元素, 在內(nèi)部和除了北部的所有門面,設(shè)置動(dòng)力化的受控制紡織品陰影屏幕進(jìn)行強(qiáng)光保護(hù)。這些措施保證一個(gè)供CAD 和行政工作的優(yōu)選的工作環(huán)境。這個(gè)省能源的大廈高度技術(shù)系統(tǒng)是不僅充分地聯(lián)合了大廈的建筑學(xué), 而且融入了所謂的"BROSE工作世界"：公司自己的哲學(xué)分享書桌, 聯(lián)合雇員咖啡，通信斷裂"海島" 和先進(jìn)的訓(xùn)練設(shè)施。 , </

39、p><p>　　本文的作者是LEED?，這種新設(shè)施的被檢定的設(shè)計(jì)建筑師并負(fù)責(zé)編程, 概要設(shè)計(jì)和設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展。項(xiàng)目登記為LEED?建筑設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p><b>　　介紹 </b></p><p>　　主導(dǎo)德國汽車門、窗、座椅系統(tǒng)制造的Brose公司是國際汽車制造業(yè)的伙伴, 為超過30 個(gè)客戶和主導(dǎo)的座椅生產(chǎn)商供應(yīng)產(chǎn)品。在全世界的24 個(gè)地點(diǎn), 有大

40、約7,000 名雇員參與開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)汽車門和座椅的部件或系統(tǒng)。由于在美國市場(chǎng)上份額的增量和在斯圖加特, 德國購買生產(chǎn)羅伯特?Bosch汽車門關(guān)閉系統(tǒng)的GmbH分公司, 公司決定在Auburn Hills 、密執(zhí)安為雇員計(jì)劃建造一種新設(shè)施, 將不僅容納美國大陸的中央管理, 而且包括為雇員提供的必要的測(cè)試和商店設(shè)施、音響室和訓(xùn)練設(shè)施。家族公司將作為公司本體一個(gè)重要組分的設(shè)施建筑設(shè)計(jì)公司作為巨大重點(diǎn); 擁有一個(gè)基于德國的, 機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)部的設(shè)施設(shè)計(jì)和

41、管理部門，公司因而涵蓋了所有關(guān)于建筑設(shè)計(jì)、房地產(chǎn)的建筑和操作的方面。</p><p>　　二最近被建立的相似的研究和行政設(shè)施由Brose 建立在德國(一個(gè)在Hallstadt, 在N5urnberg 附近, 和一個(gè)在Coburg), 起一個(gè)模型作用對(duì)于這個(gè)新北美洲總部。在所有三個(gè)大廈, 被激活的和被運(yùn)用的熱量大量的概念被使用了在依照對(duì)他們自己的主要結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)。這個(gè)戰(zhàn)略節(jié)省能量和創(chuàng)造優(yōu)越內(nèi)部氣候?yàn)榫幼≌叨也粌H顯示系

42、統(tǒng)認(rèn)為和關(guān)鍵和先進(jìn)的技術(shù)解答的早期的綜合化新方式入非常早期設(shè)計(jì)階段。在其中, 大廈技術(shù)將有真正的機(jī)會(huì)集成和不僅是事后的想法, 譬如在一種隊(duì)方法在工程師和設(shè)計(jì)師之間是的許多結(jié)構(gòu)里, 或不能在初期建立。</p><p>　　歷史的瑞查特大廈, 是在1894 年12月德國議會(huì)的就職典禮之時(shí)的最老練和技術(shù)上最先進(jìn)的大廈之一。設(shè)計(jì)綜合了中央系統(tǒng)暖氣、加濕器和在使用熱量的夏天"制冷"。保羅?沃爾特, 大廈

43、的建筑師, 反應(yīng)當(dāng)下建筑學(xué), 繪畫, 雕塑藝術(shù)是怎么相關(guān)的: "今天一些人講了三個(gè)姐妹藝術(shù)：建筑學(xué)，繪畫和雕塑。但現(xiàn)在又加入了論文的第四藝術(shù), 工程學(xué)藝術(shù)。蒸汽引擎, 以我所見, 是最高的藝術(shù)性的目的和手段相結(jié)合成就的完美。在所有藝術(shù)的和諧合作中, 我認(rèn)為包括工程學(xué)藝術(shù)。我提議為熔化所有四藝術(shù)、為他們的團(tuán)結(jié)一起干杯！"</p><p>　　歷史上液體循環(huán)輻射制熱的大廈系統(tǒng)</p>

44、<p>　　從羅馬帝國的最早期的結(jié)構(gòu)的能利用的地板面積之下發(fā)現(xiàn)了熱量迷宮、洞和渠道。結(jié)合許多重的大廈結(jié)構(gòu)元素，"強(qiáng)迫" 熱的空氣在譬如磚和具體隧道, 墻壁、地板, 和天花板等熱量存儲(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中流動(dòng)是知名的作為"古羅馬火坑供暖系統(tǒng)" 。這些熱量存貯系統(tǒng)被使用了在羅馬浴中。沐浴在羅馬時(shí)期是一種社交活動(dòng), 持續(xù)幾個(gè)小時(shí), 包括"Caldarium", (溫水池), 和&quo

45、t;Frigidarium"(冷水水池)。每個(gè)屋子都被一個(gè)或更多熔爐溫暖了, 并且老練的古羅馬火坑供暖系統(tǒng)支持了他們的地板。古羅馬火坑供暖系統(tǒng)由堆積的黏土盤制成(大約0,30m 直徑)，被堆積一又二分之一米高, 并且用灰漿，大方形的瓦片, 和被切開的大理石平板覆蓋, 形成這些房間地板。熔爐加熱了古羅馬火坑供暖系統(tǒng)在地板平板之下的渠道,上面整個(gè)屋子被充分地加熱。熔爐廢氣通過許多墻壁里的通氣管排出, 為整個(gè)屋子提供另外的熱量。在最

46、新羅馬設(shè)計(jì), 控制氣流時(shí)更多的介紹使用赤陶土管子。數(shù)以萬年前相似的簡單的技術(shù)在韓國被使用在了傳統(tǒng)居民住房。</p><p>　　在現(xiàn)代輻射地板被經(jīng)常認(rèn)為是作為或者閉合、間接或打開指揮加熱系統(tǒng)運(yùn)用一個(gè)高效率鍋爐為空間和水加熱。他們被廣泛應(yīng)用在建筑業(yè)中。在歐洲液體循環(huán)加熱系統(tǒng)在住宅和商務(wù)應(yīng)用中作為共同的技術(shù)被有效地使用。在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后, 被美國兵從德國帶來西半球的技術(shù)被勉強(qiáng)地使用了。在歐洲,50年代晚期液體循環(huán)

47、加熱被或多或少摒棄了。但是, 用戶怨言所有關(guān)于空氣體制的改革，設(shè)計(jì)者對(duì)于技術(shù)的態(tài)度, 導(dǎo)致新液體循環(huán)加熱系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)得到更好的控制。對(duì)同樣管道系統(tǒng)的用途, 典型地由銅、合成橡膠譬如EPDM, 和塑料譬如聚乙烯、聚丙烯和聚丁烯制造的用于冷水循環(huán)的，今天仍然是相對(duì)未知的，面對(duì)不僅來自客戶而且來自設(shè)計(jì)社區(qū)的抵抗。</p><p><b>　　輻射冷卻</b></p><p>　

48、　一塊核心冷卻的天花板是地板加熱系統(tǒng)冷卻的等值。在輻射冷卻系統(tǒng)中, 冷水通過塑料管道系統(tǒng)被散布。這些管子可能被埋置入平板，或離地板較近或與天花板水平。如果與輻射, 流的水管相結(jié)合, 運(yùn)用同樣的管子, 設(shè)在地板是更好的, 因?yàn)閺奶旎ò灞砻孢M(jìn)行熱輻射對(duì)于居住在屋子里的人是不受歡迎的。在兩個(gè)事例中出現(xiàn)大量的熱量存貯, 譬如地板平板, 是有必要安置管道系統(tǒng)。管子被分布在蜿蜒地流的軌道的樣式，和與鋼加強(qiáng)在混凝土板可能以電子輸送管道和架線。在混凝土

49、地板面積的下面，冷水流通過管子，對(duì)于屋子里溫暖的空氣類似一臺(tái)吸熱器, 因此可以起到降溫的作用。利用混凝土的存儲(chǔ)容量提供機(jī)會(huì)從公共柵格峰頂轉(zhuǎn)移大廈高峰時(shí)的熱量。這翻譯成堅(jiān)固能量儲(chǔ)款在大廈, 因?yàn)樗鳛闊醾鬟f媒介的效率是空氣大約三倍高。</p><p>　　在Brose情況下我們當(dāng)前的保守估計(jì)預(yù)言是建立10%能量儲(chǔ)款傳統(tǒng)。其它輻射的冷卻系統(tǒng)安置冷卻的管路柵格入盤區(qū),從結(jié)構(gòu)平板暫停,如此克服需要對(duì)于一塊介入的混凝土板的

50、更加費(fèi)力的綜合化。那些盤區(qū)通常從鋁盤區(qū), 與金屬管被連接在盤區(qū)后面被修造。選擇將建立"夾合板系統(tǒng)", 水流程道路是包括的在二個(gè)鋁盤區(qū)之間。所有盤區(qū)系統(tǒng)無法大量利用熱量是由于缺乏嵌入管道系統(tǒng)在一塊結(jié)構(gòu)混凝土板,而這是為音響和電子照明設(shè)備留出空間的一種更加靈活的解答。</p><p>　　冷卻的柵格可能并且被埋置在石膏板里, 或在天花板中。這些系統(tǒng)提供表面溫度。由于塑料管材為化和冷卻是靈活的這樣的

51、事實(shí); 它的安置有只注意結(jié)構(gòu)情況(即增強(qiáng)鋼的密度和安置), 即應(yīng)用在附近現(xiàn)場(chǎng)澆筑平板。主要好處是, 通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)和他們的輸送管只需要常規(guī)HVAC 系統(tǒng)大約20%的空間需要, 減少費(fèi)用。甚而促進(jìn)研究對(duì)探索結(jié)合輻射的制冷/供熱管道系統(tǒng)機(jī)會(huì)與也許減少最初成本的灑水裝置(由于被減少的地板高度和在管子?xùn)鸥竦膬?chǔ)款)。由于液體循環(huán)運(yùn)輸能量, 這個(gè)冷卻系統(tǒng)有潛力與熱能存貯系統(tǒng)和成環(huán)的熱泵系統(tǒng)相處融洽。</p><p>　　發(fā)光冷卻在

52、美國被申請(qǐng)了, 但它從未達(dá)到重大市場(chǎng)滲透。與高效率的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)和濕氣控制一起,的冷卻系統(tǒng)比常規(guī)HVAC 系統(tǒng)在大廈設(shè)計(jì)期間更值得考慮。</p><p>　　Brose：集成液體循環(huán)輻射設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　早在1960 年在美國這藝術(shù)熱化和冷卻系統(tǒng)技術(shù)實(shí)際上在大規(guī)模被使用。例如位于奧克蘭Merrit 湖西岸街市一座高層建筑辦公樓為28 層辦公室地板使用了一個(gè)液體循環(huán)輻射冷卻系統(tǒng)。令人驚奇

53、的是, 辦公樓具體冷卻的能量(W/m2)比那位于舊金山街市使用一個(gè)整體空氣空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的相近大小的大廈顯著大。大廈的100,000 m2 天花板區(qū)域有大約60%被裝備以輻射的冷卻盤區(qū), 并且預(yù)計(jì)這些系統(tǒng)比提供同樣冷卻作用的所有空氣系統(tǒng)在操作時(shí)要求較少冷卻的能量。</p><p>　　我們的Brose項(xiàng)目調(diào)查和分析所有系統(tǒng), 譬如供氣、建筑外部裝飾和上釉的系統(tǒng)、空氣回流, 和輻射的制冷/制熱以及它們的相互依賴性, 作為

54、一座常規(guī)地有冷氣的辦公樓將極大程度使用較少能量。因而優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)和液體循環(huán)輻射概念將比所有空氣系統(tǒng)提供一個(gè)更加健康的室內(nèi)環(huán)境。</p><p><b>　　空氣分布</b></p><p>　　對(duì)Brose 大廈系統(tǒng)的綜合化的理解的關(guān)鍵，是從新設(shè)施的加熱和冷卻的作用中分離的透氣要求。因?yàn)榧訜岷屠鋮s的熱量主要大量供給它的嵌入液體循環(huán)系統(tǒng), 透氣基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施可能變得顯著更小。為新

55、設(shè)施供應(yīng)空氣，通過在結(jié)構(gòu)平板之上被上升0,30 m的活地板系統(tǒng)輸入被占領(lǐng)的空間。供應(yīng)空氣分散器的安置是靈活的, 可以根據(jù)工作站布局的要求而改變。供應(yīng)空氣作為位移透氣在被降低到0.20 m/s的速度進(jìn)入被占領(lǐng)的區(qū)域。連同液體輻射冷卻系統(tǒng), 位移透氣被使用在了北歐的劇院、辦公樓、餐館和觀眾席，所有應(yīng)用至少二十年污染物不比空氣重。特別留意必須以適宜溫度送入，以避免在供應(yīng)區(qū)和流動(dòng)區(qū)產(chǎn)生不舒適感。室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量被改進(jìn)，因此而節(jié)能。被加壓的活地板在B

56、rose 大廈將省去輸送管; 輸送的回流空氣返回到空氣處理系統(tǒng), 系統(tǒng)將進(jìn)行自由冷卻以進(jìn)一步減少能源消耗。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　以平衡封入物、外部太陽陰影, 和內(nèi)部強(qiáng)光保護(hù)的作用，以系統(tǒng)位移透氣和液體循環(huán)輻射冷卻和加熱的聯(lián)合大廈系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法, Brose Inc. 有獲得一個(gè)人性化,節(jié)省能源的工作環(huán)境與優(yōu)秀室內(nèi)空氣環(huán)境。為安置