土木工程畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文外文翻譯--框架結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計

1、<p>　　The frame structure anti- earthquake concept design</p><p>　　The disaster has an earthquake dashing forward sending out nature, may forecast nature very low so far, bring about loss for human soci

2、ety is that the natural disaster of all kinds is hit by one of the gravest disaster gravely. In the light of now available our country science level and economy condition, correct the target building seismic resistance h

3、aving brought forward "three standards " fortification, be that generally, the what be spoken "small earthquake shocks does not but constructs in</p><p>　　Since building the astigmatic design

4、complexity, in actual project, anti-knock conceptual design appears especially important right away. It includes the following content mainly: Architectural design should pay attention to the architectural systematic nes

5、s; Choose rational building structure system; the tensile resisting inclining force structure and the component is designed. </p><p>　　That the ability designs law is the main content that the structure dena

6、sality designs includes standard our country internal force adjustment and structure two aspect. It is twenty centuries seventies later stage , reinforced concrete structure brought forward by famous New Zealand scholar

7、T.Paulay and Park has sufficient tonsillitis method under the force designing an earthquake chooses value is prejudiced low situationW.hose core thought is: "The beam cuts organization " or "the beam colum

8、n c</p><p>　　1, Strong pillar weak beam</p><p>　　Driving force reaction analysis indicates structure; architectural deformability is connected with to destroying mechanism. Common have three kin

9、ds model’s consume energy organization ", beam hinge organization ““, post hinge organization ““, beam column hinge organization "."Beam hinge organization " and "beam column hinge organization &

10、quot; Lang Xian knuckle under , may let the entire frame have distribution and energy consumption heavierthan big internal forces ability, limit tier displacement i</p><p>　　Are that V. I. P. is to enhance

11、the pillar bending resistance , guidance holds in the beam appear first, the plasticity cuts our "strong common weak post beam " adjustment measure. Before plasticity hinge appearing on structure, structure com

12、ponent Yin La District concrete dehiscence and pressure area concrete mistake elasticity character, every component stiffness reduces a reinforced bar will do with the cementation degeneration between the concrete. That

13、 stiffness reduces a beam is relativel</p><p>　　2, Strong shear weak curved</p><p>　　"Strong weak scissors turn” is that the plasticity cuts cross section for guarantee on reach anticipate

14、that shearing happened in the mistake elastic-deformation prior to destroy. As far as common structure be concerned, main behaviors holds in the beam, post holds, the shearing force wall bottom reinforces area , shearing

15、 force wall entrance to a cave company beam tools , beam column node core area. Show mainly with being not that seismic resistance is compared with each other, strengthening me</p><p>　　effect shearing force

16、</p><p>　　One, two, three-level frame beam and anti-knock wall middle stride over high ratio greater than 2.5 company beam, shearing force design value among them, first order choose 1.3, two stage choose 1.

17、2, three-level choose 1.1, first order framed structure and 9 Due Shan respond to coincidence. Coincidence one, two, three steps of frame post and frame pillar , shearing force being designed being worth taking 1.4 among

18、 them, one step , taking 1.2, three steps of take 1.1 , one-level framed structure </p><p>　　designing that value secretly schemes against , the shearing force enhances a modulus being 1.35 , the two stage i

19、s 1.2.</p><p>　　2) Shear formula </p><p>　　The continuous beam of armored concrete and the cantilever beam are born the weight of at home and abroad under low repeated cycle load effect by the s

20、cissors the force experiment indicates the main cause pooling efforts and reducing even if tendon dowel force lessening is that the beam is born the weight of a force by the scissors, concrete scissors pressure area less

21、ening shearing an intensity, tilted rift room aggregate bite. Scissors bear the weight of a norm to the concrete accepting descen</p><p>　　Tilted for preventing the beam , post , company beam , shearing forc

22、e wall , node from happening pressure is destroyed, we have stipulated upper limits force upper limit to be born the weight of by the scissors , have stipulated to match hoop rate’s namely to accepting scissors cross sec

23、tion.</p><p>　　Reaction analysis indicates strong weak curved scissors requests; all above measure satisfies basically by mistake elasticity driving force. The plasticity rotates because of anti-knock grade

24、of two stage beam column under big earthquakes still very big , suggest that the shearing force enhances a modulus is bigger than having there is difference between one step unsuitably in connection with the expert, to t

25、he beam choose 1.25 is fairly good , ought to take 1.3 ~ to post 1.35. It's the rational</p><p>　　Require that explanatory being , the beam column node accept a force very complicated , need to ensure th

26、at beam column reinforced bar reliability in the node is anchoring , hold occurrence bending resistance at the same time in the beam column destroying front, shearing happened in the node destroy, whose essence should be

27、long to "strong weak curved scissors" categories. The node carries out adjustment on one, two steps of anti-knock grades shearing force and, only, the person enhances a modulu</p><p>　　3) Structure

28、 measure </p><p>　　Structure measure is a beam, post, the shearing force wall plasticity cuts the guarantee that area asks to reach the plasticity that reality needs turning ability and consuming ability. It

29、s "strong with "strong weak scissors turn ", weak post beam " correlates, a architectural denasality of guarantee.”Strong weak scissors turn " is a prerequisite for ensuring that the plasticity h

30、inge turns an ability and consumes an ability; Strict "strong weak post beam " degree, the measure affecting correspo</p><p>　?、?the beam structure measure beam plasticity hinge cross section senil

31、ity and many factors match tendon rates and the rise knuckling under an intensity but reduce in connection with cross section tensile, with the reinforced bar being pulled; The reinforced bar matches tendon rates and con

32、crete intensity rise but improve with being pressed on, width enhances but enhances with cross section; Plasticity hinge area stirrup can guard against the pressure injustice releasing a tendon , improve concre</p>

33、<p>　　② the post structure measure</p><p>　　For post bending a type accepting the force component, axis pressure than to the denasality and consuming to be able to, nature effect is bigger. Destroy ax

34、is pressure than big bias voltages happened in the pillar hour, component deformation is big , gentility energy nature easy to only consume, reduces; Nature is growing with axis pressure than enhancing , consuming an ene

35、rgy, but the gentility sudden drop, moreover the stirrup diminishes to the gentility help. Readjust oneself to a certain ext</p><p>　?、?Node structure measure</p><p>　　The node is anchoring beam

36、 column reinforced bar area, effect is very big to structure function. Be under swear to act on earthquake and the vertical stroke to load, area provides necessary constraint to node core when node core area cuts pressur

37、e low than slanting, keep the node fundamental shear ability under disadvantageous condition, make a beam column anchoring even if the tendon is reliable, match hoop rates to node core area maximal spacing of stirrup, mi

38、nimal diameter, volume having done</p><p>　　To sum up ,; Framed structure is to pass "the design plan calculating and coming realize structure measure the ability running after beam hinge organization&q

39、uot; mainly thereby, realize "the small earth—quake shocks does not but constructs in the dirty trick, big earthquakes do not fall " three standards to-en fortifying target's. References.</p><p&g

40、t;<b>　　框架結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計</b></p><p>　　地震災(zāi)害具有突發(fā)性，至今可預(yù)報性很低，給人類社會造成的損失嚴(yán)重，是各類自然災(zāi)中最嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)害之一。我國根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的科學(xué)水平和經(jīng)濟條件，對建筑抗震提出了“三個水準(zhǔn)”的設(shè)防目標(biāo)，即通常所說的“小震不壞，中震可修，大震不倒”。通常所講的小震、中震、大震分別指的是50年超越概率為63%，10%，2~3%的多遇地震、設(shè)防烈度地震、罕遇地震。&l

41、t;/p><p>　　由于建筑抗震設(shè)計的復(fù)雜性，在實際工程中抗震概念設(shè)計就顯得尤為重要。它主要包括以下內(nèi)容：建筑設(shè)計應(yīng)注意結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)則性；選擇合理的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)體系；抗側(cè)力結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件的延性設(shè)計?！　?lt;/p><p>　　能力設(shè)計法是結(jié)構(gòu)延性設(shè)計的主要內(nèi)容，包括我國規(guī)范的內(nèi)力調(diào)整和構(gòu)造兩個方面。它是二十世紀(jì)70年代后期，新西蘭知名學(xué)者T.Paulay和Park提出的鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)在設(shè)計地震力取值偏低的

42、情況下具有足夠延性的方法。其核心思想為：通過“強柱弱梁”引導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)形成“梁鉸機構(gòu)”或者“梁柱鉸機構(gòu)”；通過“強剪弱彎”避免結(jié)構(gòu)在達到預(yù)計延性能力前發(fā)生剪切破壞；通過必要構(gòu)造措施使可能形成塑性鉸的部位具有必要的塑性轉(zhuǎn)動能力和耗能能力。從以上三個方面保證使結(jié)構(gòu)具有必要的延性。框架結(jié)構(gòu)作為常見的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，當(dāng)然其延性設(shè)計也主要是從這三個方面來體現(xiàn)的。</p><p><b>　　1、 強柱弱梁</b>

43、</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)動力反應(yīng)分析表明，結(jié)構(gòu)的變形能力和破壞機制有關(guān)。常見有三種典型的耗能機構(gòu)，“梁鉸機構(gòu)”、“柱鉸機構(gòu)”、“梁柱鉸機構(gòu)”?！傲恒q機構(gòu)” 和“梁柱鉸機構(gòu)”的梁先屈服，可使整個框架有較大的內(nèi)力重分布和能量消耗能力，極限層間位移大，塑性鉸數(shù)量多，不因個別塑性鉸失效而結(jié)構(gòu)整體失效。因而抗震性能好，是鋼筋混凝土理想的耗能機構(gòu)。我國規(guī)范采用的是允許柱子、剪力墻出鉸的梁柱鉸方案，采取相對的“強柱弱梁”措施

44、，推遲柱子的出鉸時間。但不能完全排除出現(xiàn)薄弱層的柱鉸機構(gòu)的可能性，因而需要限制柱子的軸壓比，必要時通過時程分析法判斷結(jié)構(gòu)的薄弱層，防止出現(xiàn)柱鉸機構(gòu)。</p><p>　　我們常見的“強柱弱梁”的調(diào)整措施就是要人為增大柱子的抗彎能力，誘導(dǎo)在梁端先出現(xiàn)塑性鉸。這是考慮到柱中實際彎矩在地震中的可能增大。在結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)塑性鉸之前，結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件因拉區(qū)混凝土開裂和壓區(qū)混凝土的非彈性性質(zhì)，鋼筋與混凝土之間的粘結(jié)退化，使得各構(gòu)件剛度降低

45、。梁剛度降低較受壓的柱子相對嚴(yán)重，結(jié)構(gòu)由最初的剪切型變形向剪彎形變形過渡，柱內(nèi)的彎矩較梁端的彎矩比例增大；同時結(jié)構(gòu)的周期加長，影響到結(jié)構(gòu)各振型的參與系數(shù)的大小；地震力系數(shù)發(fā)生變化，導(dǎo)致部分柱子彎矩增大，由于構(gòu)造原因及設(shè)計中鋼筋的人為增大，使得梁的實際屈服強度提高，從而使得梁出現(xiàn)塑性鉸時柱內(nèi)彎矩增大。結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)塑性鉸之后，同樣有上述原因的存在，而且結(jié)構(gòu)屈服后的非彈性過程就是地震力進一步增大的過程，柱彎矩隨地震力的增大而增大。地震力引起的傾覆

46、力矩改變了柱內(nèi)的實際軸力。我們規(guī)范中的軸壓比限值一般能保證柱子在大偏壓的范圍內(nèi)，軸力的減小也能導(dǎo)致柱子屈服能力的降低?？拐鹨?guī)范規(guī)定：除框架頂層和柱軸壓比小于0.15者及框支梁與框支柱以外，柱端彎矩設(shè)計值應(yīng)符合  分別為一級取1.4，二級取1.2，三級取1.1。9度及一級框架結(jié)構(gòu)尚應(yīng)符合，根據(jù)實配鋼筋面積及材料強度</p><p><b>　　2、強剪弱彎</b></

47、p><p>　　“強剪弱彎”是為了保證塑性鉸截面在達到預(yù)期非彈性變形之前不發(fā)生剪切破壞。就常見的結(jié)構(gòu)而言，主要表現(xiàn)在梁端、柱端、剪力墻底部加強區(qū)、剪力墻洞口連梁端部、梁柱節(jié)點核心區(qū)。與非抗震相比，增強措施主要表現(xiàn)在提高作用剪力；調(diào)整抗剪承載力兩個方面。 </p><p><b>　　（1）作用剪力</b></p><p>　　一、

48、二、三級框架梁和抗震墻中跨高比大于2.5的連梁，剪力設(shè)計值 其中，一級取1.3，二級取1.2，三級取1.1，一級框架結(jié)構(gòu)及9度尚應(yīng)符合。一、二、三級框架柱和框支柱，剪力設(shè)計值 其中，一級取1.4，二級取1.2，三級取1.1，一級框架結(jié)構(gòu)及9度尚應(yīng)符合。一、二、三級抗震墻底部加強部位，剪力設(shè)計值 其中，一級取1.6，二級取1.4，三級取1.2， 9度尚應(yīng)符合。梁柱節(jié)點，一、二級抗震等級進行節(jié)點核心區(qū)抗震受剪承載力驗算，三四級應(yīng)符合抗震構(gòu)造

49、措施，對9度設(shè)防及一級抗震等級的框架結(jié)構(gòu)，考慮到梁端已出現(xiàn)塑性鉸，節(jié)點的剪力完全由梁端實際屈服彎矩決定，按梁端實配鋼筋面積和材料強度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值計算，同時乘以1.15的增大系數(shù)。其它一級按梁端彎矩設(shè)計值計算，剪力增大系數(shù)為1.35，二級為1.2。</p><p><b>　?。?）抗剪公式</b></p><p>　　國內(nèi)外低周反復(fù)荷載作用下鋼筋混凝土連續(xù)梁及懸臂梁受剪承載

50、力實驗表明，混凝土剪壓區(qū)剪切強度的降低、斜裂縫間骨料咬合力及縱筋暗銷力的降低是梁受剪承載力降低的主要原因。規(guī)范對混凝土的受剪承載力降為非抗震的60％，鋼筋項沒有降低。同樣，對偏壓柱受剪承載力實驗表明，反復(fù)加載使柱受剪承載力降低10％~30%，主要由混凝土項引起，采取與梁相同的作法。對剪力墻的實驗表明，其反復(fù)加載比單調(diào)加載受剪承載力降低15％~20%，采用非抗震受剪承載力乘以0.8的折減系數(shù)。梁柱節(jié)點的抗震受剪承載力由混凝土斜壓桿和水平箍

51、筋兩部分受剪承載力組成，有關(guān)專家給出了相關(guān)公式?！　榱朔乐沽?、柱、連梁、剪力墻、節(jié)點發(fā)生斜壓破壞，我們對受剪截面規(guī)定了受剪承載力上限，即規(guī)定了配箍率的上限值。　　通過非彈性動力反應(yīng)分析表明，以上措施基本滿足強剪弱彎的要求。由于二級抗震等級梁柱在大震下塑性轉(zhuǎn)動仍很大，有關(guān)專家建議剪力增大系數(shù)不宜比一級相差過大，對梁取1.25較好，對柱宜取1.3~1.35。其取值的合理性有待于進一步完善?！　⌒枰f明的是，梁柱節(jié)點受力非常復(fù)雜，要保

52、證梁柱鋼筋在節(jié)點中的可靠錨固，同時在梁柱端發(fā)生抗彎破壞前，節(jié)點不</p><p><b>　?。?）構(gòu)造措施</b></p><p>　　構(gòu)造措施是梁、柱、剪力墻塑性鉸區(qū)要達到實際需要的塑性轉(zhuǎn)動能力和耗能能力的保證。它與“強剪弱彎”、“強柱弱梁”相互關(guān)聯(lián)，一起保證結(jié)構(gòu)的延性?！皬娂羧鯊潯笔潜ＷC塑性鉸轉(zhuǎn)動能力和耗能能力的前提；“強柱弱梁”的嚴(yán)格程度，影響相應(yīng)的構(gòu)造措施，

53、若實行嚴(yán)格的“強柱弱梁”，保證柱子除底部外不出現(xiàn)塑性鉸，相應(yīng)的軸壓比等構(gòu)造措施就要松些。我國采取相對的“強柱弱梁”，延緩柱子出鉸的時間，所以需要采取較嚴(yán)的構(gòu)造措施。</p><p><b>　?、?梁的構(gòu)造措施</b></p><p>　　梁塑性鉸截面的延性與很多因素有關(guān)，截面延性隨受拉鋼筋配筋率及屈服強度的提高而降低；隨受壓鋼筋配筋率和混凝土強度提高而提高，隨截面寬

54、度增大而增大；塑性鉸區(qū)的箍筋可以防止縱筋的壓屈、提高混凝土極限壓應(yīng)變、阻止斜裂縫的開展、抵抗剪力，充分發(fā)揮塑性鉸的變形和耗能能力；梁高跨比越小，剪切變形比例越大，易發(fā)生斜裂縫破壞，使延性降低。梁縱筋配箍率過低，梁開裂后鋼筋可能屈服甚至拉斷。因而，規(guī)范對于梁縱筋最大配筋率和最小配筋率、箍筋加密區(qū)長度、最大間距、最小直徑、最大肢距、體積配箍率都有嚴(yán)格規(guī)定。為了抵抗梁端可能的正彎矩，保證截面延性，對梁端拉壓鋼筋面積比作出了限制。同時，還對梁的

55、最小寬度、跨高比、高寬比做了規(guī)定。</p><p><b>　?、?柱的構(gòu)造措施</b></p><p>　　我們柱為壓彎型受力構(gòu)件，軸壓比對延性及耗能性影響較大。軸壓比小時，柱子發(fā)生大偏壓破壞，構(gòu)件變形大，延性好，但耗能性降低；隨軸壓比的增大，耗能性增大，但是延性急劇下降，而且箍筋對延性的幫助減小。對于采用低地震力設(shè)計的柱子，主要保證其延性，而耗能性放到第二位。規(guī)范

56、對軸壓比作出了限制，一般能保證在大偏壓的范圍內(nèi)。箍筋同樣也對延性起到很大的作用，約束縱筋、提高混凝土壓應(yīng)變、阻止斜裂縫發(fā)展。柱一般為對稱配筋，其縱筋配筋率越大，柱子屈服時變形越大，延性越好。因而對柱子的縱筋最小配筋率、箍筋加密區(qū)長度、最大間距、最小直徑、最大肢距、體積配箍率做出了嚴(yán)格規(guī)定。同時對柱子的高寬比、剪跨比、截面最小高度、寬度做出了規(guī)定，以提高抗震性能。</p><p><b>　　③ 節(jié)點構(gòu)造

57、措施</b></p><p>　　節(jié)點作為梁柱鋼筋的錨固區(qū)，對結(jié)構(gòu)性能影響很大。為保證在地震和豎向荷載作用下，節(jié)點核心區(qū)剪壓比偏低時為節(jié)點核心區(qū)提供必要的約束，保持節(jié)點在不利情況下的基本抗剪能力，使梁柱縱筋可靠錨固，對節(jié)點核心區(qū)的箍筋最大間距、最小直徑、體積配箍率做出了規(guī)定。梁柱縱筋在節(jié)點的可靠錨固是節(jié)點構(gòu)造措施的主要內(nèi)容。規(guī)范對梁筋過中節(jié)點的直徑；對梁柱縱筋錨固長度；錨固方式都有詳細的規(guī)定。<