外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯---伊斯坦布爾地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問(wèn)題及補(bǔ)救建議

1、<p>　　Environmental problems caused by</p><p>　　Istanbul subway excavation and suggestions</p><p>　　for remediation</p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問(wèn)題及補(bǔ)救建議</p><p>　　Ibrahim

2、 Ocak</p><p>　　Abstract：Many</p><p>　　environmental problems caused by subway excavations have</p><p>　　inevitably become an important</p><p>　　point in city life. Thes

3、e problems can be categorized as</p><p>　　transporting and stocking of excavated material, traf?c jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud</p><p>　　and lack of supplies. Although these problem

4、s cause many dif?culties,the most pressing for a big</p><p>　　city like Istanbul is excavation,since other listed dif?culties result from it. Moreover, these</p><p>　　problems are environmentall

5、y and regionally restricted to the period over which construction</p><p>　　projects are underway and disappear when construction is ?nished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are</p><p>　　nine subwa

6、y construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200</p><p>　　km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing</p><p>　　co

7、nstruction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the</p><p>　　problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions</p>&

8、lt;p>　　for remediation are offered.</p><p>　　摘要：許多地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問(wèn)題不可避免地成為城市生活的重要部分。這些問(wèn)題可</p><p>　　歸類為開挖肥料的運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存、交通堵塞、噪音污染、震動(dòng)、成堆的灰塵和泥漿以及物資不</p><p>　　足。雖然這些問(wèn)題引起很多困難，對(duì)于一個(gè)像伊斯坦布爾這樣的城市，最亟待解

9、決的問(wèn)題是</p><p>　　開挖的問(wèn)題，因?yàn)槠渌幌盗袉?wèn)題都是由此引起的。此外，這些問(wèn)題受環(huán)境和地域限制并具</p><p>　　有周期性，他們隨工程項(xiàng)目開始和結(jié)束而出現(xiàn)和消失。最近，伊斯坦布爾有 9 條地鐵項(xiàng)目在</p><p>　　施工，總長(zhǎng)約有 73km，另外，將有超過(guò) 200km 的地鐵線會(huì)在不久的將來(lái)動(dòng)工。正在施工的</p><p&

10、gt;<b>　　3</b></p><p>　　的問(wèn)題，并對(duì)補(bǔ)救辦法提出建議。</p><p>　　Keywords: Environmental problems</p><p>　　.Subway excavation .</p><p>　　Waste management .</p><p&

11、gt;　　Excavation waste</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：環(huán)境問(wèn)題 地鐵開挖 廢物處理 開挖廢料</p><p><b>　　I. Ocak</b></p><p>　　Rail Transport Construction Department,</p><p>　　Istanbul Metropolit

12、an Municipality,</p><p>　　IETT General Directorate, Karakoy-Istanbul, Turkey</p><p>　　I. Ocak (郵件)</p><p>　　Mining Engineering Department, Istanbul University,</p><p>　

13、　Avc?lar-Istanbul, Turkey</p><p>　　e-mail: iocak@iett.gov.tr</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Nowadays, cities are spreading over larger areas with increasing demand on extending</

14、p><p>　　transport facilities. Thus,all over the world, especially in cities where the population exceeds</p><p>　　300,000–400,000 people, railway-based means of transportation is being accepted as

15、the ultimate</p><p>　　solution.Therefore, large investments in subway and light rail construction are required. The</p><p>　　construction of stated systems requires surface excavations, cut and

16、cover tunnel excavations,</p><p>　　bored tunnel excavations, redirection of infrastructures and tunnel construction projects. These</p><p>　　elements disturb the environment and affect everyday

17、life of citizens in terms of running water,</p><p>　　natural gas, sewer systems and telephone lines.</p><p>　　簡(jiǎn)介：現(xiàn)如今，城市的大面積擴(kuò)張要求交通設(shè)施快速增長(zhǎng)。因此，全世界，特別是在人</p><p>　　口超過(guò) 30 萬(wàn)-40 萬(wàn)的城市，軌道交通逐漸

18、被認(rèn)為是最終的解決辦法。正因如此，地鐵和輕</p><p>　　軌上的大規(guī)模投資是必然的。整個(gè)軌道交通系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)包括地表建設(shè)、明挖隧道開挖、鉆孔</p><p>　　隧道開挖、地下建筑的改造和隧道建設(shè)項(xiàng)目。這些都會(huì)影響周圍的環(huán)境并在自來(lái)水、天然氣、</p><p>　　排污和電話線等方面影響市民的日常生活。</p><p>　　One rea

19、son why metro excavations affect the environment is the huge amount of excavated</p><p>　　material produced.Moreover, a large amount of this excavated material is composed of muddy and</p><p>　　

20、bentonite material. Storing excavated material then becomes crucial. A considerable amount of</p><p>　　pressure has been placed on of?cials to store and recycle any kind of excavated material. Waste</p>

21、;<p>　　management has become a branch of study by itself. Many studies have been carried out on the</p><p>　　destruction, recycling and storing of solid, (Vlachos 1975; Huang et al. 2001; Winkler</

22、p><p>　　2005;Huang et al. 2006; Khan et al. 1987; Boadi and Kuitunen 2003; Staudt and Schroll 1999;</p><p>　　Wang 2001; Okuda and Thomson 2007; Yang and Innes 2007), organic (Edwards et al. 1998,&l

23、t;/p><p>　　Jackson 2006; Debra et al. 1991; Akhtar and Mahmood 1996; Bruun et al. 2006; Minh et al.</p><p>　　2006),plastic (Idris et al. 2004; Karani and Stan Jewasikiewitz 2007; Ali et al. 2004; N

24、ishino et al.</p><p>　　2003; Vas ile et al.2006; Kato et al. 2003; Kasakura et al. 1999; Hayashi et al. 2000), toxic</p><p>　　(Rodgers et al. 1996; Bell and Wilson 1988; Chen et al. 1997; Sulliv

25、an and Yelton 1988), oily</p><p>　　(Ahumada et al. 2004; Al-Masri and Suman 2003), farming(Garnier et al. 1998; Mohanty 2001)</p><p>　　and radioactive materials (Rocco and Zucchetti 1997; Walker

26、 et al. 2001;Adamov et al. 1992;</p><p>　　Krinitsyn et al. 2003).</p><p>　　地鐵建設(shè)影響環(huán)境的一個(gè)原因是開挖產(chǎn)生的大量垃圾，而且大部分開挖垃圾都是泥土。</p><p>　　工程垃圾的處理是關(guān)鍵，負(fù)責(zé)儲(chǔ)存和回收利用這些工程廢料的人員承受著非常大的壓力，廢</p><p&

27、gt;　　物處理也因此成為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的研究分支。關(guān)于這些垃圾的銷毀、回收利用和儲(chǔ)存的研究已經(jīng)</p><p>　　開展了很多：泥土（Vlachos 1975; Huang et al. 2001; Winkler 2005;Huang et al. 2006; Khan et al.</p><p>　　1987; Boadi and Kuitunen 2003; Staudt and Sc

28、hroll 1999; Wang 2001; Okuda and Thomson 2007;</p><p>　　Yang and Innes 2007）、有機(jī)物（Edwards et al. 1998, Jackson 2006; Debra et al. 1991; Akhtar and</p><p>　　Mahmood 1996; Bruun et al. 2006; Minh e

29、t al. 2006）、塑料（Idris et al. 2004; Karani and Stan</p><p>　　Jewasikiewitz 2007; Ali et al. 2004; Nishino et al. 2003; Vasile et al.2006; Kato et al. 2003;</p><p>　　Kasakura et al. 1999; Hayashi e

30、t al. 2000）、油脂（ Ahumada et al. 2004; Al-Masri and Suman</p><p>　　2003）、耕地（Garnier et al. 1998; Mohanty 2001）、放射性物質(zhì)（Rocco and Zucchetti 1997;</p><p>　　Walker et al. 2001;Adamov et al. 1992; Krini

31、tsyn et al. 2003）。</p><p>　　Today, traditional materials, including sand, stone, gravel, cement, brick and tiles are being</p><p>　　used as major building components in the construction sector.

32、All of these materials have been</p><p>　　produced from existing natural resources and may have intrinsic distinctions that damage the</p><p>　　environment due to their continuous exploitation.

33、In addition, the cost of construction materials is</p><p>　　incrementally increasing. In Turkey, the prices of construction materials have increased over the</p><p>　　last few years (Fig. 1). Th

34、erefore,it is very important to use excavation and demolition wastes</p><p>　　(DW) in construction operations to limit the environmental impact and excessive increase of raw</p><p>　　material pr

35、ices. Recycling ratios for excavation waste (EW) and DW of some countries are in</p><p>　　shown Table 1 (Hendriks and Pietersen 2000). The recycling ratio for Turkey is10%.Every year,</p><p>　　1

36、4 million tons of waste materials are generated in Istanbul. These waste materials consist of 7.6</p><p>　　million tons EW, 1.6 million tons organic materials and 2.7 million tons DW (IMM 2007). The</p>

37、;<p>　　distribution of waste materials, according to listed sources, can be seen in Figs. 2 and 3.</p><p>　　Approximately, 3.7 million tons of municipal wastes are produced in Istanbul every year. How

38、ever,</p><p>　　the recycling rate is approximately equal to only 7%. This rate will increase to 27%, when the</p><p>　　construction of the plant is completed. Medical wastes are another problem,

39、 with over 9,000 tons</p><p>　　dumped every year. Medical wastes are disposed by burning. Distributions of municipal wastes</p><p>　　are given in Fig. 4.</p><p>　　目前，包括沙子、石頭、砂礫、水泥、磚

40、頭、瓷磚在內(nèi)的傳統(tǒng)材料被建筑部門用作主要</p><p>　　的建筑成分。所有這些材料都是從現(xiàn)有的自然資源中生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的，具有固有的特性，并因不</p><p>　　斷的開采而對(duì)環(huán)境造成危害。另外，建筑材料的價(jià)格正在逐漸上漲，在土耳其，近幾年的建</p><p>　　筑材料的價(jià)格一直在上漲（見圖 1）。因此，為減輕環(huán)境破壞和減緩原材料價(jià)格的過(guò)渡上漲，</p>

41、;<p>　　在建筑工程中循環(huán)利用開挖廢料和拆遷廢料是非常重要的。一些國(guó)家的開挖廢料和拆遷廢料</p><p>　　的回收利用率見表 1（Hendriks and Pietersen 2000），土耳其的回收利用率是 10%。每年伊斯</p><p>　　坦布爾會(huì)產(chǎn)生 1400 萬(wàn)噸垃圾，其中包括 7600 萬(wàn)噸開挖廢料，1600 萬(wàn)噸有機(jī)材料，2700 萬(wàn)</p>

42、;<p>　　噸拆遷廢料（IMM2007），按來(lái)源分類，垃圾的分布情況如圖 2、3。每年伊斯坦布爾約會(huì)產(chǎn)</p><p>　　生 3700 萬(wàn)噸城市垃圾，然而垃圾的回收利用率卻只有 7%左右，垃圾處理廠建設(shè)完成之后，</p><p>　　回收比率將上升到 27%。另一個(gè)問(wèn)題的醫(yī)療垃圾，每年將傾倒 9000 噸醫(yī)療垃圾，目前處理</p><p>　　醫(yī)療

43、垃圾的方式是焚燒。城市垃圾的分類見圖 4。</p><p>　　Fig. 1 The increase of construction material prices over the last 10 years</p><p><b>　　圖 1</b></p><p>　　最近 10 年建筑材料價(jià)格增長(zhǎng)</p><p&g

44、t;　　Table 1 Comparison of a few countries’ construction waste concentration</p><p><b>　　表 1</b></p><p>　　部分國(guó)家建筑垃圾濃度對(duì)比</p><p>　　Fig. 2 Current status of solid waste gener

45、ation in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　圖 2</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾當(dāng)前固體垃圾的組成</p><p>　　Fig. 3 Current status of solid waste distribution in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　圖 3&l

46、t;/b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾當(dāng)前固體垃圾的分布</p><p>　　Fig. 4 Current status of municipal waste distribution in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　圖 4</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾當(dāng)前城市垃圾的分布</

47、p><p>　　In this study, environmental problems in Istanbul, such as EW resulting from tunnelling</p><p>　　operations, DW resulting from building demolition and home wastes, are evaluated. Resources

48、of</p><p>　　EW, material properties and alternatives of possible usage are also evaluated.</p><p>　　本文論及伊斯坦布爾的環(huán)境問(wèn)題，如隧道開挖產(chǎn)生的開挖廢料、建筑拆遷產(chǎn)生的拆遷垃</p><p>　　圾、生活垃圾，也涉及開挖垃圾的來(lái)源、材料屬性以及使用替代材料的可能

49、。</p><p>　　Railway system studies</p><p>　　Three preliminary studies concerning transportation in Istanbul were conducted in 1985,</p><p>　　1987 and 1997. A fourth study is currentl

50、y being conducted. The Istanbul Transportation Main</p><p>　　Plan states that railway systems must constitute the main facet of Istanbul’s transportation</p><p>　　net-work (IMM 2005). In additio

51、n to existing lines, within the scope of the Marmaray Project, 36</p><p>　　km of metro, 96 km of light rail, and 7 km of tram, with a total of 205 km of new railway lines,</p><p>　　must be const

52、ructed. Consequently, the total length of railway line will exceed 250 km.</p><p><b>　　軌道交通系統(tǒng)研究</b></p><p>　　關(guān)于伊斯坦布爾交通系統(tǒng)的三個(gè)研究分別在 1985 年、1987 年和 1997 年開展，第四個(gè)</p><p>　　研究項(xiàng)

53、目將于近期開展?！兑了固共紶柦煌傄?guī)劃》表明，軌道交通系統(tǒng)將成為伊斯坦布爾</p><p>　　交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)的主要部分（IMM 2005)。除了目前的線路，根據(jù) Marmaray 項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃，包括 36km</p><p>　　地鐵、96km 輕軌、7km 有軌電車在內(nèi)的總計(jì) 205km 新軌道線路將建設(shè)完成。因此，軌道交</p><p>　　通線路總長(zhǎng)將超過(guò) 250km

54、。</p><p>　　Details regarding railway lines currently under construction in Istanbul are given in Table 2</p><p>　　and Fig. 5.Railway lines in the project stage or tender stage are given in Table

55、 3 (IMM 2004).</p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾正在施工的軌道交通線路詳情見表 2 和圖 5，處于設(shè)計(jì)或投標(biāo)階段的軌道交</p><p>　　通線路見表 3（IMM 2004）。</p><p>　　Table 2 Ongoing railway systems in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　表 2

56、</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾施工中的軌道交通線路</p><p>　　Fig. 5 Ongoing railway system studies in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　圖 5</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾施工中的軌道交通線路研究</p><

57、;p>　　Table 3 Railway lines in project or tender stage in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　表 3</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾設(shè)計(jì)或投標(biāo)中的軌道交通線路</p><p>　　Environmental</p><p><b>

58、　　problems</b></p><p><b>　　caused</b></p><p><b>　　by</b></p><p><b>　　subway</b></p><p>　　excavations</p><p>　　地鐵建

59、設(shè)引起的環(huán)境問(wèn)題</p><p>　　Transporting and storing excavated material</p><p>　　開挖廢料的運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存</p><p>　　Almost all land in Istanbul is inhabited. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to store a

60、nd</p><p>　　recycle excavated material obtained either from metro excavations or other construction activities,</p><p>　　causing minimal damage and disturbance to the city.The collection, tempor

61、ary storage, recycling,</p><p>　　reuse,transportation and destruction of excavated material and construction waste are controlled</p><p>　　by environmental law number 2872. According to this law

62、, it is essential that:</p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾幾乎所有的土地都有人居住，因此，為了將對(duì)城市產(chǎn)生的破壞降到最低，包</p><p>　　括地鐵開挖和其他建筑工程引起的開挖廢料的儲(chǔ)存和回收利用顯得非常重要。環(huán)境法 2872</p><p>　　條規(guī)定了開挖廢料和建筑垃圾的采集、暫時(shí)儲(chǔ)存、回收、重新利用、運(yùn)輸和銷毀等方面，主</p&g

63、t;<p><b>　　要內(nèi)容有：</b></p><p>　　1. Waste must be reduced at its source.</p><p>　　2. Management must take necessary precautions to reduce the harmful effects of waste.</p>

64、<p>　　1、垃圾必須從源頭控制；</p><p>　　2、管理部門必須采取必要的措施以減少垃圾的不良影響；</p><p>　　3. Excavated material must be recycled and reused,especially within the construction</p><p>　　infrastructure.&l

65、t;/p><p>　　4. Excavated material and construction waste must not be mixed.</p><p>　　5. Waste must be separated from its source and subjected to “selective destruction” in order to</p><p&

66、gt;　　form a sound system for recycling and destruction.</p><p>　　6. Producers of excavated material or construction waste must provide required funds to destroy</p><p><b>　　waste.</b>

67、;</p><p>　　3、開挖廢料必需回收利用，特別是地下結(jié)構(gòu)工程中的開挖廢料；</p><p>　　4、開挖廢料和建筑垃圾必需區(qū)分開來(lái)；</p><p>　　5、廢料必需在源頭分類，并按“選擇性銷毀”的原則形成一套完整的回收和銷毀系統(tǒng)；</p><p>　　6、開挖廢料或者建筑垃圾的責(zé)任人必須為處理垃圾提供必需的費(fèi)用。</p>

68、<p>　　According to environmental laws, municipalities are responsible for ?nding areas within</p><p>　　their province limits to excavate and operate these systems. Both the Istanbul Metropolitan</p

69、><p>　　Municipality Environmental Protection and Waste Recycling Company are the foundations that</p><p>　　actively carryout all operations regarding excavated material.</p><p>　　根據(jù)環(huán)境法

70、規(guī)定，政府有責(zé)任在行政范圍內(nèi)規(guī)劃一定的土地用來(lái)建設(shè)和運(yùn)行垃圾回收處</p><p>　　理系統(tǒng)，伊斯坦布爾環(huán)保局和垃圾回收公司是負(fù)責(zé)廣泛開展開挖廢料處理的主要部門。</p><p>　　Since dumping areas have limited space, they are quickly ?lled, without any available</p><p&

71、gt;　　plausible solution for remediation. In addition, existing dumping areas are far away from metro</p><p>　　excavation areas. This means that loaded trucks are competing with city traf?c, causing traf?c<

72、;/p><p>　　congestion with their low speed and pollutants dropping off their wheels or bodies. Furthermore,</p><p>　　this results in a loss of money and labour.</p><p>　　垃圾堆放空間有限，很快就會(huì)堆滿

73、，目前卻又沒(méi)有任何有效可行的解決辦法。除此之外，</p><p>　　目前的垃圾堆放區(qū)遠(yuǎn)離地鐵建設(shè)的地方，這意味著滿載的貨車將擠進(jìn)城市交通，并因低速和</p><p>　　車輪、車身上掉落的污染物而引起交通堵塞，另外，這也將導(dǎo)致資金和人力的短缺。</p><p>　　Details regarding excavated material pertaining to

74、 ongoing railway systems in Istanbul are</p><p>　　given in Table 4.The cross section in the table represents only tunnels on the main line. Given the</p><p>　　fact that the swelling value of roc

75、k is 1.4–1.5, together with the diameter values given above, the</p><p>　　approximate amount of excavated material from ongoing railway excavation will be equal to 12</p><p>　　million m3. All tu

76、nnels have been excavated with new Austrian tunnelling method (NATM), earth</p><p>　　pressure balance method (EPBM), tunnel boring machine (TBM), and cut and cover method.</p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾建設(shè)中軌道交通線

77、路的開挖廢料詳情，見表 4。表格中橫斷面代表主要線路</p><p>　　上的隧道不分。巖石的實(shí)際膨脹率是 1.4-1.5，綜合考慮表中給出的直徑，建設(shè)中的軌道交</p><p><b>　　3</b></p><p>　?。‥PBM）、TBM 法或明挖法進(jìn)行施工。</p><p>　　Existing dumping

78、areas in Istanbul are listed in Table 5.When Tables 4 and 5 are examined</p><p>　　together, it can be seen that existing dumping areas can only accommodate material excavated</p><p>　　from the m

79、etro construction. Another important matter according to Table 5 is that 93% of existing</p><p>　　dumping areas are on the European side of Istanbul, with 88% of them in Kemerburgaz. Thus, all</p><

80、;p>　　excavated material on the Anatolian side must cross over European site every day for a distance of</p><p>　　approximately 150 km. Every day, on average, 3,000 trucks carry various types of excavated&

81、lt;/p><p>　　material to Kemerburgaz from other parts of Istanbul. This leads to a waste of time and increased</p><p>　　environmental pollution.</p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾現(xiàn)存的垃圾堆放區(qū)見表 5。對(duì)比分析表 4、表 5，我

82、們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)存的垃圾</p><p>　　傾倒區(qū)僅能滿足地鐵開挖產(chǎn)生的開挖廢料。表 5 反映的另一個(gè)嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題是，93%的現(xiàn)存垃圾</p><p>　　傾倒區(qū)都在伊斯坦布爾靠歐洲一側(cè)，其中的 88%是在凱梅爾布爾加茲。因此，安那托利亞</p><p>　　所有的開挖廢料每天必須穿過(guò)約 150km 的距離來(lái)傾倒。每天約有 3000 輛來(lái)自伊斯坦布爾其</p>

83、<p>　　他各地方的卡車滿載開挖廢料前往凱梅爾布爾加茲，從而導(dǎo)致時(shí)間的浪費(fèi)并加重了環(huán)境污</p><p><b>　　染。</b></p><p>　　Table 4 Excavation volume occurred from ongoing railway systems in Istanbul</p><p><b

84、>　　表 4</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾建設(shè)中軌道交通線路開挖量</p><p>　　Table 5 Existing dumping areas in Istanbul</p><p><b>　　表 5</b></p><p>　　伊斯坦布爾目前的垃圾傾倒區(qū)</p><

85、;p>　　Another problem related to excavation is that the materials, obtained from EPBM machines</p><p>　　(Fig. 6) and muddy areas, cannot be directly sent to dumping facilities. They have to be kept in</

86、p><p>　　suitable places, so that water can be drained off from the material and then sent to proper facilities.</p><p>　　However, this causes muddy material to drop from trucks, causing increased l

87、itter in cities (Fig.</p><p><b>　　7).</b></p><p>　　和開挖相關(guān)的另一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，來(lái)自土壓平衡盾構(gòu)機(jī)械和污泥區(qū)的廢料（見圖 6）不能直</p><p>　　接傾倒，為使水能從中順利排出并使用合適的處理設(shè)備，這些廢料必須在合適的地方暫存。</p><p>　　然而這仍然會(huì)

88、導(dǎo)致污泥從卡車中流出并增加城市垃圾（見圖 7）。</p><p>　　Fig. 6 Muddy material resulting from EPBM</p><p><b>　　圖 6</b></p><p>　　土壓平衡法施工產(chǎn)生的泥漿</p><p>　　Fig. 7 Excavated material sto

89、cked for draining</p><p><b>　　圖 7</b></p><p><b>　　正在排水的開挖廢料</b></p><p>　　Traf?c jam</p><p>　　Since most of the railway constructions are carried

90、 out in the most densely populated areas,</p><p>　　city traf?c must be closed and redirected during the construction. In most cases, an entire area</p><p>　　must be closed for traf?c. For exampl

91、e, Uskudar square is now closed due to the Marmaray project</p><p>　　and most bus stops and piers have been moved to other locations.</p><p><b>　　交通堵塞</b></p><p>　　由于大部分

92、軌道交通線路都處在人口最稠密的地方，在施工期間，城市交通必須關(guān)閉并</p><p>　　重新疏導(dǎo)。大部分情況下，一整個(gè)區(qū)域的交通都會(huì)被中斷。例如，由于 Marmaray 項(xiàng)目的施</p><p>　　工，于斯屈達(dá)爾廣場(chǎng)現(xiàn)已全部封閉，而且大部分公交站牌都已遷移到其他地方。</p><p>　　With cut and cover constructions, the

93、case becomes even more complicated. In this case, an</p><p>　　entire route is closed to traf?c because cut and cover tunnels are constructed across streets. In</p><p>　　order to ensure that mach

94、ine operation and construction can continue uninterrupted and to</p><p>　　minimize the risk of accidents to the people living around the construction zone, streets are either</p><p>　　totally cl

95、osed to traf?c or traf?c is redirected (Figs. 8, 9). This causes long-term difficulties.For</p><p>　　example, shop owners on closed streets have dif?culties reaching their shops, stocking and</p><

96、p>　　transporting their goods and retaining customers.</p><p>　　采用明挖法施工時(shí)，情況會(huì)變得更為復(fù)雜。這時(shí)，由于明挖法施工隧道會(huì)穿過(guò)馬路，整</p><p>　　條交通線路都會(huì)被中斷。為了保證機(jī)械操作和施工的連續(xù)性并將對(duì)施工區(qū)周圍人們生活的影</p><p>　　響降到最低，道路交通只有完全中斷或

97、重新疏導(dǎo)（見圖 8、圖 9）。這也會(huì)引起其他問(wèn)題，比</p><p>　　如，道路兩邊的店主進(jìn)出商店、進(jìn)出貨物、招攬顧客都會(huì)遇到困難。</p><p>　　Fig. 8 Redirected traf?c during tram construction</p><p><b>　　圖 8</b></p><p>　　有

98、軌電車施工時(shí)交通的重新疏導(dǎo)</p><p>　　Fig. 9 Sultanciftligi–Edirnekap? tram construction and closed streets</p><p><b>　　圖 9</b></p><p>　　Sultanciftligi–Edirnekapi 有軌電車建設(shè)和中斷的街道</p>

99、;<p>　　Noise and vibration</p><p><b>　　噪音污染和振動(dòng)</b></p><p>　　For metro excavations, a lot of different machines are used.These machines seriously disturb</p><p>　　

100、the environment with their noise and vibrations. In some regions, excavation may be as close as 5</p><p>　　–6 m away from inhabited apartment blocks (Fig. 10). In such cases, people are disturbed as</p>

101、;<p>　　excavation may take a signi?cant period of time to be completed.</p><p>　　地鐵建設(shè)中會(huì)用到各種不同的機(jī)械設(shè)備，這些機(jī)械設(shè)備產(chǎn)生的噪聲和震動(dòng)嚴(yán)重影響了周</p><p>　　圍的環(huán)境。有些地區(qū)，施工操作距離居民樓近達(dá) 5-6 米（見圖 10），這種情況下，居民生活</p>&

102、lt;p>　　會(huì)受到嚴(yán)重打擾，直到施工結(jié)束都會(huì)是斷難熬的日子。</p><p>　　Drilling–blasting may be needed in conventional methods for drilling through hard rock. In</p><p>　　this case, no matter how controlled the blasting i

103、s, people who are living in the area experience</p><p>　　both noise and vibrations. Some become scared, thinking that an earthquake is happening. In</p><p>　　blasting areas, the intensity of vib

104、rations is measured. In order to keep them within accepted limits,</p><p>　　delayed capsules are used.</p><p>　　當(dāng)需要通過(guò)堅(jiān)硬巖石時(shí)，鉆孔爆破是一種常用工法。這種情況下，無(wú)論如何控制爆破，</p><p>　　這一區(qū)域的居民都要忍受噪音和震動(dòng)，有些人甚

105、至感到害怕，認(rèn)為發(fā)生了地震。在爆破區(qū)內(nèi)，</p><p>　　震動(dòng)強(qiáng)度必須監(jiān)測(cè)，為了把震動(dòng)強(qiáng)度控制在可以接受的范圍內(nèi)，常采用延遲爆破。</p><p>　　In order to minimize vibration and noise caused by machines and to reduce the effects of</p><p>　　blastin

106、g, working areas are surrounded by fences. Super?cial blasting shaft rims are covered with a</p><p>　　large canvas and fences are covered with wet broadcloths. However, these precautions can only</p>

107、<p>　　reduce negative effects; they cannot totally eliminate them.</p><p>　　為了最大程度的降低機(jī)械設(shè)備引起的震動(dòng)和噪音從而降低爆破的影響，工作區(qū)會(huì)用圍欄</p><p>　　隔離起來(lái)。淺層爆破時(shí)，鉆孔周邊會(huì)用一塊大的帆布包起來(lái)，圍欄會(huì)用濕布填充。無(wú)論如何，</p><p>　　這

108、些防范措施只能減少不良影響，并不能完全消除。</p><p>　　Fig. 10 A shaft that is 5–6 m away from an apartment</p><p><b>　　圖 10</b></p><p>　　距離居民樓 5-6 米遠(yuǎn)的豎井</p><p>　　The formation of

109、 dust and mud</p><p>　　Depending on the season, both dust and mud disturb the environment. During removal of</p><p>　　excavated material, especially muddy material, trucks may pollute the enviro

110、nment despite all</p><p>　　precautions taken. Mud that forms around the excavation area may slide down the slope and cover</p><p>　　the ground (Fig. 11). In this case although roads are frequent

111、ly cleaned, the environment is still</p><p>　　disturbed.Trucks, which travel from dumping areas to areas that are muddy cannot enter traf?c</p><p>　　until their wheels and bodies are washed. How