外文文獻翻譯--信貸政策對商業(yè)銀行績效的影響（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　2000單詞，10500英文字符，3000漢字</p><p>　　出處： Alabi R O. The Impact of Credit Policy on the Performance of Nigerian Commercial Banks [J]. International Finance and Banking, 2014, (2): 40-56.</p><

2、;p>　　http://www.wenku1.com/news/A78A762BFE0E1114.html</p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　The Impact of Credit Policy on the Performance of Nigerian Commercial Banks</p><p>&

3、lt;b>　　Alabi R O</b></p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The major financial intermediary in any economy is the bank. As financial intermediaries, banks provide means by which

4、 funds can be transferred from the surplus unit of the economy to the deficit unit. This role is performed primarily through the acceptance of deposits of different categories and characteristics for onward lending to th

5、e numerous customers by way of loans and credits. The study tries to access the impact of credit policy on the performance of Nigerian Commercial Banks using Zeni</p><p>　　Keywords: Advance, Overdraft, Credi

6、t policy, Collateral</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　The economic development of any country depends largely on the amount of investible funds available to her and the efficiency of her financ

7、ial intermediaries to mobilize such funds from savers who have no immediate use of it and distribute to investors who need funds for productive purposes. One of the major intermediaries saddled with this task is the bank

8、 (Ojo et. al, 1982).</p><p>　　Banking as a service industry is organized to make profit for the owners, (the shareholders), through the provision of banking services and supply of financial needs of individu

9、al and corporate bodies. As financial intermediaries, banks provide means by which funds can be transferred from the surplus unit of the economy to the deficit unit. This role is performed primarily through the acceptanc

10、e of deposits of different categories and characteristics for onward lending to the numerous customers </p><p>　　In practical term, the essence of lending demands that, the lender temporarily parts with the

11、possession and the use of what is lent whilst retaining the legal ownership of it, and due time, expects the resumption of the possessor and utility on the property lent out. Hence commercial banks manage depositors’ fun

12、ds with the hope of achieving the major objectives of liquidity, safety and profitability. Achieving this objective, whilst creating credits involves a lot of risks, since the borrowers </p><p>　　Happenings

13、in the Nigerian banking industry point to the fact that the era of distress may not be over yet. The introduction of Universal Banking has brought along with it a new dimension to credit risk exposure due to enlarged sco

14、pe of portfolio, which could spell doom not only for the financial conglomerate in particular but for the whole financial industry and the national economy as a whole. Coupled with this are the incessant contraventions o

15、f CBN guidelines by commercial bank, high cost of</p><p>　　To guide against negative consequences that may arise as a result of the above, banks need to map out clear policies and guidelines for efficient an

16、d effective credit operations. Hence, the study tries to assess credit policies and management put in place by Nigerian banks to see how adequate they are in coping with the emerging threats in the Nigerian banking indus

17、try and proffer solutions in order to forestall another round of distress in the banking industry.</p><p>　　2. Theoretical Framework</p><p>　　2.1 The Concept of Bank Lending and Credit</p>

18、<p>　　Lending can be defined as the creation and management of risk assets. According to Agene (1995), lending is defined as a process of analyzing credit or loan. It is considered as an important task of bank man

19、agement because it entails taking financial risk which could lead to difficulty on the part of the customer (borrower) in the repayment of both the capital and interest.</p><p>　　According to Osayameh (1986)

20、, the principal lending objective of a bank is to provide growth, profitability and liquidity. The term lending covers loans and advances. Lending function represents a significant source of income since the major consid

21、eration of the lender is the recovery of both the capital and interest. It is one of the most traditional elements in the relationship between a bank and its numerous customers (Adekanye, 2010).</p><p>　　2.2

22、 Forms of Credit</p><p>　　Credit can be classified into the following forms:</p><p>　　i. Overdraft – An overdraft is an open ended credit facility which is repeatedly used until the balance on t

23、he account reaches a certain pre-arranged borrowing limit. Theoretically, it is payable on demand but in practice, it may run from year to year without being called in. it is used mainly to finance working capital requir

24、ement of raw materials, payment of pressing current liabilities like salaries, creditors and taxes.</p><p>　　According to Onanuga (1998) overdraft can be issued to overcome difficult periods like payment of

25、school fees, medical bills, expenses during festivals etc. It is created by allowing the account holder to withdraw a certain amount in excess of the amount standing to the credit of his account. It is short term in natu

26、re, non-specific and normally made available to meet general trading requirements.</p><p>　　ii.Advances – Nwanko (1987) defined advances as any facility apart from overdrafts and loans, granted to a customer

27、 for a short period of time by means of which the customer obtains cash or credit in advance of collection by the bank of relative counterpart funds from another bank’s third party. It is a short term credit extension wh

28、ich is granted for a definite period usually 30 and 180 days. Advances are usually granted for a specific purpose, for example, payment of various collections, refin</p><p>　　iii.Loan – According to Agene (1

29、995), a loan is regarded as a financial assistance rendered by a bank to its customers in monetary term and repayable over a specific period of time with interest element. Unlike overdraft facility which is a short term

30、credit, loan may be medium or long term for the finance of fixed assets acquisition.</p><p>　　Loans and advances are important sources of bank revenue as it yields the bulk of the bank’s revenue. They consti

31、tute the highest percentage of the total assets of a bank as can be seen below from an extract of Zenith Bank’s financial statement.</p><p>　　2.3 Loan Management Techniques</p><p>　　Lending or c

32、redit creation seek to maximize profitable objective of bank, this however, has an imperative for liquidity and solvency objective. The resolution of these issues has been a great source of concern over the year and has

33、led to the development of various method of meeting the objective.</p><p>　　Some of the methods are: the real bill doctrine, the shiftability theory, the anticipated income theory and the liability managemen

34、t theory</p><p>　　(1) The real bill doctrine – This is also known as the commercial bill theory. it was enunciated by ADAM SMITH and it postulates that if a bank an restrict its assets to real bill of exchan

35、ge, it will limit the quantity of bank liability caused by valuing the quantity of bank fund according to the needs of business. This mean that the bank assets will be of such nature that can be turned into cash on short

36、 notices and thus place the bank in a position to meet unexpected call for cash.</p><p>　　(2) The shiftability doctrine-this is an extension of the bill doctrine it was developed during the 19205 and 1930s.

37、due to the variety of banks securities suitable as secondary reserve asset, the bank felt that that with the availability of shiftable</p><p>　　open market financial assets, the real bill theory will no long

38、er restrict them to short term lending only (Adewumi, 1984) to meet customer deposit withdrawals the shiftability theory of asset management advocate security bank holding of marketability securities so that rigidity cou

39、ld be met by shifting or selling the securities help tom other buyer. The theory presupposes well developed secondary securities market.</p><p>　　(3) Anticipated income theory – this parotid that the liquida

40、tion of term loan is not by sale of asset of the borrower the liquidation of term loan is not by sale of assets of the borrower. The liquidation of term loam is not by sale of asset of the borrowers as in the bill doctri

41、ne, neither is it by shifting of the term loan to some other lender as in the shifting ability of theory of liquidation rather, it is through the anticipated income of the borrower. The emphasis of this theory is the ab&

42、lt;/p><p>　　(4) Liability management theory – with the emergence of commercial deposits in 1961, a new approach to the liquidation problem of loan management developed. Commercial deposit is an alternative mean

43、s of raising deposit to meet customer deposit withdrawals this, it is possible for bank to lend most of their deposit liability without being constrained by the sizes and maturity patterns of such loan. Soludo (2009) poi

44、nted out that a proper liquidation management entails the generation of enough liq</p><p>　　2.4 Credit Policy Formulation</p><p>　　The management of any loan started with the credit policy, the

45、formulation of with is the responsibility of which is the bank board of directors and management. It is the base for determine what type of credit to grant to customers.</p><p>　　Nwankwo (1980) define credit

46、 policy as a blue print containing management guidelines for use by line officer of a bank in the handling of credit applications. Its objective is to provide corporate direction through a standardized procedure, derived

47、 from operational interest of the bank, in satisfying the customer credit need but with full cognizance of the prevented monetary and fiscal policy guidelines of the government.</p><p>　　Adekanye (2010) howe

48、ver identify three basic types of credit policy. They are the restrictive credit policy, moderate credit policy and liberal credit policy. A restrictive credit policy is adopted by a bank that has no plan to grow at a ra

49、te that is more than minimal. Such a bank is not willing to take my risk more than minor one and prefer to do business with customer whose paying habit almost never vary within terms.</p><p>　　Moderate credi

50、t policy is a mixture of restrictive and liberal policy approaches to credit. It tends to match receivable to provide adequate cash flow, while a liberal policy is a high risk policy with the probability of heavy loss of

51、 receivable the danger of such bank survival can be real because they are usually prone to undercapitalization and occasionally liquidity problem.</p><p>　　Therefore, to minimize risks, enhance lending and m

52、aintain standard, the loan policy should specify the quantity of loan to be made the type of securities to be accepted and limits for the different types of loan.</p><p>　　2.5 Credit Appraisal Procedure</

53、p><p>　　The purpose of credit appraised is to solicit enough information about the applicant in order to determine willingness and capability to serve the loan if granted, in accordance with the term of the loa

54、n agreement it enable bank to determine the degree of risk they are willing to assume and the amount of credit that can prudently be expected, given the risk involving and the term and condition for granting the loan. it

55、 is therefore expected that a good credit appraisal should follow the establis</p><p>　　Character – This refer to the person or the entity borrowing the money. It relates to the borrower integrity, responsib

56、ility and credit worthiness based on past insure. Ones inherent character cannot be change overnight, hence this factor is very important in starting off a debt relationship. </p><p><b>　　譯文</b>&

57、lt;/p><p>　　信貸政策對尼日利亞商業(yè)銀行績效的影響</p><p><b>　　Alabi R O</b></p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　任何經(jīng)濟的主要金融中介都是銀行。作為金融中介,銀行可以使資金從經(jīng)濟盈余單位轉(zhuǎn)移到財政赤字單位。這一角色主要是通過接受不同類別

58、和特點存款，通過貸款和信貸方式為眾多客戶提供貸款來完成的。該研究試圖探討信貸政策對尼日利亞商業(yè)銀行績效的影響，并以咱尼特銀行作為案例進行研究。主要調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)來自于銀行六十位受訪者(員工:32和客戶:28)的問卷收集。問卷分析使用卡方檢驗(X 2)。研究的結(jié)果表明,擁有一個良好的信用政策能很好地減少壞賬的發(fā)生率。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),當出現(xiàn)警告信號時,審慎的信貸評估和支出,動態(tài)信用監(jiān)控和果斷的行動都能幫助銀行維持一個高質(zhì)量的資產(chǎn)和高水平的盈利能力。

59、</p><p>　　關鍵詞：預付款，透支，信貸政策，擔保</p><p><b>　　1.引言</b></p><p>　　任何一個國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展從很大程度上都取決于它自身可投資基金的數(shù)量和金融中介機構(gòu)從儲蓄者身上調(diào)動未立即使用基金的效率，進而分發(fā)給需要資金用于生產(chǎn)目的投資者。這個主要的中介就是銀行(奧喬等人,1982)。</p>

60、<p>　　銀行作為服務行業(yè)通過提供銀行服務和為個人和企業(yè)提供金融需求，有組織地為所有者(股東)獲利而服務。作為金融中介,銀行提供的這種手段可以使資金從經(jīng)濟盈余單位轉(zhuǎn)移到財政赤字單位。這個角色的完成主要通過接受不同類別和特點的存款，通過貸款和預付款給眾多客戶。他們試圖使自己像債務人一樣有吸引力和像債權(quán)人一樣有效,他們獲得大量的總收益，都是來自于債權(quán)人和債務人的利息支付。</p><p>　　實際上,

61、貸款的本質(zhì)要求是，貸款人暫時占有財產(chǎn)和使用它們，借出的同時保留它們的合法所有權(quán),保留期限,預計所有人恢復擁有財產(chǎn)權(quán)。因此商業(yè)銀行管理儲戶的資金希望實現(xiàn)流動性,安全性和盈利能力這一主要目標。 由于借款人可能無力償還，實現(xiàn)這一目標，創(chuàng)建信用的同時涉及大量的風險。這可能最終導致貸款銀行流動性危機,最終是存款者喪失信息。</p><p>　　發(fā)生在尼日利亞銀行業(yè)的意外事件表明,不幸的時代尚未結(jié)束。由于擴大投資組合的范圍,

62、綜合銀行業(yè)務的引入帶來了一個新的維度信貸風險，這可能意味著厄運不僅存在于在特定的金融集團中,還存在于整個金融產(chǎn)業(yè)和整個國民經(jīng)濟中。加上不斷違反商業(yè)銀行的準則, 還包括高成本的銀行同業(yè)拆借利率和最近的全球金融危機。</p><p>　　針對出現(xiàn)的負面影響，以上可能出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果,銀行需要為高效和有效的信貸業(yè)務制定明確的政策和指南。因此，該研究試圖評估信貸政策和管理，以及尼日利亞的銀行在應對新興威脅時提供的解決方案,以防

63、止銀行業(yè)的新一輪的危機。</p><p><b>　　2.理論框架</b></p><p>　　2.1銀行貸款與信貸的概念</p><p>　　貸款可以定義為風險資產(chǎn)的創(chuàng)建和管理。根據(jù)埃凈(1995),可以將貸款定義為一個分析信用或貸款的過程,。它被認為是銀行管理的一個重要的任務, 因為一部分客戶（借款人)償還本金和利息困難，所以它需要承擔一定

64、的金融風險。</p><p>　　根據(jù)歐斯密哈(1986),一個銀行的主要貸款目標是提供發(fā)展,盈利能力和流動性。術語貸款包含蓋借貸和預付款。貸款功能代表著收入的一個重要來源，因為放款人主要考慮重獲本金和利息。它是銀行及其眾多客戶之間一種最傳統(tǒng)的元素關系 (Adekanye,2010)。</p><p><b>　　2.2信貸的形式</b></p><

65、;p>　　信貸可以分為一下幾種形式：</p><p>　　i.透支額,透支額是一個開放的信貸安排,它能反復使用,直到帳戶上的余額達到一定的預先借款限額。從理論上講,這是見票即付,但在實踐中,它可能從沒有被調(diào)用。它主要用于金融營運資本原材料的需求, 像工資、債權(quán)人和稅收一樣支付流動負債。</p><p>　　根據(jù)奧南那(1998)的觀點，透支額可以像支付學費,醫(yī)療費用,費用在節(jié)日等用于

66、克服困難時期。允許帳戶持有人超出信用賬戶提取一定數(shù)量。它在本質(zhì)上是短期的、非特異性，一般可用來滿足交易需求。</p><p>　　ii.預付款- 南沃克(1987)將預付款定義為除了透支和貸款的任何便利,允許一個客戶在短時間內(nèi)通過客戶獲得現(xiàn)金或信用卡提前從另一家銀行的第三方收集對應的銀行資金。這是一個短期信貸擴展，通常被授予一個明確的時間30 - 180天。預付款通常被賦予特定的目的,例如,集合支付,到期貸款的再

67、融資,項目的過渡性融資等。確切到期的預付款通常是確定項目的開始,這使人們可能有更低的利息支出從而降低風險。</p><p>　　iii.貸款——根據(jù)艾凈(1995)的觀點,貸款被視為金融援助, 銀行客戶在貨幣條款和可償還的一段特定的時間內(nèi)償還。與透支法不同的是，這是一種短期信貸,貸款可能是中期或長期固定資產(chǎn)收購的融資。</p><p>　　貸款和預付款是銀行收入的重要來源,因為它能產(chǎn)生大部

68、分銀行收入。他們構(gòu)成了比例最高銀行的總資產(chǎn)。（完整譯文請到百度文庫）</p><p><b>　　2.3貸款管理技術</b></p><p>　　貸款或信貸尋求銀行利潤最大化的目標,然而,流動性和償付能力是一個必要的目標。這些問題的解決有一個很大的擔憂。</p><p>　　一些方法包括:真實票據(jù)說,資產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移理論,預期收入理論和負債管理理論。&

69、lt;/p><p>　　（1）真實票據(jù)說——這也被稱為商業(yè)票據(jù)理論。由亞當?斯密(ADAM SMITH)闡述，它假設,如果一個銀行限制其資產(chǎn)真實的匯票,這將限制銀行負債的數(shù)量而將歸因于根據(jù)業(yè)務的需要造成評估銀行基金的數(shù)量。這意味著銀行資產(chǎn)的性質(zhì)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)金,因此地方銀行能夠滿足對現(xiàn)金額意外要求。</p><p>　　（2）資產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移理論——這是比爾學說的擴展，在1920和1920年代發(fā)展起來。

70、由于各種銀行證券適合作為二級儲備資產(chǎn),銀行認為,這種可用性的轉(zhuǎn)換可以公開市場金融資產(chǎn),真正的比爾理論將不再限制他們只能采用短期貸款(Adewumi,1984)以滿足客戶存款取款，資產(chǎn)管理理論的轉(zhuǎn)變能力提倡證券銀行控股的安全性,因此，可通過轉(zhuǎn)移或出售證券幫助其他買家。這一理論實現(xiàn)的前提是擁有發(fā)達的二級證券市場。</p><p>　?。?)預期收入理論——定期貸款的清算不是通過出售資產(chǎn)的借款人定期貸款清算也不是通過借

71、款人出售資產(chǎn)。比爾學說里清算期內(nèi)不是通過借款人出售資產(chǎn),也不是通過轉(zhuǎn)移定期貸款給其他銀行,它是通過借款人的預期收入。這一理論的重點是貸款的能力，因此授予清算機構(gòu)生產(chǎn)足夠的現(xiàn)金流。</p><p>　　(4)負債管理理論——隨著1961年商業(yè)存款的出現(xiàn),一個新的清算問題貸款管理方法發(fā)展起來。商業(yè)存款替代手段提高能滿足客戶存款取款,銀行放貸的大部分責任有可能不受制于規(guī)模和像貸款這樣的成熟模式。路多(2009)指出,一

72、個合適的清算管理需要足夠的儲蓄流動資源,從而消除之前概念的約束。</p><p>　　2.4信貸政策的制定</p><p>　　任何貸款的管理都開始于信貸政策,制定與負責的是銀行的董事會和主管。他確定信貸以什么類型的方式發(fā)放給客戶。</p><p>　　萬科沃(1980)將信貸政策定義為包含管理使用指南的藍圖，處理銀行的信貸申請。它的目標是通過標準化程序為企業(yè)提供方

73、向,來源于銀行的運營利益,滿足客戶信貸需要但全面阻止政府的貨幣和財政政策的指導方針。</p><p>　　然而安可尼(2010)確定三個基本類型的信貸政策。他們是嚴格的信貸政策,適度的信貸政策和自由的信貸政策。嚴格的信貸政策是通過銀行,沒有計劃提高利率的增長速度。這樣的銀行不愿意把風險比化小,喜歡與支付條款內(nèi)習慣幾乎從未改變的客戶做生意。</p><p>　　適度的信貸政策是限制性的混合和

74、自由主義政策的方法進行信貸。它傾向于提供充足的現(xiàn)金流,而自由主義政策是一種高風險的策略，應收賬款重大損失的概率更大，這樣的銀行可能存在真正的危險,因為他們通常傾向于資本不足和不定期的流動性問題。</p><p>　　因此,為了減少風險,提高貸款和維護標準,貸款政策應當是指定數(shù)量的貸款，接受和限制不同類型貸款的證券類型。</p><p><b>　　2.5信用評估過程</b&

75、gt;</p><p>　　信用評價的目的是征求關于申請人的足夠信息以確定貸款的意愿和能力,按照銀行的貸款協(xié)議, 可以預期確定他們愿意承擔風險的程度和審慎的信貸量,鑒于涉及風險和發(fā)放貸款的條款和條件。預計好的信用評價應該遵循既定建立的未必良好的貸款，包括:性格、資本、能力、抵押品、條件和持續(xù)時間。</p><p>　　性格——這是指借貸的人或?qū)嶓w。它與借款人的完整性,過去的保險責任和信譽相