外文翻譯--- 模具的制造及模具的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

1、<p>　　mold manufacturing and the development trend of the mold</p><p>　　mold manufacturing :The requirement of the mold design :the size should be exact ,surface should be clean ,structure should be rea

2、sonable ,high production efficiency ,easy automation ,long service life ,low cost ,etc.</p><p>　　Rigidity, oriented, discharge institutions ,positioning method ,gap size etc. should be considered during the

3、mold design and the coefficient selection .The replacement of wearing parts on the mold should be easy .High efficiency ,high precision ,high-life mold should be used in mass production .</p><p>　　The select

4、ion of mold material: Mold material selection is a very important part of the process of making the mold .Mold material selection need to meet three principles: Mold should meet the wear resistance ; toughness and other

5、work demands ;technical requirements ,and also ,mold should meet the economic applicability .</p><p>　　Mold to meet the working conditions:</p><p>　　Wear resistance: Blank in the mold cavity in

6、the plastic denaturation , will be flowing and sliding along the cavity. So there will be a sharp friction between the cavity surface and the blank and it results in the mold to wear and failure. That’s why the wear resi

7、stance of the materials is one of the most important and basic performance of the mold.</p><p>　　Hardness is the main factors of affecting the wear resistance. In general, the higher the hardness of the mold

8、 parts, the smaller the amount of wear, the better wear resistance. In addition, the wear resistance relates with the type, quantity, shape, size and distribution of the carbide of the material. </p><p>　　St

9、rength and toughness: Most mold work in a very bad working conditions, some often bear a big impact load, which leads to brittle fracture. In order to prevent this situation, mold should have high strength and toughness.

10、 </p><p>　　The toughness of the mold material depends on the carbon content, grain size and organization of the state. </p><p>　　Fatigue fracture performance: while the mold is working, the long

11、-term effect of cyclic stress often leads to fatigue fracture. Fatigue fracture properties of the mold depends on its strength, toughness, hardness and the debris content of the material.</p><p>　　High tempe

12、rature performance: when the mold works in a high temperature, hardness and strength will decrease. It leads to early wear and failure because of plastic deformation. So the mold material should have high resistance to t

13、empering stability in order to ensure the mold have a high hardness and strength in the operating temperature.</p><p>　　Performance of the resistance to thermal fatigue: some mold in the state of repeating h

14、eating and cooling while working, which causes cracking and spalling of the cavity surface, increasing friction and hinder plastic deformation, reducing the dimensional accuracy. It leads to the failure of the mold. Ther

15、mal fatigue is one of the main form of failure of the mold, these mold should have a high resistance to thermal fatigue performance.</p><p>　　Corrosion resistance: some molds such as plastic mold decomposes

16、and precipitats HCl, HF and other strong corrosive gases after heated because of the chlorine and fluorine and other elements in the plastic. They will eroding the surface of the mold cavity, increasing its surface rough

17、ness, increase the wear failure.</p><p>　　7.Die trend</p><p>　　1. Mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction</p><p>　　(1) Mold softw

18、are features integrated</p><p>　　Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news ma

19、nagement and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcam's

20、 software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced r</p><p>　　(2) Mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional</p><p>　　Tw

21、o-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software r

22、equired to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability eval

23、uation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and i</p><p>　　Such as injection molding experts Cimatron's software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surfa

24、ce, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calib

25、ration and other processing results.</p><p>　　(3) Mold software applications, networking trend</p><p>　　With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globa

26、lization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possib

27、le. The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive dev</p><p>

28、;　　2. mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction</p><p>　　(1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficientSophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development,

29、testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. Precision Mould precision now reached 2 ~ 3μm, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coor

30、dinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm × 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine,</p><p>　　Japan Roland's PIX

31、-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopson's TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on.</p><p>　　(

32、2) CNC EDM</p><p>　　Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal

33、deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse

34、power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies.</p><p>　　(3) high-speed milling machine (HSM)</p><p>　　Milling is an important means of cavity mold. The low-temperature high-speed milling with the w

35、orkpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus i

36、n the mold processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8μm, home-made closed-loop vector cont</p><p>　　模具的制造及模具的發(fā)

37、展趨勢(shì)</p><p>　　模具的制造：模具設(shè)計(jì)制作的要求是：尺寸精確、表面光潔；結(jié)構(gòu)合理、生產(chǎn)效率高、易于自動(dòng)化；制造容易、壽命高、成本低；設(shè)計(jì)符合工藝需要，經(jīng)濟(jì)合理。 </p><p>　　模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和參數(shù)選擇須考慮剛性、導(dǎo)向性、卸料機(jī)構(gòu)、定位方法、間隙大小等因素。模具上的易損件應(yīng)容易更換。在大批量生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)采用高效率、高精度、高壽命的模具。</p><p>　

38、　模具的選材：模具選材是整個(gè)模具制作過程中非常重要的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。 </p><p>　　模具選材需要滿足三個(gè)原則，模具滿足耐磨性、強(qiáng)韌性等工作需求，模具滿足工藝要求，同時(shí)模具應(yīng)滿足經(jīng)濟(jì)適用性。 </p><p>　　模具滿足工作條件要求　</p><p><b>　　1、耐磨性 </b></p><p>　　坯料在模具型腔

39、中塑性變性時(shí)，沿型腔表面既流動(dòng)又滑動(dòng)，使型腔表面與坯料間產(chǎn)生劇烈的摩擦，從而導(dǎo)致模具因磨損而失效。所以材料的耐磨性是模具最基本、最重要的性能之一。 </p><p>　　硬度是影響耐磨性的主要因素。一般情況下，模具零件的硬度越高，磨損量越小，耐磨性也越好。另外，耐磨性還與材料中碳化物的種類、數(shù)量、形態(tài)、大小及分布有關(guān)。 </p><p><b>　　2．強(qiáng)韌性 </b>

40、;</p><p>　　模具的工作條件大多十分惡劣，有些常承受較大的沖擊負(fù)荷，從而導(dǎo)致脆性斷裂。為防止模具零件在工作時(shí)突然脆斷，模具要具有較高的強(qiáng)度和韌性。 </p><p>　　模具的韌性主要取決于材料的含碳量、晶粒度及組織狀態(tài)。 </p><p><b>　　3．疲勞斷裂性能 </b></p><p>　　模具工作過

41、程中，在循環(huán)應(yīng)力的長期作用下，往往導(dǎo)致疲勞斷裂。 </p><p>　　模具的疲勞斷裂性能主要取決于其強(qiáng)度、韌性、硬度、以及材料中夾雜物的含量。 </p><p><b>　　4．高溫性能 </b></p><p>　　當(dāng)模具的工作溫度較高進(jìn)，會(huì)使硬度和強(qiáng)度下降，導(dǎo)致模具早期磨損或產(chǎn)生塑性變形而失效。因此，模具材料應(yīng)具有較高的抗回火穩(wěn)定性，以保

42、證模具在工作溫度下，具有較高的硬度和強(qiáng)度。 </p><p>　　5．耐冷熱疲勞性能 </p><p>　　有些模具在工作過程中處于反復(fù)加熱和冷卻的狀態(tài)，使型腔表面受拉、壓力變應(yīng)力的作用，引起表面龜裂和剝落，增大摩擦力，阻礙塑性變形，降低了尺寸精度，從而導(dǎo)致模具失效。冷熱疲勞是熱作模具失效的主要形式之一，幫這類模具應(yīng)具有較高的耐冷熱疲勞性能。 </p><p>&l

43、t;b>　　6．耐蝕性 </b></p><p>　　有些模具如塑料模在工作時(shí)，由于塑料中存在氯、氟等元素，受熱后分解析出HCI、HF等強(qiáng)侵蝕性氣體，侵蝕模具型腔表面，加大其表面粗糙度，加劇磨損失效。</p><p><b>　　模具的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)</b></p><p>　　1.模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三維化、智能

44、化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展</p><p>　?。?）模具軟件功能集成化</p><p>　　模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時(shí)各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型以實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、裝配、檢驗(yàn)、測(cè)試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過程，達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。如英國Delcam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實(shí)體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)高級(jí)渲染、塑料模設(shè)計(jì)專家系統(tǒng)

45、、復(fù)雜形體CAM、藝術(shù)造型及雕刻自動(dòng)編程系統(tǒng)、逆向工程系統(tǒng)及復(fù)雜形體在線測(cè)量系統(tǒng)等。集成化程度較高的軟件還包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。國內(nèi)有上海交通大學(xué)金屬塑性成型有限元分析系統(tǒng)和沖裁模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)；北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的CAXA系列軟件；吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)等。</p><p>　?。?）模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析及制造的三維化</p>

46、<p>　　傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)已越來越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術(shù)要求。模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析、制造的三維化、無紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺來設(shè)計(jì)模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAE分析、模具可制造性評(píng)價(jià)和數(shù)控加工、成形過程模擬及信息的管理與共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等軟件具備參數(shù)化、基于特征、全相關(guān)等特點(diǎn)，從而使模具并行工程成為可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Mol

47、dexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D專業(yè)注塑模設(shè)計(jì)軟件，可進(jìn)行交互式3D型腔、型芯設(shè)計(jì)、模架配置及典型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。澳大利亞Moldflow公司的三維真實(shí)感流動(dòng)模擬軟件MoldflowAdvisers已經(jīng)受到用戶廣泛的好評(píng)和應(yīng)用。國內(nèi)有華中理工大學(xué)研制的同類軟件HSC3D4.5F及鄭州工業(yè)大學(xué)的Z-mold軟件。面向制造、基于知識(shí)的智能化功能是衡量模具軟件先進(jìn)性和實(shí)用性的重要標(biāo)志之一。

48、如Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生分型線和分型面，生成與制品相對(duì)應(yīng)的型芯和型腔，實(shí)現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關(guān)，自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生材料明細(xì)</p><p>　　(3)模具軟件應(yīng)用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化趨勢(shì)</p><p>　　隨著模具在企業(yè)競爭、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面的全球化、國際化，以及計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使得在模具行業(yè)應(yīng)用虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、敏捷制造技術(shù)既有必要，也有可能。美國在其《21世紀(jì)

49、制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略》中指出，到2006年要實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開發(fā)周期從40個(gè)月縮短到4個(gè)月。</p><p>　　2. 模具檢測(cè)、加工設(shè)備向精密、高效和多功能方向發(fā)展</p><p>　?。?）模具檢測(cè)設(shè)備的日益精密、高效精密、復(fù)雜、大型模具的發(fā)展，對(duì)檢測(cè)設(shè)備的要求越來越高?，F(xiàn)在精密模具的精度已達(dá)2～3μm，目前國內(nèi)廠家使用較多的有意大利、美國、日本等國的高精度三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量

50、機(jī)，并具有數(shù)字化掃描功能。如東風(fēng)汽車模具廠不僅擁有意大利產(chǎn)3250mm×3250mm三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī)，還擁有數(shù)碼攝影光學(xué)掃描儀，率先在國內(nèi)采用數(shù)碼攝影、光學(xué)掃描作為空間三維信息的獲得手段，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了從測(cè)量實(shí)物→建立數(shù)學(xué)模型→輸出工程圖紙→模具制造全過程，成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了逆向工程技術(shù)的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用。這方面的設(shè)備還包括：英國雷尼紹公司第二代高速掃描儀(CYCLON SERIES2)可實(shí)現(xiàn)激光測(cè)頭和接觸式測(cè)頭優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)，激光掃描精度為0.05mm

51、，接觸式測(cè)頭掃描精度達(dá)0.02mm。另外德國GOM公司的ATOS便攜式掃描儀，日本羅蘭公司的PIX-30、PIX-4臺(tái)式掃描儀和英國泰勒?霍普森公司TALYSCAN150多傳感三維掃描儀分別具有高速化、廉價(jià)化和功能復(fù)合化等特點(diǎn)。</p><p>　?。?）數(shù)控電火花加工機(jī)床</p><p>　　日本沙迪克公司采用直線電機(jī)伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)的AQ325L、AQ550LLS-WEDM具有驅(qū)動(dòng)反應(yīng)快、傳

52、動(dòng)及定位精度高、熱變形小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。瑞士夏米爾公司的NCEDM具有P-E3自適應(yīng)控制、PCE能量控制及自動(dòng)編程專家系統(tǒng)。另外有些EDM還采用了混粉加工工藝、微精加工脈沖電源及模糊控制(FC)等技術(shù)。</p><p>　?。?）高速銑削機(jī)床(HSM)</p><p>　　銑削加工是型腔模具加工的重要手段。而高速銑削具有工件溫升低、切削力小、加工平穩(wěn)、加工質(zhì)量好、加工效率高(為普通銑削加工的5～1

53、0倍)及可加工硬材料(<60HRC)等諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。因而在模具加工中日益受到重視。瑞士克朗公司UCP710型五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工中心，其機(jī)床定位精度可達(dá)8μm，自制的具有矢量閉環(huán)控制電主軸，最大轉(zhuǎn)速為42000r/min。意大利RAMBAUDI公司的高速銑床，其加工范圍達(dá)2500mm×5000mm×1800mm，轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)20500r/min，切削進(jìn)給速度達(dá)20m/min。HSM一般主要用于大、中型模具加工，如汽車覆蓋件模具、