外文翻譯---- 高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1、<p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p><b>　　高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</b></p><p>　　高層建筑是都市化的結(jié)果就如自從美國(guó)19世紀(jì)后期第一棟摩天大樓被建造出來(lái)以后。工業(yè)化社會(huì)吸引了更多的人來(lái)到城市，因此需要更多的空間被用來(lái)工作和居住。高層建筑，需要兩個(gè)基本的技術(shù)要素。首先，必須找到一個(gè)建造高層建筑的經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法；二，

2、必須提供一個(gè)可靠的經(jīng)濟(jì)的運(yùn)輸方法，使人們垂直通過(guò)建筑。盡管奧蒂斯電梯在十九世紀(jì)后期為垂直運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)提供了合乎邏輯的解決方法，但結(jié)構(gòu)仍然是一個(gè)非常重要的威懾力量對(duì)于修建非常高的建筑物來(lái)說(shuō)。具有開(kāi)拓精神的芝加哥建筑學(xué)派運(yùn)用梁柱框架結(jié)構(gòu)，但仍需要很高的”保費(fèi)高度”對(duì)于高于20層的建筑物的來(lái)說(shuō)。因此，在20世紀(jì)20年代建成的建筑大多低于這個(gè)高度。一個(gè)偉大的進(jìn)步在1930發(fā)生，當(dāng)時(shí)帝國(guó)大廈的建造或多或少的運(yùn)用到了傳統(tǒng)的施工方法。這是沒(méi)有任何經(jīng)濟(jì)突破

3、的事例。從這一時(shí)候開(kāi)始的整個(gè)30年代幾乎所有的高層建筑都被抑制進(jìn)行了。二戰(zhàn)后的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)需要，促使美國(guó)開(kāi)辟建造更高的辦公樓和公寓樓。但是，這些建筑不能再用和早期建筑一樣的方式和比例來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)了，僅僅是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)整潔無(wú)柱的空間概念，建筑內(nèi)部氣候的控制和交通流線的概念都發(fā)生了巨大的變化。建筑的所有的這些變化態(tài)度帶來(lái)了時(shí)代的新建筑。新的需求和挑</p><p>　　在過(guò)去的幾年里，研究建筑材料如鋼筋混凝土和鋼結(jié)構(gòu)方面已取得了很

4、大的進(jìn)步和開(kāi)拓的視野，能更有效地利用這些材料。但結(jié)構(gòu)工程師和建筑師也遇到了挑戰(zhàn)，即找到高效和經(jīng)濟(jì)的新的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)來(lái)解決不同范圍和高度的建筑物要超過(guò)100層的方法。因此，在選擇高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)體系時(shí)，要選擇比它以前更復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)。使結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的方法在總建筑設(shè)計(jì)中得到應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　在選擇高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)體系的過(guò)程中大部分取決于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而不是結(jié)構(gòu)。不了解所有這些重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，會(huì)使結(jié)構(gòu)工程師在他的工作中感到沮喪。設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)建筑的

5、過(guò)程中涉及到多個(gè)學(xué)科，由于結(jié)構(gòu)是總規(guī)劃中的一個(gè)組成部分，一個(gè)創(chuàng)新概念的成功通過(guò)將會(huì)使工程師有一個(gè)很困難的時(shí)期去接受它如果他們不了解這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的話，以下是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的討論關(guān)于這些設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　環(huán)境規(guī)劃的思考。在任何環(huán)境中增加了一個(gè)高層建筑肯定會(huì)對(duì)其交通系統(tǒng)造成一定的影響，以及整個(gè)街區(qū)的人流量。因此，高層建筑工程必須解決行人、汽車和其他交通流線，并解決總平面上的空間需求。而開(kāi)放式廣場(chǎng)可能是一個(gè)可行的解決

6、方案對(duì)于在一定的氣候和規(guī)劃條件下，但當(dāng)天氣條件為冬季或夏季的時(shí)候它則可能不是一個(gè)合理的解決方案。在這種情況下，交替打開(kāi)的廣場(chǎng)必須被視為一個(gè)好的整體解決方案，并且結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)必須要能夠支撐它。</p><p>　　塔樓的總體比例。建筑和周圍的環(huán)境和其他現(xiàn)有建筑及廣場(chǎng)的關(guān)系可支配塔樓自身的比例。當(dāng)然，一個(gè)明顯的扁平塔樓將會(huì)有一個(gè)更高的高寬比，這通常意味著更多的橫向擺動(dòng)。增加高寬比通常意味著將增加為高度引起而需減少橫向擺動(dòng)

7、所造成的額外所需材料的費(fèi)用，以及增加抗傾覆能力。因此，這對(duì)于高層建筑將是一個(gè)重要的要求，即必須找到效率較高的替代結(jié)構(gòu)方案，盡管這種系統(tǒng)相對(duì)較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的建筑形式可能會(huì)提高制造與施工成本。</p><p>　　允許的樓面面積的比率。建筑在城市地區(qū)的建造一般被規(guī)劃控制著。不幸的是規(guī)劃在大多數(shù)情況下是出于對(duì)政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)的考慮。規(guī)劃通常會(huì)允許在人口密集的城市中心可以建立的任何特定的網(wǎng)絡(luò)的最大數(shù)量的平方英尺，這成為一個(gè)重要的考慮，

8、特別是在高土地成本地區(qū)，可以建立在一個(gè)給定的一塊土地得到更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)潛力。因此，在自由企業(yè)制度下，有充分理由相信投資者想建立填充允許容積率，這將意味著更高的建筑比其他被認(rèn)為是符合環(huán)境的，在這里就挑戰(zhàn)建筑師和工程師使用不同的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)，提供可行的替代品，提出更合理、更令人滿意的解決方案供選擇。</p><p>　　內(nèi)部空間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。僅僅幾年前，列間距20英尺，已被接受作為無(wú)法克服一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)限制，已被廣泛接受。較新的結(jié)構(gòu)系

9、統(tǒng)給建筑師和開(kāi)發(fā)商創(chuàng)造更大的無(wú)柱空間的辦公室，以及住宅樓宇的選擇。在辦公樓為例，現(xiàn)在35英尺的空間間距是通常被認(rèn)為最小的，當(dāng)然大多數(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)商是不會(huì)介意的，如果他們能夠得到一個(gè)60英尺的空間跨度的話。明確核心柱和外墻之間的跨度。正是出于這種設(shè)計(jì)考慮，導(dǎo)致發(fā)展一個(gè)不需要列在任何核心和外墻之間的空間結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)。作為酒店和公寓樓這倒是常見(jiàn)的情況，即從走廊外墻的最大距離通常不超過(guò)30英尺，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)房間通常是需要有一個(gè)外部接觸。這種規(guī)劃要求公寓和旅館建

10、筑寬度不能超過(guò)70至90英尺的。雖然大量的公寓樓已建成，但這些建筑的寬度仍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于將用于高效的辦公樓的建筑，這種類型的要求，當(dāng)然，馬上就可能會(huì)有更高的高寬比的住宅樓，和由此產(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)體系選型的辦公樓。</p><p>　　氣候因素。氣候因素有時(shí)在選擇結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)揮強(qiáng)有力的作用。在極冷的冬天氣候總的趨勢(shì)是提供較大的，透明的窗口，或許是因?yàn)槿藗兏枰粋€(gè)窗口去尋找和盡可能地享受自然。另一方面，在炎熱的熱帶氣候地區(qū)，

11、減少玻璃的使用和用更堅(jiān)實(shí)磚石或混凝土做表面是更經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法。這正好是占用較小的需要來(lái)看看外面。結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部使用大型外承重墻，因此，該結(jié)構(gòu)往往在這樣的氣候條件下受到歡迎。</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)材料的考慮。對(duì)于一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的選擇，嚴(yán)格取決于當(dāng)?shù)氐南鄬?duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的各種結(jié)構(gòu)材料。正是由于這個(gè)原因，同時(shí)，在一個(gè)地區(qū)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)可能是經(jīng)濟(jì)，而在國(guó)家的另一地區(qū)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)有可能成為更經(jīng)濟(jì)的。當(dāng)然有些時(shí)候，兩者相結(jié)合的材料在同一建筑的

12、造成中可能是最佳的設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　基礎(chǔ)的思考。高層建筑需要一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的基礎(chǔ)。如果巖石是直接有效地接近水平面，那么結(jié)構(gòu)體系的選擇或材料的選擇將不會(huì)受到影響。然而，在許多地區(qū)，例如，浮基是唯一的支撐建筑的方式，結(jié)構(gòu)的總重量將變得非常重要，因?yàn)樗刂屏丝傞_(kāi)挖深度。在這種情況下，輕重量的建設(shè)將是明顯的結(jié)構(gòu)選擇。這可能導(dǎo)致對(duì)于一個(gè)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)框架，或輕質(zhì)混凝土施工，或一個(gè)復(fù)合系統(tǒng)的選擇取決于當(dāng)?shù)氐奈镔|(zhì)經(jīng)濟(jì)。</p

13、><p>　　建造時(shí)間。雖然一個(gè)項(xiàng)目的建造時(shí)間似乎是一個(gè)明顯的因素在選擇建筑的類型時(shí)，但它常常被忽視的，在對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的估計(jì)時(shí)對(duì)建設(shè)總工期沒(méi)有任何考慮。這可能影響不大，臨時(shí)融資在建設(shè)中不是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵項(xiàng)目。但是，在大多數(shù)的項(xiàng)目投資中，這都不能被忽視。如果建設(shè)一個(gè)1500000平方英尺的建筑需要6個(gè)月以上的時(shí)間，在另一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的體系結(jié)構(gòu)，這可能意味著相當(dāng)于損失1500000美元的總建筑成本。因此，在選擇結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)，這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)被

14、考慮，只有當(dāng)開(kāi)發(fā)商有特殊要求時(shí)才能被排除。</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Design Criteria for Tall Building</p><p>　　The construction of tall buildings is the result of urbanization as seen in

15、 America since the late nineteenth century when the fist skyscrapers were built. The industrialized society attracts more people to the cities, requiring more space for offices as well as for habitation. Tall buildings,

16、however, require two basic technical ingredients. First, economic method of building a tall building must be found and second, a reliable and economic method of transporting people vertically through the b</p><

17、;p>　　Within the last few years, research on building materials such as reinforced concrete and structural steel have made great strides and opened horizons for more efficient use of these materials. The structural eng

18、ineers and architects also have met the challenge to find efficient and economical new structural systems for various ranges and heights of buildings going all the way to well over 100stories. Consequently, the process o

19、f selecting a structural system for a tall building has become more </p><p>　　The process of choosing the structural system for a tall building depends on many criteria which are not always structural. Witho

20、ut the understanding of all of these significant criteria, the structural engineer would feel frustrated in his efforts. The process of designing a building is multi-discipline, and since structure is an integral part of

21、 the total scheme, the successful adoption of an innovation in concept will have a much harder time of for acceptance if the engineer does not have an </p><p>　　Environmental Planning Consideration. In any e

22、nvironment the addition of a tall building will certainly influence the operation of the traffic system, as well as the flow of people in the entire neighborhood. Therefore, a tall building project must be resolved in te

23、rms of pedestrian, auto and other traffic, and also resolve the overall need for space at the ground level. While an open plaza may be a viable solution under certain climatic and planning conditions, it may not be a rea

24、sonable soluti</p><p>　　The Overall Proportions of the Tower. The relationship of the building to the surrounding environment and other existing buildings and plazas may dictate the proportions of the tower

25、itself. It is, of course, obvious that a flat narrow tower will have a higher height-to-width ratio, which normally would mean more lateral sway. The increase in height-to-width ratio will generally mean increase in prem

26、ium for height caused by additional material required to reduce lateral sway, as well as to incre</p><p>　　Permissible Floor Area Ratio. The construction of buildings in the city area is generally controlled

27、 by zoning. Zoning, in most cases, unfortunately, is the product of political and economic consideration. Zoning would normally allow a maximum number of square feet that can be built at any given site In dense urban cen

28、ters this becomes a critical consideration, particularly because in terms of high land cost the more area that can be built on a given piece of land, the more the potential for eco</p><p>　　Inner Space Crite

29、ria. Only a few years back, column spacing of 20ft. was accepted as a structural limitation that could not be overcome. Newer structural systems have given the architect and developers the choice to create larger column

30、free spaces in the office, as well as residential buildings. In the office buildings for instance, 35ft.clear spacing is now normally considered the minimum and most developers would not mind if they can get a 60ft. clea

31、r span between the core and the exterior wa</p><p>　　Climatic Considerations. Climatic considerations sometimes play a strong part in choosing the structural system. For extremely cold winter climate the gen

32、eral tendency is to provide larger, clear windows, perhaps because there is a greater need for the occupant to look out and enjoy the nature as much as possible. On the other hand, in hot tropical climate it is more econ

33、omical to have less glass and more solid masonry or concrete surface. This coincides with lesser need for the occupants to loo</p><p>　　Structural Material Considerations. The selection of a system depends s

34、trictly on the local relative economies between the various structural materials. It is because of this reason that while, in one area a concrete structural system may be economical, in another area of the country a stru

35、ctural steel system may become more economical. Sometimes, of course, a combination of both materials in the same building may result in the optimum design.</p><p>　　Foundation Considerations. Tall buildings

36、 require a stable foundation. Where rock is directly available near the ground level, the choice of structural system or material is not affected. However, in many areas where, for instance, floating foundation is the on

37、ly way to support a building, the total weight of the structure becomes very significant because it controls the total depth of excavation. In such cases, light weight construction is the obvious structural choice. This

38、could lead to eithe</p><p>　　Time of Construction. Although time of construction of a project seems to be an obvious factor in choosing the type of construction, often it is overlooked as such, and estimates

39、 to compare structural systems are made without any consideration of the total time of construction. This may have little effect where interim financing during construction is not a critical item. In most investment proj