外文翻譯----高級數(shù)據(jù)庫應用

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)設計（論文）</b></p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　題 目 高級數(shù)據(jù)庫應用 </p><p>　　專 業(yè) 信息與計算科學 </p><p>　　班 級 &

2、lt;/p><p>　　學 生 </p><p>　　指導教師 </p><p>　　Advanced Database Applications</p><p>　　The 1990s have seen significant changes in the co

3、mputer industry. In database systems, we have seen the widespread acceptance of RDBMSs for traditional business applications, such as order processing, inventory control, banking, and airline reservations. However, exist

4、ing RDBMSs have proven inadequate for applications whose needs are quite different from those of traditional business database applications. These applications include:</p><p>　　■ computer-aided design (CAD)

5、;</p><p>　　■ computer-aided manufacturing (CAM);</p><p>　　■ computer-aided software engineering (CASE);</p><p>　　■ office information systems (OIS) and multimedia systems;</p>

6、<p>　　■ digital publishing;</p><p>　　■ eographic information systems (GIS);</p><p>　　■ interactive and dynamic Web sites.</p><p>　　Computer-aided design (CAD)</p><

7、p>　　A CAD database stores data relating to mechanical and electrical design covering, for example, buildings, aircraft, and integrated circuit chips. Designs of this type have some common characteristics:</p>&

8、lt;p>　　■ Design data is characterized by a large number of types, each with a small number of instances. Conventional databases are typically the opposite. For example, the DreamHome database consists of only a dozen

9、or so relations, although relations such as PropertyForRent, Client, and Viewing may contain thousands of tuples.</p><p>　　■ Designs may be very large, perhaps consisting of millions of parts, often with man

10、y interdependent subsystem designs.</p><p>　　■ The design is not static but evolves through time. When a design change occurs, its implications must be propagated through all design representations. The dyna

11、mic nature of design may mean that some actions cannot be foreseen at the beginning.</p><p>　　■ Updates are fat-reaching because of topological or functional relationships, tolerances, and so on. One change

12、 is likely to affect a large number of design objects.</p><p>　　■ Often, many design alternatives are being considered for each component, and the correct version for each part must be maintained. This invol

13、ves some form of version control and configuration management.</p><p>　　■ There may be hundreds of staff involved with the design, and they may work in parallel on multiple versions of a large design. Even s

14、o, the end-product must be consistent and coordinated. This is sometimes referred to as cooperative engineering.</p><p>　　Computer-aided manufacturing （CAM）</p><p>　　A CAM database stores simila

15、r data to a CAD system, in addition to addition to data relating to discrete production (such as cars on an assembly line) and continuous production (such as chemical synthesis). For example, in chemical manufacturing th

16、ere will be applications that monitor information about the state of the system, such as reactor Bessel temperatures, flow rates, and yields. There will also be applications that control various physical processes, such

17、as opening valves, applying more</p><p>　　Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)</p><p>　　A CASE database stores data relating to stages of the software development lifecycle: planning, requ

18、irements collection and analysis, design, implementation, testing, maintenance, and documentation. As with CAD, designs may be extremely large, and cooperative engineering is the norm. For example, software configuration

19、 management tools allow concurrent sharing of project design, code, and documentation. They also track the dependencies between these components and assist with change management. </p><p>　　Network managemen

20、t systems</p><p>　　Network management systems coordinate the delivery of communication services across a computer network. These systems perform such tasks as network path management, problem management, and

21、 network planning. As with the chemical manufacturing example we discussed earlier, these systems also handle complex data and require real-time performance and continuous operation. For examples, a telephone call might

22、involve a chain of network switching devices that route a message from sender to receiver, s</p><p>　　NodeLinkNodeLinkNodeLinkNode</p><p>　　Where each Node represents a port on a network device

23、and each Link represents a slice of bandwidth reserved for that connection. However, a node may participate in several different connections and any database that is created has to manage a complex graph of relationships

24、. To route connections, diagnose problems, and balance loadings, the network management systems have to be capable of moving through this complex graph in real time.</p><p>　　Office information systems (OIS)

25、 and multimedia systems</p><p>　　An OIS database stores data relating to the computer control of information in a business, including electronic mail, documents, invoices, and so on. To provide better suppor

26、t for this area, we need to handle a wider range of data types other than names, addresses, dates, and money. Modern systems now handle free-form text, photographs, diagrams, and audio and video sequences. For example, a

27、 multimedia document may handle text, photographs, spreadsheets, and voice commentary. The documents may h</p><p>　　Documents may be shared among many users using systems such as electronic mail and bulletin

28、-boards based on Internet technology. Again ,such applications need to store data that has a much richer structure than tuples consisting of numbers and text strings. There is also an increasing need to capture handwritt

29、en notes using electronic devices. Although many notes can be transcribed into ASCⅡ text using handwriting analysis techniques, most such data cannot. In addition to words, handwritten dat</p><p>　　In the D

30、reamHome case study, we may find the following requirements for handling multimedia.</p><p>　　■ Image data A client may query an image data base of properties for rent. Some queries may simply use a textual

31、description to identify images of desirable properties. In other cases it may be useful for the client to query using graphical images of features that may be found in desirable properties (such as bay windows, internal

32、cornicing, or roof gardens).</p><p>　　■ Video data A client may query a video database of properties for rent. Some queries may simply use a textual description to identify the video images of desirable prop

33、erties. In other cases it may be useful for the client to query using video features of the desired properties (such as views of the sea or surrounding hills).</p><p>　　■ Audio data A client may query an aud

34、io database that describes the features of properties for rent. Some queries may simply use a textual description to identify the desired property. In other cases it may be useful for the client to use audio features of

35、the desired properties (such as the noise level from nearby traffic).</p><p>　　■ Handwritten data A member of staff may create notes while carrying out inspections of properties for rent. At a later data, he

36、 or she may wish to query such data to find all notes made about a flat in Novar Drive with dry rot.</p><p>　　Digital publishing</p><p>　　The publishing industry is likely to undergo profound ch

37、anges in business practices over the next decade. It is becoming possible to store books, journals, papers, and articles electronically and deliver them over high-speed networks to consumers. As with office information s

38、ystems, digital publishing is being extended to handle multimedia documents consisting of text, audio, image, and video data and animation. In some cases, the amount of information available to be put online is enormous,

39、 in </p><p>　　Geographic information systems (GIS)</p><p>　　A GIS database stores various types of spatial and temporal information, such as that used in land management and underwater explorati

40、on. Much of the data in these systems is derived from survey and satellite photographs, and tends to be very large. Searches may involve identifying features based, for example, on shape, color, or texture, using advance

41、d pattern-recognition techniques.</p><p>　　For example, EOS (Earth Observing System) is a collection of satellites launched by NASA in the 1990s to gather information that will support sci8entists concerned

42、with long-term trends regarding the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land. It is anticipated that these satellites will return over one-third of a petabyte of information per year. This data will be integrated with other

43、data sources and will be stored in EOSDIS (EOS Data and Information System). EOSDIS will supply the information need</p><p>　　Interactive and dynamic Web sites</p><p>　　■ Consider a Web site tha

44、t has an online catalog for selling clothes. The Web site maintains a set of preferences for previous visitors to the site and allows a visitor to:</p><p>　　■ browse through thumbnail images of the items in

45、the catalog and select one to obtain a full-size image with supporting details;</p><p>　　■ search for items that match a user-defined set of criteria;</p><p>　　■ obtain a 3D rendering of any ite

46、m of clothing based on a customized specification (for example, color, size, fabric);</p><p>　　■ modify the rendering to account for movement, illumination, backdrop, occasion, and so on;</p><p>

47、;　　■ select accessories to go with the outfit, from items presented in a sidebar;</p><p>　　■ select a voiceover commentary giving additional details of the item;</p><p>　　■ view a running total

48、of the bill, with appropriate discounts;</p><p>　　■ conclude the purchase through a secure online transaction.</p><p>　　The requirements for this type of application are not that different from

49、some of the above advanced applications: there is a need to handle multimedia content (text, audio, image, video data, and animation) and to interactively modify the display based on user preferences and user selections.

50、 As well as handling complex data, the site also has the added complexity o9f providing 3D rendering. It is argued that in such a situation the database is not just presenting information to the visitor but</p>&l

51、t;p>　　As we discuss in Chapters 28 and 29, the Web now provides a relatively new paradigm for data management, and languages such as XML hold significant promise, particularly for the e-Commerce market. The Forrester

52、Research Group is predicting that business-to-business transactions will rise by 99% annually and is expected to reach US$1.3 trillion by 2003. in addition, e-Commerce is expected to account for US$3.2 trillion in worldw

53、ide corporate revenue by 2003 and potentially represent 5% of sales i</p><p>　　Other advanced database applications include:</p><p>　　■ Scientific and medical applications, which may store compl

54、ex data representing systems such as molecular models for synthetic chemical compounds and genetic material.</p><p>　　■ Expert systems, which may store knowledge and rule bases for artificial intelligence (A

55、I) applications.</p><p>　　■ Other applications with complex and interrelated objects and procedural data.</p><p>　　原文摘自2004年出版的 Database Systems A Practical Approach to Design Implementation and

56、 Management第580頁</p><p><b>　　高級數(shù)據(jù)庫應用</b></p><p>　　20世紀90年代，計算機工業(yè)發(fā)生了巨大變化。在數(shù)據(jù)庫方面，可以看到RDBMS廣泛應用于傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)，例如訂單處理、庫存控制、銀行業(yè)務、航班預定等。然而，現(xiàn)在的RDBMS對于一些與傳統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫應用差別較大的新應用則表現(xiàn)出明顯的不足。這些應用包括：</p>&

57、lt;p>　　■ 計算機輔助設計（CAD）</p><p>　　■ 計算機輔助制造（CAM）</p><p>　　■ 計算機輔助軟件工程（CASE）</p><p><b>　　■ 網絡管理系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　■ 辦公信息系統(tǒng)（OIS）和多媒體系統(tǒng)</p><p><b&

58、gt;　　■ 數(shù)字出版</b></p><p><b>　　■ 地理信息系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　■ 交互和互動的Web站點。</p><p>　　計算機輔助設計（CAD）</p><p>　　CAD數(shù)據(jù)庫中存儲著與機械或電子設計相關的數(shù)據(jù)，例如建筑物、飛行器以及集成電路芯片。這種類型的設計具有一些普

59、遍的特征：</p><p>　　■ 設計數(shù)據(jù)具有多類型的特點，每一種類型都有較小數(shù)量的實例。而傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫與之正好相反。例如，DreamHome數(shù)據(jù)庫只有大約12個關系，而一些關系，如PropertyForRent,Client和Viewing可能含有數(shù)千個組。</p><p>　　■ 設計規(guī)模大， 有可能包含幾百萬個組成部分，同時還有許多相互依賴的子系統(tǒng)設計。</p>&l

60、t;p>　　■ 設計不是靜止的，而是隨著時間的推移在變化。.當一個設計發(fā)生改變時，相關信息必須能被傳遞給所有的設計表示。 設計的動態(tài)特征性意味著在設計開始時，一些動作可能是無法預見的。</p><p>　　■ 由于拓撲結構或功能的關聯(lián)、容錯等因素的影響，更新十分復雜。單個修改可能會影響到許多涉及對象。</p><p>　　■ 通常情況下，每個組件考慮多種設計選擇，因此每一個組件都需要

61、維護正確的版本。這就涉及到某種形式的版本控制和配置管理。</p><p>　　■ 可能有數(shù)以百計的設計人員參與設計，并且他們并行的在一個大型設計的多個版本上工作。其實這樣，最終產品必須是椅子和協(xié)調的。 這有時稱為協(xié)作工程。</p><p>　　計算機輔助制造（CAM）</p><p>　　CAM數(shù)據(jù)庫中除了存儲與CAD系統(tǒng)類似的數(shù)據(jù)外，還包含與離散產品（如裝配線上的

62、汽車）和連續(xù)產品（如化學化合物）相關的數(shù)據(jù)。 例如在化學制劑生產中， 可能會有監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)信息（例如反應堆容器的溫度、 流量和產量）的應用程序。 還可能有控制各種各樣物理過程的應用， 比如打開閥門、 給反應堆容器加熱和增加冷卻系統(tǒng)的流量。 這些應用通常是以層次的方式組織起來的， 高層的應用監(jiān)視整個工廠，低層的應用監(jiān)視單個生產過程。 這些應用必須實時地做出反應，并且能夠調節(jié)過程以保證在固定的承受能力范圍內保持較優(yōu)的性能。 這些應用使用標準

63、算法以定制規(guī)范相結合一對不同的情況做出反應。 操作人員可以隨時基于系統(tǒng)必須保持的復雜歷史數(shù)據(jù)優(yōu)化性能，調整這些規(guī)則。 在這個例子中， 系統(tǒng)必須保持大量的分層次的數(shù)據(jù)，還必須保持這些數(shù)據(jù)之間的復雜關系。他還必須能夠快速定位需要查看得數(shù)據(jù)對變化做出反應。 </p><p>　　計算機輔助軟件工程（CASE）</p><p>　　CASE數(shù)據(jù)庫存儲著與軟件開發(fā)周期的各個階段相關的數(shù)據(jù)：規(guī)劃、需求

64、收集和分析、設計、實現(xiàn)、測試、維護和文檔。 與CAD類似，設計可能非常大，并且一般的協(xié)作工程。 例如， 軟件配置管理工具允許項目設計、 代碼和文檔的并發(fā)共享。 此外，他還要追蹤這些組成部分之間的相互依賴的任務的進度安排、成本估算和進展監(jiān)控。</p><p><b>　　網絡管理系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　網絡管理系統(tǒng)協(xié)調計算機網絡中通信服務的傳遞。這些系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行諸

65、如網絡路徑管理、 問題管理和網絡規(guī)劃等任務。 和前面曾經討論過的化學制劑生產的例子相似， 這些系統(tǒng)還要處理復雜的數(shù)據(jù)， 并且要求實時執(zhí)行和連續(xù)操作。 例如：一次電話呼叫可能涉及一系列的網絡交換設備來將一個信息從發(fā)送者傳收到接收者；</p><p>　　NodeLinkNodeLinkNodeLinkNode</p><p>　　其中每一個節(jié)點（Node）代表網絡設備上的一個端口， 每一個鏈

66、路（Link）代表保留給那個連接的一段帶寬。然而，一個節(jié)點可能有多個不同的連接， 創(chuàng)建的任何數(shù)據(jù)庫都必須要處理一個復雜的關系圖。威力路由連接、診斷問題和負載平衡，網絡管理系統(tǒng)必須具有實時在這個復雜的圖中移動的能力。</p><p>　　辦公信息系統(tǒng)（OIS）和多媒體系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　OIS數(shù)據(jù)庫存儲著與計算機控制的商務信息相關的數(shù)據(jù)，包括電子郵件、 文檔、 發(fā)票等。 威力對這個領域

67、提供較好的支持，除了名稱、地址、時間和資金以外，還需要處理廣泛的數(shù)據(jù)類型。 目前，現(xiàn)代系統(tǒng)可以處理自由形式的文本、照片、表格、音頻和視頻序列。例如， 一個多媒體文檔可能包含文本、照片、電子數(shù)據(jù)表和語音解說。文檔可能需要具有要求的特定結構，這可能是石油標記語言，如SGML（標準化通用標記語言）、HTML（超文本標記語言）或者XML（可擴展標記語言）等來描述，將在29章中討論。</p><p>　　文檔可能利用諸如基

68、于Internet技術的電子郵件和公告板系統(tǒng)在許多用戶中共享。這樣的應用也需要存儲比數(shù)字和文本串型元組結構更豐富的數(shù)據(jù)。使用電子設備手寫輸入的需求也在日益上升。盡管許多記錄可以使用手寫分析技術描述成ASCⅡ文本，但大多數(shù)這樣的數(shù)據(jù)還是很難描述的。 除了文字以外，手寫數(shù)據(jù)還可能包含草圖、表格等。</p><p>　　在DreamHouse案例中，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)對于多媒體處理的下列要求：</p><p&

69、gt;　　圖像數(shù)據(jù)：客戶可能查詢一個出租房產的圖像數(shù)據(jù)庫。 一些查詢可能只是簡單地使用文本的描述來標識想要房產的圖像。但在某些情形下，若能使用所希望的房產的某些圖像特征（例如凸窗、內檐口或屋頂花園）進行查詢更好。</p><p>　　視頻數(shù)據(jù)：客戶可能查詢一個視頻出租房產數(shù)據(jù)庫。一些查詢可能只是簡單的使用文本的描述來識別想要查詢的房產的視頻圖像。但也存在某些情形，用戶使用所希望房產的某些視頻特征（例如海景或群山環(huán)

70、繞）來查詢會更好。</p><p>　　音頻數(shù)據(jù)：客戶可能查詢一個音頻出租房產數(shù)據(jù)庫。一些查詢可能只是簡單的使用文本的描述來識別想要的房產。 但也會存在某些情形，若能使用所希望的房產的某些音頻特征（例如附近交通噪聲）查詢可能會更好。</p><p>　　手寫數(shù)據(jù)：工作人員可能在檢查出租房產的同時進行記錄。一段時間后，他可能會希望查詢這些數(shù)據(jù)，以獲得曾記錄過的位于Nover Drive的一些

71、公寓信息。</p><p><b>　　數(shù)字出版</b></p><p>　　在未來10年里，出版業(yè)早商務實踐上可能會經歷深遠的變化。以電子形式存儲書籍、雜志、論文和文章，并且通過高速網絡將它們傳送給消費者已經成為可能。在辦公信息系統(tǒng)的支持下數(shù)字出版能夠處理包含文本、音頻、 圖像視頻數(shù)據(jù)和動畫組成的多媒體文檔。在某些情況下，防盜網山的數(shù)據(jù)量大，可能已PB為單位，這是D

72、BMS有史以來管理過的最大型的數(shù)據(jù)庫。</p><p>　　地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）</p><p>　　GIS數(shù)據(jù)庫存儲著各種類型的空間和時間信息，例如用于土地管理和水下資源開發(fā)的數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)中的大部分時通過勘測和衛(wèi)星圖片獲得的，數(shù)據(jù)量很大?？梢允褂孟冗M的模式識別技術根據(jù)外形、顏色材質等標識特征搜索。</p><p>

73、　　例如，EOS(Earth Observing System,地球觀測系統(tǒng))是一組由NASA在20世紀90年代發(fā)射的衛(wèi)星，目的是為了收集信息，能夠支持科學家對地球的大氣、海洋和陸地的長期發(fā)展趨勢的研究。據(jù)估計，這些衛(wèi)星每年會返回1/3 PB以上的數(shù)據(jù)的信息。這些數(shù)據(jù)將與其他數(shù)據(jù)源綜合，存儲到EOSDIS(EOS Data and Information System,EOS數(shù)據(jù)和信息系統(tǒng))中。EOSDIS將同時為科學家和其他人員提供

74、所需要的信息。例如， 學生將可以訪問EOSDIS看到世界氣候模式的模擬。數(shù)據(jù)庫的巨大規(guī)模，以及支持數(shù)以千計的用戶所提出的大量信息查詢的能力，都給DMBMS帶來了許多挑戰(zhàn)。</p><p>　　交互和動態(tài)的Web站點</p><p>　　考慮一個有在線目錄的銷售服裝的Web站點。站點保持著本站點的訪問者偏愛信息的同居數(shù)據(jù)，并且允許訪問者：</p><p>　　■ 瀏覽

75、目錄中所有項目的縮略圖像， 并且可以選定其中一個得到完全大小的圖像以詳細信息</p><p>　　■ 尋找符合用戶定義一組標準的項目。</p><p>　　■ 得到一個基于定制規(guī)格（例如，顏色、尺碼、質地）的任意服裝款式的 3D透視圖。</p><p>　　■ 根據(jù)移動、照明、背景、場合等調整地透視圖。</p><p>

76、;　　■ 在工具條中列出的項目中的選擇附件進行搭配。</p><p>　　■ 選擇一個畫外音解說，給出關于這種款式的更加詳細的信息。</p><p>　　■ 查看到合適的折扣的流水帳單。</p><p>　　■ 通過安全的在線交易技術完成購買。</p><p>　　這種類型的應用的要求與上面所述的一些高級應用并沒有什么不同：需要處理多媒體內容

77、（文本、音頻、圖像、視頻數(shù)據(jù)以及動畫），并且能夠根據(jù)用戶的喜愛和用戶的選擇交互式的修改顯示。除了處理復雜的數(shù)據(jù)外，站點還因為要提供3D透視圖而增加了復雜度。一些人爭論說，在這種情況下數(shù)據(jù)庫不僅僅為訪問者提供信息，還要及參與出售、動態(tài)提供定制信息并創(chuàng)造對訪問者友好的氣氛（King,1997）.</p><p>　　在第28章和29章將介紹， Web現(xiàn)在為數(shù)據(jù)管理提供了一個新范例及XML等很有前途的語言（尤其對電子商

78、務市場）。Forrester研究組預言，B2B模式的商務活動將以每年99%的速度增長，并預期在2003年將達到1.3萬億美元。此外在2003年，電子商務將可達到3.2萬億的全球總收入占全球經濟銷售額的5%。隨著Interent的普及以及技術的更加復雜，Web站點和企業(yè)對企業(yè)交易將處理更加復雜和相關連的數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　其他一些高級的數(shù)據(jù)庫應用包括：</p><p>　　■ 科學和