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1、<p>  中文3570字,1850單詞,10700英文字符</p><p>  本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>  外文題目: State characteristics and the locational choice of foreign direct investment: Evidence from regional FDI in Mexico 1989-20

2、06 </p><p>  出 處:Growth and change vol.39 No.3(September2008),pp.389-413 </p><p>  作 者: Jacob A. Jordaan </p><p>  State Characteristics and

3、 the Locational Choice of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Regional FDI in Mexico 1989–2006</p><p>  JACOB A. JORDAAN</p><p><b>  ABSTRACT </b></p><p>  Despite

4、the growing importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Mexican economy, statistical evidence on the determinants of the regional distribution of foreign-owned firms is seriously limited. In this paper, empirica

5、l findings are presented from a variety of econometric models that identify several regional characteristics influencing the locational choice of FDI. The main findings are threefold. First, several locational factors ap

6、pear to be potentially important; these include regi</p><p>  Introduction</p><p>  Following several economic crises in the 1970s and early 1980s, Mexico drastically changed its development str

7、ategy in the mid-1980s, implementing far-reaching policies that were designed to liberalize the economy and promote international trade. A central element in this new strategy was the facilitation and promotion of foreig

8、n direct investment (FDI) in Mexico, which proved highly successful (Ramirez 2002, 2003).</p><p>  The importance of this marked acceleration in investment is not confined to direct economic effects associat

9、ed with the large increase in invested capital in the economy. In</p><p>  addition to this, there is substantial evidence that the presence of foreign-owned manufac- turing firms generates positive external

10、ities among Mexican firms (Aitken, Hanson, and Harrison 1997; Blomström, Kokko, and Zejan 2000; Jordaan 2004, 2005, forthcoming-a,b; Ramirez 2000, 2006). Also, there are indications that these externality effects ar

11、e facilitated particularly at the regional level (Aitken, Hanson, and Harrison 1997; Jordaan 2005, forthcoming-a,b). Both Aitken, Hanson, and Harrison (1</p><p>  Despite this importance, little statistical

12、evidence is available on the important question of which factors influence the regional distribution of FDI in Mexico. Empirical evidence on why foreign-owned firms locate in Mexico indicates the importance of factors in

13、cluding geographical proximity to the U.S., the size of the Mexican market for certain industries, relatively low wages, and of course the creation of the North American Free Trade Agree- ment (NAFTA) (Blomström and

14、 Kokko 1997; Cole and</p><p>  The purpose of the present paper is to address this important gap in the literature by conducting an econometrical study to identify regional characteristics that have influenc

15、ed the regional distribution of FDI in Mexico during the period 1989–2006. For this, we estimate a variety of econometric models with several alternative dependent variables that capture important elements of this region

16、al distribution. The main contribution of our analysis is threefold.</p><p>  First, we provide new statistical evidence on which location factors play a role in the location process of FDI in Mexico. Our an

17、alysis is different from Mollick, Duran, and Silva-Ochoa (2006) in several respects. For instance, whereas Mollick, Duran, and Silva- Ochoa look at the period 1994–2001 using data for 22 states, we consider a wider perio

18、d (1989–2006) and use data for all 32 states. Also, we estimate the effect of a wider variety of control variables. Importantly, we use several careful</p><p>  Second, we are able to partly disentangle the

19、role of agglomeration economies in the location process of FDI. In line with recent studies on several other host economies (e.g., Crozet, Mayer, and Muchielli 2004; Guimarâes, Figueiredo, and Woodward 2000; Head, R

20、ies, and Swenson 1995, 1999; Hilber and Voicu 2005), we assess empirically whether the location decision of FDI is affected by the regional presence of agglomeration economies, originating in the manufacturing

21、 sector and service</p><p>  Third, our econometric analysis distinguishes between the location pattern of overall FDI and of the maquiladora industry. By estimating separately econometric models for both ty

22、pes of FDI, we are able to assess whether and how the location process of foreign- owned firms that are predominantly export oriented differs from the general location process of FDI in Mexico.</p><p>  The

23、paper is constructed as follows. In the second section, we discuss recent locational changes of Mexican manufacturing industries during the period of trade liberalization and present indicators of the regional distributi

24、on of FDI during this period. The main finding of this section is that FDI has gravitated to those states that incorporate substantial shares in overall manufacturing employment, suggesting that the factor of agglomerati

25、on is important in the location process of FDI.</p><p>  The third section discusses the data and econometric model. Our panel data set contains observations for the periods 1989–1993, 1994–1998, 1999–2002,

26、and 2003–2006, for the 32 states of Mexico. In line with empirical research on FDI location processes in other host economies, we include right-hand side variables capturing the level of regional demand, wages, human cap

27、ital, infrastructure, and the presence and size of agglomeration economies. In calculating the regional presence of agglomeration </p><p>  The fourth section presents the main findings, of which the followi

28、ng are particularly noteworthy. First, we find that several state characteristics are associated with the regional distribution of FDI flows. The level of regional wages deters the presence of FDI; regional demand, schoo

29、ling, communication networks, and agglomeration economies all have a positive effect on the regional location of new FDI. Findings for restricted samples and with lagged right-hand side variables (as control for e</p&

30、gt;<p>  Second, the effect of agglomeration economies appears to consist of two important elements: both the regional presence of an agglomeration of manufacturing activity and the regional presence of existing F

31、DI firms have independent positive effects on the regional presence of new FDI. This finding is in line with recent empirical evidence on FDI location processes in other host economies.</p><p>  Third, the l

32、ocation process of maquiladora firms appears to be different from the location process of overall FDI. An important difference is that export-oriented firms do not appear to be influenced in their location choice by the

33、level of regional demand. Additional regressions that control for endogeneity and the regional composition of the research sample indicate that infrastructure also appears to be unimportant for these firms. Another diffe

34、rence concerns the effect of agglomeration econo</p><p>  Finally, the fifth section provides a summary of the findings and discusses policy implications and suggestions for future research.</p><p

35、>  Trade Liberalization, Agglomeration, and FDI</p><p>  In response to several economic crises in the 1970s and early 1980s, the Mexican government changed its development strategy drastically in the mid

36、-1980s, substituting a strategy of economic liberalization and trade promotion for the development strategy of import substitution. Import restrictions were either abolished or severely relaxed, structural programs were

37、initiated to promote exporting activities, state-owned companies were sold off at a rapid rate, and the main laws on FDI were changed</p><p>  Regional distribution of manufacturing activity and FDI. </p

38、><p>  Two important elements of the structural changes in the Mexican economy following the introduction of trade liberalization in the 1980s have been the marked increase in the level of FDI into the country

39、and the substantial changes in the relative importance of regions within Mexico. To obtain a good impression of these locational changes in the Mexican economy, we have constructed Table 1, which presents indicators of b

40、oth the regional distribution of manufacturing employment shares and of FDI f</p><p>  The first set of columns indicates how the regional employment shares of the three groups of states have changed during

41、the period of trade liberalization. One feature is that Mexico City has seen its dominance as main agglomeration deteriorate, experiencing a decrease to 21 percent in 2003. At the same time, the border states experienced

42、 an increase in their participation in manufacturing activities to 35 percent. In addition to these two important changes, the group of other states also experi</p><p><b>  譯 文:</b></p>

43、<p>  各州特點(diǎn)和對(duì)外直接投資區(qū)位選擇:1989—2006年墨西哥對(duì)外直接投資區(qū)域的實(shí)證</p><p><b>  摘 要</b></p><p>  盡管對(duì)外直接投資在墨西哥經(jīng)濟(jì)上的作用越來越重要,但是統(tǒng)計(jì)證據(jù)對(duì)外資企業(yè)的區(qū)域分布的決定是有嚴(yán)格限制的。本文給出的實(shí)證結(jié)果研究,是在查明了一些區(qū)域特征對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資區(qū)位影響的多種計(jì)量模型上得出的。主要研究

44、有三點(diǎn)。首先,一些區(qū)位因素顯示出潛在的重要性。包括區(qū)域的需要,工資,教育,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)。第二,聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響出于幾個(gè)方面。特別是,制造業(yè)活動(dòng)群和外商獨(dú)資制造企業(yè)的區(qū)域性存在,都會(huì)對(duì)新的對(duì)外直接投資的區(qū)位決定產(chǎn)生獨(dú)立的積極影響。第三,邊境加工企業(yè)的區(qū)位選址過程不同于整體的對(duì)外直接投資區(qū)位選擇過程。實(shí)際結(jié)果表明,區(qū)域性需求和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施對(duì)以出口為導(dǎo)向的企業(yè)而言,不是重要的選址因素。此外,來自制造業(yè)的聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)和現(xiàn)有的對(duì)外直接投資的聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)將

45、吸引新的邊境加工投資。一個(gè)服務(wù)區(qū)域集聚的存在阻礙了新的邊境加工企業(yè)的選址。最后,聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)在邊境加工企業(yè)的選址過程中顯得更為重要了。</p><p><b>  引 言</b></p><p>  繼20世紀(jì)70年代和80年代初的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī),墨西哥在80年代中期徹底改變了發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,實(shí)施的深遠(yuǎn)意義旨在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)自由化和推進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易。這個(gè)新戰(zhàn)略的中心內(nèi)容是引導(dǎo)和促進(jìn)對(duì)外直接投資

46、,這一戰(zhàn)略核心被證明是非常成功的(拉米雷斯2002年,2003年)。</p><p>  這種投資速度顯著加快的重要性,不僅僅與直接經(jīng)濟(jì)效益投資的大幅提高相關(guān)。此外,有大量證據(jù)表明,外商獨(dú)資制造公司的存在,在墨西哥的公司間產(chǎn)生了積極的外部影響(艾特肯,漢森,以及哈里森1997;Blomström,Kokko和Zejan 2000年;喬達(dá)安2004年,2005年,即將出版;拉米雷斯2000年,2006年)

47、。同樣,有跡象表明,在區(qū)域水平內(nèi),這些外部性影響是有促進(jìn)作用的(艾特肯,漢森和哈里森1997年;喬達(dá)安2005年,即將出版)。艾特肯,漢森和哈里森(1997年)以及喬達(dá)安(2005年,即將出版)都發(fā)現(xiàn)正外部性產(chǎn)業(yè)的對(duì)外直接投資促進(jìn)了墨西哥高層次的地理集中。與此相關(guān),喬達(dá)安(即將出版)的調(diào)查結(jié)果表明了,地理上的距離對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資溢出效應(yīng)的空間有負(fù)面影響。根據(jù)這些直接和間接的影響,可以引起對(duì)外直接投資者在區(qū)域?qū)用娴目紤]。墨西哥政府認(rèn)為,吸引

48、新的對(duì)外直接投資將作為其區(qū)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的一個(gè)不可分割的組成部分。</p><p>  盡管對(duì)外直接投資如此重要,但是沒有多少統(tǒng)計(jì)證據(jù),可以用在墨西哥對(duì)外直接投資的區(qū)域分布的影響因素問題上。有關(guān)外資公司為什么要設(shè)置在墨西哥的實(shí)證研究,表明了一些重要影響因素,包括墨西哥的地理位置接近美國(guó),墨西哥某些行業(yè)的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模,相對(duì)較低的工資,還有創(chuàng)造北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議(Blomström和Kokko 1997年;科爾和少尉

49、2005年;愛與拉赫,伊達(dá)爾戈2000年; MacDermott 2007年,托馬斯和格洛斯2001年)。與此相比,有關(guān)墨西哥的對(duì)外直接投資區(qū)域分布的影響因素的證據(jù)是較少的。最近,一份在1994—2001年期間有關(guān)對(duì)外直接投資流量的統(tǒng)計(jì)證據(jù)表明,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的區(qū)域差異影響了對(duì)外直接投資選址的過程(Mollick,杜蘭和席爾瓦-奧查婭2006年)。本文的目的是為了解決這一重要的差距,在此過程中所進(jìn)行的計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究,是為了找出那些在1989—

50、2006年期間影響墨西哥對(duì)外直接投資區(qū)域分布的特征。為此,我們估計(jì)了多種可供選擇的因變量的計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)模型類型,獲得了這一區(qū)域分布的重要因素。我們分析的主要貢獻(xiàn)有三方面。</p><p>  第一,我們提供了新的統(tǒng)計(jì)證據(jù),在對(duì)外直接投資過程中的角色定位中發(fā)揮區(qū)位因素的作用。我們?cè)谝恍┓矫娴姆治霾煌贛ollick,杜蘭和席爾瓦-奧查婭(2006年)。例如,從Mollick,杜蘭和席爾瓦-奧查婭在1994—2001年期

51、間使用的22個(gè)州的數(shù)據(jù)來看,我們認(rèn)為一個(gè)更廣泛的時(shí)期是1989—2006年,并使用所有32個(gè)州的數(shù)據(jù)。此外,我們預(yù)測(cè)了一個(gè)更廣泛的控制變量的影響因素。重要的是,我們利用了幾個(gè)能夠精心衡量區(qū)域聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)的指標(biāo),更加密切地指向了潛在的相關(guān)概念。</p><p>  第二,在對(duì)外直接投資區(qū)位選擇過程中,我們能夠放棄部分聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)的作用。根據(jù)最近對(duì)其他幾個(gè)東道國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體的研究(例如, 克羅澤,邁耶和Muchielli 2004

52、年;吉馬良斯,菲格雷多和伍德沃德2000年;海德,里斯和斯文森1995年,1999年; Hilber和沃伊庫(kù)2005年),我們進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析的是:對(duì)外直接投資地點(diǎn)的決定是否會(huì)受聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)域在制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的影響。此外,我們還允許外資制造企業(yè)的區(qū)域存在對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資流動(dòng)方面有獨(dú)立的影響。</p><p>  第三,我們的計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)分析區(qū)分整體的對(duì)外直接投資的位置模式和邊境加工業(yè)的位置模式。通過對(duì)這兩種類型的對(duì)外直接

53、投資的計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)模型的單獨(dú)估計(jì),我們可以評(píng)估外資企業(yè)在墨西哥是否以及如何在以出口為導(dǎo)向的公司的選址過程中不同于一般選址過程的對(duì)外直接投資。</p><p>  本文構(gòu)造如下。在第二部分中,我們討論在貿(mào)易自由化時(shí)期,墨西哥制造業(yè)最近的區(qū)位變化和在此期間,對(duì)外直接投資的區(qū)域分布的現(xiàn)有指標(biāo)。本節(jié)的主要結(jié)論是,對(duì)外直接投資吸引一些國(guó)家的大量股份,并納入整體制造業(yè)的就業(yè),這表明聚集因素在對(duì)外直接投資選址過程中是十分重要的。&

54、lt;/p><p>  第三部分討論了數(shù)據(jù)和計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)模型。我們的面板數(shù)據(jù)集包含了觀察階段在1989—1993年,1994—1998年,1999—2002年,2003—2006年,墨西哥的所有32個(gè)州。根據(jù)其他東道國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體對(duì)外直接投資選址過程的實(shí)證研究,包括右側(cè)變量所表示的區(qū)域需求水平,工資,人力資本,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)的存在和規(guī)模大小。在計(jì)算聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)的區(qū)域性存在時(shí),我們區(qū)分制造業(yè)活動(dòng),服務(wù)城市群,以及現(xiàn)有的制造業(yè)對(duì)外

55、直接投資。</p><p>  第四部分介紹的主要成果,其中有以下幾點(diǎn)尤其值得注意。</p><p>  第一,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),一些州的特征和對(duì)外直接投資流動(dòng)的區(qū)域分布相關(guān)聯(lián)。區(qū)域工資水平阻礙了對(duì)外直接投資的存在;區(qū)域性需求,教育,通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò),聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)都對(duì)新的對(duì)外直接投資的區(qū)域位置產(chǎn)生積極的影響。研究結(jié)果為限制樣品和滯后的右側(cè)變量結(jié)果(作為內(nèi)生性控制)提供了支持,并且可以使該區(qū)域需求的估計(jì)影響包含

56、內(nèi)生性的組成成分,反應(yīng)的關(guān)系,與對(duì)外直接投資流入國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)高水平的區(qū)域國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的較高水平相關(guān)聯(lián)。</p><p>  第二,聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)效果有兩個(gè)重要因素。無論是制造業(yè)活動(dòng)的聚集的區(qū)域性存在,還是對(duì)外直接投資企業(yè)的現(xiàn)有區(qū)域的存在,都對(duì)新的對(duì)外直接投資的區(qū)域性存具有獨(dú)立的積極作用。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)符合近來其他東道國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體在對(duì)外直接投資的選址過程方面的實(shí)證證據(jù)。</p><p>  第三,邊境加工企業(yè)的選

57、址過程不同于整體的對(duì)外直接投資的選址過程。一個(gè)重要區(qū)別是,出口導(dǎo)向型的企業(yè)在區(qū)位選擇方面不會(huì)通過區(qū)域需求水平而受到影響。額外的回歸分析,為內(nèi)生性和為研究樣本區(qū)域性組成的控制表明,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施似乎對(duì)這些公司也并不重要。另一個(gè)不同之處是關(guān)于聚集經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)。鑒于制造業(yè)活動(dòng)群的存在和現(xiàn)有的區(qū)域性對(duì)外直接投資是正相關(guān)的區(qū)域邊境加工就業(yè)水平,一個(gè)服務(wù)聚集區(qū)域的存在與邊境加工就業(yè)是負(fù)相關(guān)的??傊@些研究結(jié)果表明,邊境加工企業(yè)吸引到的區(qū)域生產(chǎn)中心,主要包括

58、制造業(yè)活動(dòng)。此外,相對(duì)而言,制造業(yè)活動(dòng)的聚集區(qū)域的存在似乎在邊境加工企業(yè)區(qū)位決策方面發(fā)揮了更加重要的作用。</p><p>  最后,第五部分做出總結(jié),討論政策的影響以及對(duì)于未來研究的建議。</p><p>  貿(mào)易自由化,產(chǎn)業(yè)聚集和對(duì)外直接投資</p><p>  為了應(yīng)對(duì)20世紀(jì)70年代和80年代初的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī),墨西哥政府在20世紀(jì)80年代中期,急劇改變了其發(fā)展戰(zhàn)

59、略,取代了進(jìn)口替代的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,是經(jīng)濟(jì)自由化和貿(mào)易推廣的策略。對(duì)于進(jìn)口限制要么取消要么大力放松;啟動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)方案,以促進(jìn)出口活動(dòng);國(guó)有企業(yè)紛紛迅速被出售,對(duì)外直接投資的主要法律被修改了多次,以推動(dòng)和促進(jìn)墨西哥經(jīng)濟(jì)的對(duì)外直接投資水平(盧舍和卡特1992;帕切科-洛佩茲2005;拉米雷斯2002,2003)。此外,邊境加工計(jì)劃獲得了新的沖力,為了在這一計(jì)劃中增加裝配式的外商獨(dú)資制造企業(yè)的數(shù)量(斯凱爾1993)。這些措施在促進(jìn)對(duì)外直接投資方面非常成

60、功。例如,在20世紀(jì)90年代,對(duì)外直接投資水平增加了一倍多(拉米雷斯2002,2003)。此外,邊境加工項(xiàng)目發(fā)展迅速。作為這一跡象,在1980年只有8%的墨西哥制造業(yè)勞動(dòng)力為邊境加工企業(yè)工作,而在2003年這一比例已經(jīng)上升到了25%。最后,各種為了開放和促進(jìn)墨西哥經(jīng)濟(jì)的國(guó)際化的努力已經(jīng)鎖定,在1994年,墨西哥、美國(guó)和加拿大建立的北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議,也助長(zhǎng)了近年來進(jìn)一步的開放政策。</p><p>  制造業(yè)活動(dòng)的

61、區(qū)域分布和對(duì)外直接投資</p><p>  在二十世紀(jì)八十年代,隨著貿(mào)易自由化的引入,墨西哥經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)變化中的兩個(gè)重要因素,在國(guó)家對(duì)外直接投資水平中產(chǎn)生了顯著的增長(zhǎng)影響,并在墨西哥的相對(duì)重要領(lǐng)域帶來了巨大變化。在墨西哥經(jīng)濟(jì)中,為了獲得這些區(qū)位變化的好印象,我們構(gòu)建了表1,其中列出了1988—2006年期間的選定年份里,制造業(yè)的就業(yè)股的區(qū)域分布和對(duì)外直接投資的區(qū)域分布的指標(biāo)。我們區(qū)分墨西哥城(聯(lián)邦區(qū)和墨西哥州),邊境

62、州(南下加利福尼亞,科阿韋拉,奇瓦瓦,新萊昂州,索諾拉州,塔毛利帕斯州)以及其他國(guó)家的一些州。</p><p>  第一組的列指示表明了,在貿(mào)易自由化時(shí)期,國(guó)家的三類地區(qū)的就業(yè)股價(jià)是怎樣改變的。一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是,墨西哥城在經(jīng)歷了2003年股價(jià)下降了21%,把它的優(yōu)勢(shì)主要看做為聚集的惡化。同時(shí),邊境各州在他們的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中增加了35%。除了這兩個(gè)重要的變化外,其他國(guó)家集團(tuán)的參與份額也有了一定的增長(zhǎng)。</p>

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