金融經(jīng)濟外文文獻翻譯

1、<p>　　鄭州大學(xué)商學(xué)院金融外文文獻翻譯</p><p>　　題 目： WTO and Capital Peking’s Economy </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： 職稱： </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué)號： </p><p>　　專 業(yè)：

2、 </p><p>　　院（系）： </p><p>　　完成時間： </p><p>　　WTO and Capital Peking’s Economy</p><p>　　J effrey J . McMillan</p>&l

3、t;p><b>　　ABSTRACT</b></p><p>　　China’s accession to the WTO is an important event of our economic life in the course of reforms and opening. Therefore, Peking Municipal Government has establis

4、hed a special research team, which is designated to the study on the subject of China’s accession to the WTO and its impacts on the economic development of the capital. Here are only some views on the primary results of

5、the research.</p><p>　　I. Impacts on the economy of the capital</p><p>　　China’s accession to the WTO means that our country will integrate and participate in the course of the economic globaliz

6、ation with an unprecedented extent and depth, and Peking will be in a brand new environment of development. The requirements of the market system reflected by the free trade principles and rules advocated by the WTO and

7、the industrial orientation implied in the furtherance of the new international division of labor are consistent with the general direction of the economic deve</p><p>　　II. Basic principles to be observed in

8、 developing the economy of the capital upon China’s accession to the WTO</p><p>　　Upon China’s accession to the WTO, the economic development of the capital shall abide by the principles of comparative advan

9、tages and stick to the principles of reforms and innovation and the principles of the balance of focus on both domestic and foreign opening, thus pushing the economic growth and increasingly expanding the three demands f

10、or investment, consumption and import and export. </p><p>　　In view of investment, it is initially estimated that for the first years upon China’s accession to the WTO, the domestic investment growth will be

11、 impacted by about 1--2%, the growth of the utilization of foreign investment will be impacted by 8--10%, and calculated on the basis of the current investment composition, total investment of fixed assets will witness a

12、 growth of 2--3.5%. Based on the elasticity of fixed asset against GDP from 1982 through 1998, the growth of GDP will be promoted by </p><p>　　III. Impacts on foreign economy and trade of the capital</p&g

13、t;<p>　　At present, there exists obvious gaps between the foreign trade management system of our country and the requirements of the WTO, which are embodied as follows: </p><p>　?。?）Incomplete system

14、of laws and regulations; </p><p>　?。?）High import tariffs;</p><p>　?。?）Numerous onus administrative measures of import and export: currently, 35 varieties of import commodities and 59 varieties

15、of export commodities adopt licensing administration, most of which are not permitted for imposition of import and export restrictions by the WTO;</p><p>　?。?）Failure to fully implement non-discriminatory pr

16、inciples, such as not adopting national treatment with foreign investment enterprises;</p><p>　?。?）Insufficient transparency in foreign economic and trade policies.</p><p>　?。?）The resources con

17、trol and environment pressure</p><p>　　Peking belongs to serious water shortage region, person all the water resources shortage 300 sign a square rice, only occupy quantity for the national person of 1/8, pe

18、rson in world all occupies quantity of 1/30, the water resources supply and demand antinomy's turning worse continuously will be the suburban area economy to develop main check and supervision factor;Resources quanti

19、ty in land is limited, spare resources shortage, the agriculture uses ground to reduce gradually;The village labor f</p><p>　　Face new situation, the suburban area economy the development still exists some a

20、ntinomies and problem, main performance at:The economic total amount and structure and capital city position,economy movement mechanism and market economy request,the industrialization level and modernization strategy,sm

21、all town the development and construction internationalize the metropolis,the farmer income growth speed and contract the city country difference, etc. still exists not adapt of place.How develop the</p><p>

22、　　The influence that joins WTO to the capital city outside traid mainly expresses for the traditional advantage product export growth, the exit of the traditional market steady growth, the newly arisen market export will

23、 have already greatlied compare to increase as well, each kind of product that export a business enterprise is subjected to the influence degree dissimilarity, the overseas-funded enterprises advantage is obvious, outsid

24、e traid the professional company difficulty compare greatly, i</p><p>　　Will exceed the goods trade to attain this year according to statistics 40 have another hundred million.Drawing on the foreign capital

25、influence to the capital city to mainly express for the policy will make further adjustment;To the special policy of the overseas-funded enterprises to citizen the treatment change;Loosen outward a company the industry r

26、ealm of the investment;Increase the clarity that the outside company invests law,laws.</p><p>　　The impacts of the accession of the WTO on the foreign trade of the capital are mainly reflected as follows: th

27、e export of traditional advantageous industries will witness growth, the export of traditional market will witness stable growth, the export of the emerging market will also witness rapid growth, the impacts are differen

28、t on the products of various export-oriented enterprises whereby the advantages of foreign-invested enterprises are obvious and while the difficulties of professional fo</p><p>　　The impacts on the introduct

29、ion of foreign investment of the capital are mainly as follows: policies will be further adjusted; the preferential policies with foreign-invested enterprises will shift to national treatment; the industrial fields will

30、be extended for foreign investment; and the transparency will be enhanced in the laws and regulations on foreign investment</p><p>　　IV. Policy proposals on the foreign economic and trade development of the

31、capital and speeding up the reforms of state-owned foreign trade enterprises.</p><p>　　For the institutional reforms of foreign economic and trade systems, the administrative functions of the government will

32、 be changed in foreign economy and trade, and the municipal government will adopt measures for streamlining the establishment and institutions, simplifying the procedures of the approval and ratification functions, enhan

33、cing efficiency and improving the environment quality; speeding up the construction in foreign-related economic laws and regulations and policies; and making be</p><p>　　For trade in goods, mainly making use

34、 of the advantages of the capital for creating a good trade environment; implementing the strategy of trade promotion based on science and technology, optimizing the composition of export commodities, increasing the expo

35、rt of hi-tech produces by even greater extent, and especially focusing on developing the software export in Peking; implementing the strategy of “going out” for development of transnational operations; and expending the

36、subjects for operations</p><p>　　In terms of trade in services, mainly establishing and perfecting the management system of the trade in services and formulating plans; perfecting the policy provisions on se

37、rvice industries and the policies on trade in services; and speeding up the cultivation of the talents in trade of services. </p><p>　　In terms of utilization of foreign investment, mainly reinforcing the st

38、rength in improving investment climate; adjusting the strategy for introduction of foreign merchants and capital; and expanding the fields, channels and means. </p><p>　　The measures for reforms of foreign t

39、rade enterprises include expansion of opening, adopting the important way of introduction of foreign investment and the process of industries, with the sales channels of foreign investment, thus reducing the threshold of

40、 policies; carrying out enterprise restructuring for advancement by streamlining; allowing for employees’ holding of shares, option incentives, and formulating relaxed systems for maximal maneuvering and scheduling of th

41、e initiatives of people</p><p>　　W T O 與 首 都 北 京 經(jīng) 濟</p><p><b>　　[摘要]</b></p><p>　　中國入世，是中國經(jīng)濟生活和改革開放進程中的重大事件。為此，北京市政府建立了專門研究小組就中國加入WTO對首都經(jīng)濟發(fā)展課題進行研究。現(xiàn)僅就研究的初步成果談一些看法。</

42、p><p>　　關(guān)鍵字 經(jīng)濟發(fā)展 投資 政策 改革的影響 環(huán)境</p><p>　　1 對首都經(jīng)濟的影響</p><p>　　加入WTO 意味著中國將以前所未有的廣度和深度融入并參與經(jīng)濟全球化進程，北京面臨著全新的發(fā)展環(huán)境。世界經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易組織所提倡的貿(mào)易自由化原則及其規(guī)則所反映的市場體制的要求以及在推進新的國際分工中隱含的產(chǎn)業(yè)導(dǎo)向與首都經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的總體

43、方向是一致的。面對更加開放的市場體系，北京作為國際交往中心的城市地位，具有科技教育發(fā)達的資源稟賦，較強的綜合經(jīng)濟實力以及業(yè)已形成的全方位、多層次、寬領(lǐng)域的對外格局，使北京相對于其他地區(qū)處于較為有利的競爭地位，在國際競爭中有可能爭得某種相對的優(yōu)勢。因此，確定正確的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和策略，積極主動、因勢利導(dǎo)、趨利避害完全可以最大限度地分享入世所帶來的利益和機遇，最大限度地減少震蕩和沖擊，從而有利地推動首都經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。</p><p

44、>　　2 入世后發(fā)展首都經(jīng)濟要遵循的基本原則</p><p>　　入世后，首都經(jīng)濟發(fā)展將遵循發(fā)揮比較優(yōu)勢的原則；堅持改革創(chuàng)新的原則；對內(nèi)對外開放并重的原則，推動經(jīng)濟增長，繼續(xù)擴大投資、消費、進出口三大需求。</p><p>　　在投資方面，初步估算在加入世貿(mào)后的前三年將影響國內(nèi)投資增長約1_2個百分點，利用外資投資增長約8_10％，按照目前投資結(jié)構(gòu)計算，固定資產(chǎn)投資總體上將有2_3

45、.5％增幅。根據(jù)1982_1998年固定資產(chǎn)對GDP的彈性系數(shù)，將會促進GDP有1.5_2.5％的增幅；在消費方面，入世初期將促進居民消費總量增長速度約提高1_1.5％，最終消費總量年增長速度約提高0.6％，也就是說到協(xié)議承諾全部實現(xiàn)以后，入世將促進北京居民消費總量增長約提高5_6％，最終消費總量提高約4％，帶動GDP增長2_2.5％；在進出口方面，北京傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)品出口將有較多增長，特別是輕紡產(chǎn)品和機電產(chǎn)品。入世后，全市進口需求明顯增加

46、，增幅將超過出口，進口大于出口的局面不會改變；在就業(yè)問題方面，總趨勢是經(jīng)濟的持續(xù)增長會帶來就業(yè)總量增加，勞動力供大于求的狀況可以緩解，特別是北京吸引外資總量會有較大增長，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展速度加快，這兩方面都將創(chuàng)造出新的就業(yè)崗位，但短期內(nèi)就業(yè)的壓力仍比較大。隨著中國加入WTO，首都經(jīng)濟發(fā)展也必然有一個產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級的問題。中國分析首都面臨發(fā)展機遇的產(chǎn)業(yè)主要包括農(nóng)業(yè)、高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)、食品飲料及輕工業(yè)、旅游業(yè)、科</p><p&

47、gt;　　3 對首都經(jīng)貿(mào)的影響</p><p>　　目前中國外貿(mào)管理體制與世貿(mào)組織的要求存在著明顯差距，具體表現(xiàn)為：</p><p>　?。?）法律法規(guī)體系不健全； </p><p>　　在論及“統(tǒng)治”（管理）的時候，合法性是一個很復(fù)雜的概念。它可以通過選舉和反映一個團體政治意愿的代表贏得多數(shù)票而產(chǎn)生。此外，一個統(tǒng)治機構(gòu)還可以通過它的決策和工作結(jié)果的合理性和有效性

48、來贏得權(quán)威和公眾的接受?！叭嗣裰鳈?quán)論”（人民選舉并有權(quán)處理政務(wù)）和“有效性”（即決策和工作結(jié)果的合理性和有效性）在一定程度上是可以互相替代的。這樣，盡管一些政府在位期間的治理結(jié)果并不是非常顯著，但是卻可以因為連續(xù)贏得選舉而繼續(xù)掌權(quán)（例如，上個世紀的阿根廷的統(tǒng)治）。在另一些情況下，政府雖然缺乏民主性（如新加坡），但是卻可以通過他們的有效治理和滿足公眾的要求來維系公眾的支持和接受。作為一種慣例，在人們感覺技術(shù)性和科學(xué)性很強的領(lǐng)域里，人們似乎

49、更樂意把權(quán)力讓給專家決策機構(gòu)，由他們來做出決策。例如，看起來只要經(jīng)濟能夠持續(xù)強勁，美國公眾就會樂意把貨幣政策交到并不十分民主的阿蘭.格林斯潘領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的聯(lián)邦儲備委員會手中。</p><p>　　體制也是合法性的一個重要方面。一個專門的決策機構(gòu)的權(quán)力不僅取決于那些做出決定的人對選民的責(zé)任感或者他們對可選結(jié)果的合理性的理解，還取決于決策機構(gòu)賴以存在的更為廣泛的體制的民主性和“有效性”。例如，美國最高法院具有高度的合法性。雖

50、然他的法官不是選舉產(chǎn)生的，而且有時他們的決定看起來缺乏充分的合理性；但是，美國最高法院深深地嵌在由立法機構(gòu)、執(zhí)法機構(gòu)和司法機構(gòu)組成的廣泛的體制結(jié)構(gòu)中，這種體制提供了一種嚴密的監(jiān)督制衡的網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)。從總體上來說，這種體制為美國公眾和他們的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間提供了一種強有力的聯(lián)系而且產(chǎn)生了很好的效果。</p><p>　　從歷史上來看，現(xiàn)存貿(mào)易體制并不是由當選的對特定的公眾負責(zé)的官員來制定的，相反，其合法性僅源于人們感知到

51、的“有效性”及其作為國際經(jīng)濟管理結(jié)構(gòu)的一個組成部分所具有的價值。確實，這種GATT——WTO體制可能代表了二十世紀專家決策的最高水平和人們信奉這種以官僚主義合理性為核心的統(tǒng)治模式的觀念。直到最近，貿(mào)易體制依然在受益于一種專家決策的理念——即：國際經(jīng)濟和貿(mào)易政策制定是技術(shù)性極強的領(lǐng)域，最好交給由合格專家組成的精英小組來完成。這樣在官員與選舉的必要聯(lián)系方面，由指定產(chǎn)生的貿(mào)易官員（包括國家級的和國際級的）與選舉產(chǎn)生的政府之間的聯(lián)系似乎是相當充

52、分的。</p><p>　　但是，公眾對于貿(mào)易和制定貿(mào)易政策的理解已經(jīng)改變了，貿(mào)易不再被認為是只有技術(shù)專家才可以精通的晦澀的政策領(lǐng)域。相反地，現(xiàn)在有關(guān)貿(mào)易的議題和行動已經(jīng)成為世界人民廣泛關(guān)注和討論的焦點。貿(mào)易體制不可能再以專家統(tǒng)治論的合理性來順順當當?shù)匕l(fā)揮作用。正如我將要在下文詳細討論的一樣，由于缺乏真正的“人民主權(quán)”賴以存在的基礎(chǔ)，在世貿(mào)組織的合法性受到置疑和批評的情況下，其合法性的另一種替代基礎(chǔ)——“有效性”

53、就成為必不可少的條件。因此，這個組織需要重新建立其“有效性”的聲譽。不僅需要同那些與貿(mào)易政策利益相關(guān)的各國公眾之間建立一種新的聯(lián)系，同時，還應(yīng)加強能夠監(jiān)督制衡世貿(mào)組織運行的體制結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　?。?）進口關(guān)稅水平較高；</p><p>　?。?）進出口管理的行政措施過多：目前實行許可證管理的進口商品35種，出口商品59種，其中大部分屬于世貿(mào)組織未允許對進出口加以限制的商品；<

54、;/p><p>　?。?）未能完全實施非歧視原則，如對外商投資企業(yè)尚未實行國民待遇；</p><p>　　（5）對外經(jīng)貿(mào)政策透明度不夠；</p><p>　　(6) 資源約束與環(huán)境壓力；</p><p>　　北京屬于嚴重缺水地區(qū)，人均水資源不足300立方米，僅為全國人均占有量的1/8，世界人均占有量的1/30，水資源供需矛盾不斷加劇將是郊區(qū)經(jīng)濟發(fā)

55、展主要的制約因素；土地資源數(shù)量有限，后備資源不足，農(nóng)用地日趨減少；農(nóng)村勞動力素質(zhì)難以滿足經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展的客觀需要。同時，郊區(qū)作為首都的生態(tài)屏障，生態(tài)環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)仍然比較脆弱，在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展過程中建設(shè)和保護生態(tài)環(huán)境、實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展面臨著艱巨任務(wù)。</p><p>　　面對新的形勢，郊區(qū)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展還存在著一些矛盾和問題，主要表現(xiàn)在：經(jīng)濟總量和結(jié)構(gòu)與首都地位、經(jīng)濟運行機制與市場經(jīng)濟要求、工業(yè)化水平與現(xiàn)代化戰(zhàn)略、小城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)展與建設(shè)國際

56、化大都市、農(nóng)民收入增長速度與縮小城鄉(xiāng)差別等方面還存在不適應(yīng)的地方。如何充分發(fā)揮郊區(qū)的區(qū)位、科技、信息等優(yōu)勢，進一步解決這些矛盾和問題，是“十五”期間加快郊區(qū)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展步伐、提高農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化水平所面臨的重要課題。</p><p>　　加入WTO對首都外貿(mào)的影響主要表現(xiàn)為傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)品出口將增長，傳統(tǒng)市場的出口將平穩(wěn)增長，新興市場出口也將有較大增長，各類出口企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品受影響程度不同，外資企業(yè)優(yōu)勢明顯，外貿(mào)專業(yè)公司困難

57、較大，進口可能會大幅度增長，服務(wù)貿(mào)易收入和支出都將以更快速度增長。</p><p>　　據(jù)統(tǒng)計今年將超過貨物貿(mào)易達到40多億。對首都吸引外資影響主要表現(xiàn)為政策將作進一步調(diào)整；對外資企業(yè)的優(yōu)惠政策向國民待遇轉(zhuǎn)變；放寬對外商投資的產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域；增加外商投資法律、法規(guī)的透明度。</p><p>　　4 發(fā)展首都外經(jīng)貿(mào)對策建議與加快國有外貿(mào)企業(yè)改革</p><p>　　關(guān)于

58、外經(jīng)貿(mào)體制改革，主要是轉(zhuǎn)變政府外經(jīng)貿(mào)管理職能，市政府將采取措施、精簡機構(gòu)、簡化審批職能程序、提高效率、改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量；加快涉外經(jīng)濟法規(guī)和政策建設(shè)；更好地發(fā)揮對外經(jīng)貿(mào)中介組織和機構(gòu)的作用。</p><p>　　關(guān)于貨物貿(mào)易主要發(fā)揮首都優(yōu)勢，營造良好貿(mào)易環(huán)境；實施科技興貿(mào)戰(zhàn)略，優(yōu)化出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)，更大幅度地提高高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品的出口，在北京特別要重點發(fā)展軟件的出口；實施“走出去”戰(zhàn)略，發(fā)展跨國經(jīng)營；擴大外貿(mào)經(jīng)營主體，形成規(guī)模

59、較大的對外經(jīng)貿(mào)集團。</p><p>　　關(guān)于服務(wù)貿(mào)易主要是建立、健全服務(wù)貿(mào)易管理體制，制定規(guī)劃；完善服務(wù)業(yè)和服務(wù)貿(mào)易的政策規(guī)定；加快服務(wù)貿(mào)易人才培養(yǎng)。</p><p>　　關(guān)于利用外資主要是加大改善投資環(huán)境力度；調(diào)整招商引資策略；擴大領(lǐng)域、渠道、方式。</p><p>　　外貿(mào)企業(yè)改革措施包括擴大開放，吸引外資是重要途徑，工業(yè)是流程，外資有銷售渠道，降低政策門檻；

60、進行企業(yè)重組，拉緊前進；允許職工持股、期權(quán)激勵，制定寬松制度，最大限度調(diào)動人的積極性；可實行債轉(zhuǎn)股；允許外貿(mào)公司破產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　在一個充滿復(fù)雜的互相依賴性的世界上，有效的全球化機構(gòu)是必不可少的，但他們的決策過程必須是公開的，并且是可以接受的。雖然在全球范圍內(nèi)還不存在一個統(tǒng)一的政治團體，而且也不可能期望這些國際組織在近期內(nèi)能通過直接選舉程序來規(guī)范其責(zé)任和義務(wù)。但是可以預(yù)料將會出現(xiàn)更多的更有代表性的國際決

61、策機構(gòu)，也包括一個重新充滿活力的世界貿(mào)易組織。拓寬全球化統(tǒng)治的基礎(chǔ)，創(chuàng)建一種既可以橫向地制約國際組織的權(quán)力，又可以縱向地調(diào)節(jié)世界級權(quán)力和國家級權(quán)力的監(jiān)督制衡機制，必定會隨著時間的推移而收到越來越好的效果。除了通過承諾使程序更為透明和為廣泛的全球范圍的政治對話提供一個論壇來增加其合法性以外，世貿(mào)組織還應(yīng)該重新建立其“有效性”的聲譽。為了做到這一點，貿(mào)易團體必須表明它們已經(jīng)認識到世貿(mào)組織的決策與其他領(lǐng)域的價值有著更為廣泛的牽連，而且還必須使