外文翻譯--基于單片機(jī)的火災(zāi)探測(cè)和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)

1、<p><b>　　附錄A：英文附錄</b></p><p>　　Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach to</p><p>　　fire detection and monitoring system</p><p>　　A.J. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD</p

2、><p>　　D. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD</p><p>　　M.S. Khassem, MSc</p><p>　　Indexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoring</p><p>　　Abstract: A complete system for fir

3、e detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants. The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line. The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision makin

4、g, thus the complexity is distributed. A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure. The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapte

5、d to a multitude of plant</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　Regulatory requirements for most high risk plants and buildings mandate the installation of fire detection and warning systems for all

6、sensitive areas of the plant or the building. Most fire codes state the requirement for monitoring and control specifically related to a type of a plant or building such as chemical plants, petroleum, nuclear plants, res

7、idential high-rises etc. A general conclusion of these codes can be specified as the following requirements :</p><p>　　(a) The source of all detector signals should be exactly identifiable by the central sta

8、tion</p><p>　　(b) An extra path of communication between the central station and all local controllers</p><p>　　(c) Direct means of control of alarm and central equipment by the central station&

9、lt;/p><p>　　(d) Means of communication between the central station and the fire department</p><p>　　(e) Availability of emergency power supply. The codes usually also specify the types and frequenc

10、y of tests for all equipment.</p><p>　　A fire detection and alarm system is a combination of devices designed to signal an alarm in case of a fire. The system may also accomplish fan control, fire door hold

11、or release, elevator recall, emergency lighting control and other emergency functions. These additional functions supplement the basic system which consists of detection and alarm devices and central control unit.</p&

12、gt;<p>　　Technology has an influence on system architecture. When technology changes, the architecture has to be revised to take advantage of these changes. In recent years, VLSI technology has been advancing at a

13、n exponential rate. First NMOS and, in the last year or two, CMOS chips have been produced with the same packing density with more gates per chip yet at a lower power consumption than NMOS. Surely this change in technolo

14、gy must affect our design of hardware at both the chip and the system level.</p><p>　　2 Detection and alarm devices</p><p>　　A basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and an

15、nunciation. An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detecting</p><p>　　the byproduct of a combustion. Smoke det

16、ectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly used</p><p>　　detector devices. When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increases</p>&l

17、t;p>　　from the pA to the mA range (say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA) in the active mode. Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as those

18、</p><p>　　given in Table 1. The more sensitive the detector, the more susceptible it is to false alarms. In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence tec

19、hnique can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T. The detection technique depends greatly on the location and p

20、lant being protected; smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultr</p><p>　　Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and

21、emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants. Heaviside [4] has an excellent</p>

22、<p>　　review of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.</p><p>　　2.1 Control philosophy and division of labour</p><p>　　Our control philosophy is implemented hierarchically. Three

23、 levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making. There is no communication between equipment on the same level. Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regardi

24、ng the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands. This is shown in Fig. 1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker (when not in manual mode). At level 2 a

25、r</p><p>　　Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers. Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer. T

26、ransfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards. Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level. This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy fo

27、r exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.</p><p>　　The classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts t

28、hat</p><p>　　(a) When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed</p><p>　　(b) The decisions have uncertainty</p><p>　　(c) It will isola

29、te local decisions (e.g. locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)</p><p>　　3 General hardware</p><p>　　I :Fig. 2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms.

30、 The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel. This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible. However, on

31、e major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling. In cases where reliability is of extreme importance, two or even three cables taking different</p><p>　　routes throughout the

32、 system may be connected in parallel. Fig. 3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus. This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the inter

33、face between the central station and the local stations.</p><p>　　3. 1 Central control task</p><p>　　A central unit provides a centralized point to monitor and control the system activities. In

34、the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.</p><p>　　(i) It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.</p><p&

35、gt;　　(ii) It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.</p><p>　　(iii) It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.</p><p>　　(iu) It provides a system test point of loca

36、l stations and itself.</p><p>　　(u) It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.</p><p>　　3.2 Local stations</p><p>　　The local stations can take local deci

37、sions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs. In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g. the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units

38、 on the same level; the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.</p><p>　　It is evident that a powerful machine is

39、 required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented. The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.</p><p>　　A single chip microco

40、mputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer. This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.</p><p>

41、;　　In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization

42、of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations. The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:</p><p>　　(a) It is CMOS technology; this reduces power consumption.</p>&

43、lt;p>　　(b) It has a UART on board; this facilitates serial communication.</p><p>　　(e) It has an a/d converter on board; this eliminates an external A/D.</p><p>　　(d) It has 4K of ROM, 256 b

44、ytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer; this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.</p><p>　　4 System implementation</p><p>　　The

45、 local station: Fig. 3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig. 4 illustrates the same circuit in an expanded form. It can be seen that the single m

46、icrocontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.</p><p>　　The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic

47、low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller. The onboard oscillator, coupled with an external crystal of 2.4576 MHz, supplies the microcontroller with its timing signal which is divided internally

48、by four to yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator. In this Section the term ‘supervised input or output’</p><p>　　5 Conclusion</p>&l

49、t;p>　　This paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers. The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making. This architecture

50、is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making. Each local station could make an autono

51、mous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so. It</p><p>　　附錄B：英文附錄翻譯</p><p><b>　　譯　　文</b></p><p>　　基于單片機(jī)的火災(zāi)探測(cè)和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　A.J. AI-Kha

52、lili, MSc, PhD</p><p>　　D. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD</p><p>　　M.S. Khassem, MSc</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：危險(xiǎn)，設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)備狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)</p><p>　　摘要：火災(zāi)探測(cè)及報(bào)警監(jiān)控已成為一個(gè)復(fù)雜而完整的體系。該系統(tǒng)采用多個(gè)單芯片架構(gòu)到一條主線上。該控制算法是基于兩級(jí)決策層

53、次，因此分配了復(fù)雜性。一個(gè)完整的電路原理圖，給出了主、分控制器所需的軟件的結(jié)構(gòu)要求。設(shè)計(jì)延續(xù)一般形式，這樣可以適應(yīng)于多種系統(tǒng)的配置。尤其顯示出新的技術(shù)發(fā)展，特別是CMOS單芯片器件，在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中的使用，以減少整體硬件的復(fù)雜性，例如，通過(guò)分解系統(tǒng)，這樣的層次較低水平的控制器能夠有一些決策自主權(quán)，用簡(jiǎn)單的分布式的方法解決了復(fù)雜的決策。</p><p><b>　　1、引言</b></p&g

54、t;<p>　　大多數(shù)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)地區(qū)和建筑物的管理要求安裝火災(zāi)探測(cè)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)。多數(shù)國(guó)家消防規(guī)范的要求監(jiān)測(cè)和控制具體的是危險(xiǎn)場(chǎng)合或建筑物，如化工廠，石油類，核電廠，住宅高樓等這些場(chǎng)合的一般性質(zhì)可以指定為下列要求：</p><p>　　(一)所有探測(cè)器信號(hào)源信號(hào)能被主處理器準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別。</p><p>　　(二)主從控制器有另外的溝通路徑。</p><p>　　(

55、三)檢測(cè)報(bào)警和主控制設(shè)備由控制中心控制。</p><p>　　(四)火災(zāi)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)和控制中心的通訊。</p><p>　　(五)提供的應(yīng)急電源。</p><p>　　它也被用來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)特殊情況和進(jìn)行深被檢測(cè)。</p><p>　　火災(zāi)探測(cè)及報(bào)警系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)旨在信號(hào)，在一旦發(fā)生火警報(bào)警裝置的組合。 該系統(tǒng)也可實(shí)現(xiàn)風(fēng)扇控制，防火門關(guān)閉或釋放，電梯鎖定，應(yīng)急照

56、明控制和其他緊急任務(wù)。這些額外的功能補(bǔ)充由檢測(cè)和報(bào)警裝置和中央控制單元組成。</p><p>　　技術(shù)對(duì)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)有很深的影響。當(dāng)技術(shù)的變革，該架構(gòu)必須修訂，以利用這些新的功能變化。近年來(lái)，超大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)已經(jīng)大大進(jìn)步。第一，NMOS在過(guò)去的一年或兩年，CMOS芯片以相同的堆積密度擁有更多的門和更低的功耗。當(dāng)然這種技術(shù)的變化必然影響在芯片和系統(tǒng)級(jí)我們的硬件設(shè)計(jì)。在芯片級(jí)，單芯片現(xiàn)在正在制作的是只相當(dāng)于上一年或兩

57、年的水平。這些芯片有微處理器，RAM和ROM，IO端口存儲(chǔ)器串行和并行，A / D轉(zhuǎn)換定時(shí)器，和其他功能的芯片。在系統(tǒng)級(jí)，新的芯片做出新的結(jié)構(gòu)成為可能。本文的目的是體現(xiàn)技術(shù)如何影響消防控制領(lǐng)域的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。新的高密度的單芯片微控制器納入一個(gè)大系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，但我們可以得到了更好的性能，更小的系統(tǒng)。在火災(zāi)探測(cè)和報(bào)警監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)中，這是直接反映在分控制站的硬件，因?yàn)榈靥幤h(yuǎn)和電源的要求。一個(gè)完整的分控制站可以圍繞著一個(gè)帶電源的CMOS芯片設(shè)計(jì)。這種方

58、法降低了成本和設(shè)計(jì)復(fù)雜性，方便實(shí)施和維護(hù)，并提供易于擴(kuò)展和便攜式設(shè)計(jì)。這是舊技術(shù)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。大部分火災(zāi)檢測(cè)/監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)提供特定的應(yīng)用程序，缺乏對(duì)CMOS超大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。在這項(xiàng)研究中，我們開(kāi)發(fā)了火災(zāi)檢測(cè)/監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)，常規(guī)設(shè)計(jì)，易于執(zhí)行</p><p><b>　　2、檢測(cè)和報(bào)警裝置</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)基本的火災(zāi)探測(cè)系統(tǒng)由兩部分組成，檢測(cè)和報(bào)警。自

59、動(dòng)檢測(cè)設(shè)備有比如熱，煙霧或火焰檢測(cè)器，紫外線或紅外線探測(cè)器或火焰閃爍，是基于檢測(cè) 一個(gè)燃燒的副產(chǎn)品。煙霧探測(cè)器都電離和光類型，是最常用的檢測(cè)設(shè)備。 當(dāng)這種類型的典型探測(cè)器進(jìn)入報(bào)警狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生的電流信號(hào)會(huì)從PA變成MA(比如，從單純的15pA在休眠模式下為60毫安)在主動(dòng)模式。在許多探測(cè)器的檢測(cè)器輸出電壓明確在各種運(yùn)行條件，越是敏感的檢測(cè)器，它更容易受到虛假警報(bào)。為了控制探測(cè)器的精確，可使用下列方法：過(guò)濾技術(shù)，這樣的邏輯電路成為活躍僅當(dāng)x警報(bào)

60、的時(shí)間內(nèi)檢測(cè)周期T。檢測(cè)技術(shù)在很大程度上取決于地點(diǎn)和植物受到保護(hù)，煙霧探測(cè)器是睡覺(jué)的地方，紅外線和紫外線輻射探測(cè)器，檢測(cè)易燃液體燃燒，熱探測(cè)器用于滅火和滅火系統(tǒng)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)保護(hù)有不同的做法。報(bào)警裝置，從通常的聲響或視覺(jué)報(bào)警外，還可以采用固態(tài)的聲音再現(xiàn)和緊急話音通信或打印機(jī)，記錄時(shí)間，日期，地點(diǎn)和其他資料。Heavisid [4] 擁有一支優(yōu)秀的審查探測(cè)器和滅火器的各種制度。</p><p>　　2.1控

61、制理念和分工</p><p>　　我們的理念是實(shí)施控制等級(jí)。三個(gè)層次的系統(tǒng)級(jí)的實(shí)施， 兩個(gè)級(jí)別的決策。之間沒(méi)有設(shè)備，在同一層次的溝通。 交互各級(jí)之間發(fā)生了向上的信息傳輸有關(guān)的子系統(tǒng)和向下?tīng)顟B(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移的命令。其中第1級(jí)是中央控制站，是微機(jī)最終(在不手動(dòng)模式)決策者。第2級(jí)是當(dāng)?shù)乜刂破?，建立在?dāng)?shù)氐恼尽?第3級(jí)是實(shí)際檢測(cè)器和驅(qū)動(dòng)器。在各級(jí)提供手操作模式。所有探測(cè)器的數(shù)據(jù)和分處理器是當(dāng)?shù)乜刂频幕A(chǔ)。他們將信息濃縮，并轉(zhuǎn)交中

62、央處理器。信息傳遞的地位始終是單向及以上。命令傳輸是單向的總是向下，并在擴(kuò)大局部控制的水平。這種方法保留了層次的準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)測(cè)檢測(cè)和嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的核電站警報(bào)系統(tǒng)。兩個(gè)控制層的分類是基于決策層。</p><p>　　(一)在屆時(shí)的決定，提出和決定的執(zhí)行情況不能再拖延</p><p>　　(二)決定的不確定性</p><p>　　(三)將隔離當(dāng)?shù)氐臎Q定(例如，我們可能會(huì)在

63、當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)警，但有可能有故障系統(tǒng))</p><p><b>　　3、硬件</b></p><p>　　系統(tǒng)采用四個(gè)導(dǎo)體開(kāi)放的路線，在所有遠(yuǎn)程共享一個(gè)循環(huán)電纜設(shè)備和控制面板。這種方法簡(jiǎn)單，經(jīng)濟(jì)上可行。但是，一個(gè)主要缺點(diǎn)是對(duì)一個(gè)單一的電力和信號(hào)電纜的依賴。在重要環(huán)境下，可靠性是極其重要的。固可采用兩個(gè)甚至三個(gè)電纜采取不同的線路連接，可并行連接。是驅(qū)動(dòng)電路必須得一個(gè)擴(kuò)展總線。采

64、用這種設(shè)計(jì)在單片機(jī)技術(shù)的最新發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)減少與中央控制站和地方控制站的接口。</p><p>　　3.1中央控制任務(wù) </p><p>　　中央站點(diǎn)提供了一個(gè)集中點(diǎn)，以監(jiān)測(cè)和控制系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)。在該系統(tǒng)介紹了中央控制單元的目的</p><p>　　(一)它得到了分控制站的信息和控制警鐘及其他輸出設(shè)備。</p><p>　　(二)它提示在系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)

65、的操作。</p><p>　　(三)它提供了一個(gè)全面系統(tǒng)的手動(dòng)和自動(dòng)控制。</p><p>　　(四)它提供了中央和分站的系統(tǒng)測(cè)試點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　(五)它提供了一個(gè)中心點(diǎn)觀察，學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)。</p><p><b>　　3.2 分控制站</b></p><p>　　分控制站的決定可以控制處

66、理當(dāng)?shù)氐男畔ⅰ＿@種技術(shù)我們就依靠負(fù)載型協(xié)調(diào)下級(jí)單位，承認(rèn)在同一水平上的其他決定單位的存在;中央或高層提供了一個(gè)較低的單位模型之間的行動(dòng)和系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)的關(guān)系。很明顯，一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的機(jī)器，需要在這個(gè)階段，使所有需要的功能得到有效執(zhí)行。該芯片的新一代供應(yīng)使得該體系結(jié)構(gòu)的解決變得可行。</p><p>　　單片機(jī)被選中了離散的數(shù)字和模擬設(shè)備接口，到外地設(shè)備和中央微機(jī)。這是最主要的原因，以前這種做法是不可行的。該芯片的選擇的，包含

67、要求的模擬和數(shù)字接口所需的端口和CMOS技術(shù)的運(yùn)用，由于地處偏僻的分控制站最一體化。這個(gè)選擇是摩托羅拉68HC11A4，理由如下：</p><p>　　(1)它是CMOS技術(shù)，這可減少電力消耗。</p><p>　　(2)它有一個(gè)UART，這有利于串行通信。</p><p>　　(3)它有一個(gè)A / D轉(zhuǎn)換器上，這消除了外部A/D轉(zhuǎn)換</p><

68、p>　　(4)它有一個(gè)4K的ROM，256 K內(nèi)存，512K EERROM字節(jié)40個(gè)I/O端口的線路和一個(gè)16位定時(shí)器;符合分控制站所有的內(nèi)存和1 / 0的要求。</p><p><b>　　4、系統(tǒng)實(shí)施</b></p><p>　　回路電源，通常在26到28V之間，通常五伏一百毫安單片低功耗電壓調(diào)節(jié)器供電的微控制器。板載振蕩器，是一個(gè)2.4576MHz的外部晶

69、體結(jié)合，提供時(shí)間信號(hào)，它被分為4個(gè)內(nèi)部收益率為614.4千赫，這是一個(gè)更多的RS 232 [7]波特率發(fā)生器的處理器頻率微控制器。</p><p><b>　　5、結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　本文描述了一個(gè)大規(guī)模的火災(zāi)探測(cè)及報(bào)警系統(tǒng)，使用多的發(fā)展，單芯片微型計(jì)算機(jī)。該架構(gòu)是采用兩個(gè)層次的決策層次。這種架構(gòu)是可以用到的新的CMOS微控制器，低功耗，并在數(shù)據(jù)處理功能