外文翻譯--太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電的基礎(chǔ)

1、<p><b>　　中文2344字</b></p><p>　　The Basics of Solar Power for Producing Electricity</p><p>　　Using solar power to produce electricity is not the same as using solar to produce hea

2、t. Solar thermal principles are applied to produce hot fluids or air. Photovoltaic principles are used to produce electricity. A solar panel is made of the natural element, silicon, which becomes charged electrically whe

3、n subjected to sun light.</p><p>　　Solar panels are directed at solar south in the northern hemisphere and solar north in the southern hemisphere (these are slightly different than magnetic compass north-sou

4、th directions) at an angle dictated by the geographic location and latitude of where they are to be installed. Typically, the angle of the solar array is set within a range of between site-latitude-plus 15 degrees and si

5、te-latitude-minus 15 degrees, depending on whether a slight winter or summer bias is desirable in the system</p><p>　　The intensity of the Sun's radiation changes with the hour of the day, time of the ye

6、ar and weather conditions. To be able to make calculations in planning a system, the total amount of solar radiation energy is expressed in hours of full sunlight perm, or Peak Sun Hours. This term, Peak Sun Hours, repre

7、sents the average amount of sun available per day throughout the year.</p><p>　　It is presumed that at "peak sun", 1000 W/m of power reaches the surface of the earth. One hour of full sun provides

8、1000 Wh perm = 1 kWh/m - representing the solar energy received in one hour on a cloudless summer day on a one-square meter surface directed towards the sun. To put this in some other perspective, the United States Depar

9、tment of Energy indicates the amount of solar energy that hits the surface of the earth every +/- hour is greater than the total amount of energy that the entire h</p><p>　　The daily average of Peak Sun Hour

10、s, based on either full year statistics, or average worst month of the year statistics, for example, is used for calculation purposes in the design of the system. To see the average Peak Sun Hours for your area in the Un

11、ited States, U.S.-Solar Insolation Choose the area closest to your location for a good indication of your average Peak Sun Hours.</p><p>　　For a view of global solar isolation values (peak sun-hours) use thi

12、s link: Global Peak Sun-hour Maps , then, you can use [back] or [previous] on your browser to return right here if you want to.</p><p>　　So it can be concluded that the power of a system varies, depending on

13、 the intended geographical location. Folks in the northeastern U.S. will need more solar panels in their system to produce the same overall power as those living in Arizona. We can advise you on this if you have any doub

14、ts about your area.</p><p>　　The four primary components for producing electricity using solar power, which provides common 120 volt AC power for daily use are: Solar panels, charge controller, battery and i

15、nverter. Solar panels charge the battery, and the charge regulator insures proper charging of the battery. The battery provides DC voltage to the inverter, and the inverter converts the DC voltage to normal AC voltage. I

16、f 240 volts AC is needed, then either a transformer is added or two identical inverters are series-sta</p><p>　　The output of a solar panel is usually stated in watts, and the wattage is determined by multip

17、lying the rated voltage by the rated amperage. The formula for wattage is VOLTS times AMPS equals WATTS. So for example, a 12 volt 60 watt solar panel measuring about 20 × 44 inches has a rated voltage of 17.1 and a

18、 rated 3.5 amperage.</p><p>　　V × A = W 17.1 volts times 3.5 amps equals 60 watts</p><p>　　If an average of 6 hours of peak sun per day is available in an area, then the above solar panel

19、can produce an average 360 watt hours of power per day; 60w times 6 hrs= 360 watt-hours. Since the intensity of sunlight contacting the solar panel varies throughout the day, we use the term "peak sun hours" as

20、 a method to smooth out the variations into a daily average. Early morning and late-in-the-day sunlight produces less power than the mid-day sun. Naturally, cloudy days will produce less power </p><p>　　Sola

21、r panels can be wired in series or in parallel to increase voltage or amperage respectively, and they can be wired both in series and in parallel to increase both volts and amps. Series wiring refers to connecting the po

22、sitive terminal of one panel to the negative terminal of another. The resulting outer positive and negative terminals will produce voltage the sum of the two panels, but the amperage stays the same as one panel. So two 1

23、2 volt/3.5 amp panels wired in series produces 24 volts </p><p>　　A charge controller monitors the battery's state-of-charge to insure that when the battery needs charge-current it gets it, and also insu

24、res the battery isn't over-charged. Connecting a solar panel to a battery without a regulator seriously risks damaging the battery and potentially causing a safety concern.</p><p>　　Charge controllers (o

25、r often called charge regulator) are rated based on the amount of amperage they can process from a solar array. If a controller is rated at 20 amps it means that you can connect up to 20 amps of solar panel output curren

26、t to this one controller. The most advanced charge controllers utilize a charging principal referred to as Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) - which insures the most efficient battery charging and extends the life of the batt

27、ery. Even more advanced controllers als</p><p>　　Many charge controllers also offer Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) and Battery Temperature Compensation (BTC) as an optional feature. The LVD feature permits con

28、necting loads to the LVD terminals which are then voltage sensitive. If the battery voltage drops too far the loads are disconnected - preventing potential damage to both the battery and the loads. BTC adjusts the charge

29、 rate based on the temperature of the battery since batteries are sensitive to temperature variations above and below abou</p><p>　　The Deep Cycle batteries used are designed to be discharged and then re-cha

30、rged hundreds or thousands of times. These batteries are rated in Amp Hours (ah) - usually at 20 hours and 100 hours. Simply stated, amp hours refers to the amount of current - in amps - which can be supplied by the batt

31、ery over the period of hours. For example, a 350ah battery could supply 17.5 continuous amps over 20 hours or 35 continuous amps for 10 hours. To quickly express the total watts potentially available in a </p><

32、;p>　　The battery should have sufficient amp hour capacity to supply needed power during the longest expected period "no sun" or extremely cloudy conditions. A lead-acid battery should be sized at least 20% l

33、arger than this amount. If there is a source of back-up power, such as a standby generator along with a battery charger, the battery bank does not have to be sized for worst case weather conditions.</p><p>　

34、　The size of the battery bank required will depend on the storage capacity required, the maximum discharge rate, the maximum charge rate, and the minimum temperature at which the batteries will be used. During planning,

35、all of these factors are looked at, and the one requiring the largest capacity will dictate the battery size.</p><p>　　One of the biggest mistakes made by those just starting out does not understand the rela

36、tionship between amps and amp-hour requirements of 120 volt AC items versus the effects on their DC low voltage batteries. For example, say you have a 24 volt nominal system and an inverter powering a load of 3 amps, 120

37、VAC, which has a duty cycle of 4 hours per day. You would have a 12 amp hour load (3A × 4 hrs=12 ah). However, in order to determine the true drain on your batteries you have to divide your no</p><p>　　

38、Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is lower and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different sizes and designs of lead-acid bat

39、teries, but the most important designation is that they are deep cycle batteries. Lead-acid batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires maintenance) and sealed no-maintenance versions. AGM and Gel-cell deep-cycle

40、batteries are also popular because they are maintenance free</p><p><b>　　太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電的基礎(chǔ)</b></p><p>　　太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電板由天然成分的硅制成，受太陽(yáng)光控制的電池板。太陽(yáng)能電池板是針對(duì)南方太陽(yáng)北半球與的北方太陽(yáng)南半球（這是稍有不同，羅盤(pán)的南北方向）的角度由地理位置和緯度位置來(lái)安裝的。通

41、常，太陽(yáng)能電池列陣的角度被設(shè)置在站點(diǎn)緯度加15度及實(shí)地緯度減15度，取決于冬季或夏季稍有的偏差。許多太陽(yáng)能電池陣列處于一個(gè)沒(méi)有偏見(jiàn)的季節(jié)性周期的角度相等的站點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　電荷被控制在光伏電池板內(nèi)，對(duì)外輸出一個(gè)低壓（直流電）通常是6-24V，最常見(jiàn)的輸出是12V，有效輸出高達(dá)17V。12V只是一個(gè)名義上的參考電壓，但是工作電壓是17V或者更高的電壓。就像您的汽車(chē)交流發(fā)電機(jī)充電為12V，可以超過(guò)12V。所

42、以是有差別的參考電壓和實(shí)際操作電壓。</p><p>　　太陽(yáng)的輻射強(qiáng)度變化是以每天的天氣變化和時(shí)間的改變來(lái)變化的。在計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)內(nèi)計(jì)算太陽(yáng)總的輻射量，是以太陽(yáng)光充足時(shí)每平方米的輻射量計(jì)算的。這個(gè)界限代表一年四季的平均輻射量。</p><p>　　據(jù)推測(cè)，在“太陽(yáng)峰值”時(shí)，熱量以1000W/m，到達(dá)地球的表面。熱量以每平方米1000千瓦時(shí)=1/米²收到的太陽(yáng)能代表一個(gè)小時(shí)晴朗夏日一平

43、米太陽(yáng)輻射到地表面。一方面，美國(guó)能源部表示，每小時(shí)太陽(yáng)到達(dá)地球的輻射量大于整個(gè)人類(lèi)一年的能量總額。另一方面，美國(guó)西南部地區(qū)能放置大約100平方英里的太陽(yáng)能板。</p><p>　　每日平均高峰太陽(yáng)小時(shí)，或是基于全年統(tǒng)計(jì)最壞的一年或是平均每月統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，例如，用于計(jì)算系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。要看到平均高峰小時(shí)的平均面積在美國(guó)，美國(guó)太陽(yáng)日光浴選擇區(qū)域最接近你的位置為您的平均高峰太陽(yáng)小時(shí)的一個(gè)好征兆。</p><

44、p>　　因此可以斷定，系統(tǒng)的力量變化，取決于預(yù)定的地理位置。在美國(guó)東北部需要更多的太陽(yáng)能電池板。如果你在這方面有任何懷疑的話，我們可以告訴你。</p><p>　　四個(gè)主要部件使用太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電，其中規(guī)定普通日用120伏特交流電源：太陽(yáng)能電池板、充電控制器、蓄電池和逆變電源。太陽(yáng)能電池板負(fù)責(zé)保險(xiǎn)監(jiān)管的機(jī)構(gòu)，負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)電池的安全充電。電池提供直流電壓給逆變器，逆變器的直流電壓轉(zhuǎn)換為正常的交流電壓。如果需要240伏交流

45、，然后加上一個(gè)變壓器或兩個(gè)相同的變頻器產(chǎn)生240伏特。</p><p>　　太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電板的輸出通常是瓦特，瓦數(shù)是由額定電壓乘額定電流得到。公式為瓦數(shù)是伏特乘安培等于瓦特。例如12伏特60瓦特太陽(yáng)能電池板面積約為20×44厘米，有17.1V的額定電壓和3.5A的額定電流。</p><p><b>　　V×A =W</b></p><

46、;p>　　17.1伏特乘3.5安培均等60瓦特</p><p>　　如果平均每天有6個(gè)小時(shí)高峰太陽(yáng)是在可利用的區(qū)域，那么上述太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電板可能平均每天產(chǎn)生360瓦特小時(shí)的電力，60w計(jì)時(shí)6小時(shí)的4~24倍=360個(gè)瓦特小時(shí)。由于接觸陽(yáng)光的太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電板，每天強(qiáng)度不一樣，我們用“太陽(yáng)峰時(shí)間”考慮平均時(shí)間。凌晨和午后的陽(yáng)光輻射量比午間太陽(yáng)輻射量小。自然地，多云天的太陽(yáng)輻射量也比明亮的晴天的太陽(yáng)輻射量小。當(dāng)您的規(guī)劃系

47、統(tǒng)區(qū)域內(nèi)的太陽(yáng)輻射量明確后，平均高峰太陽(yáng)小時(shí)也就列出了。</p><p>　　太陽(yáng)能板可以串聯(lián)或并聯(lián)以增加電壓電流。布線終端連接從一個(gè)小組到另一端的負(fù)極。由此正負(fù)電壓的終端將產(chǎn)生兩個(gè)的總和，但作為一個(gè)小組的電流不變。并行連接電線指正面和負(fù)面終端負(fù)轉(zhuǎn)正。結(jié)果是電壓不變，但電流得到一個(gè)總和。</p><p>　　充電控制器監(jiān)測(cè)電池的充電狀態(tài)，確保當(dāng)電池需要充電時(shí)充電，并且確保電池不至于過(guò)放電。

48、連接太陽(yáng)能到一個(gè)電池需要充電控制器保證電池不受損害。</p><p>　　太陽(yáng)列陣的充電控制器是額定的根據(jù)相當(dāng)數(shù)量安培量來(lái)決定的。如果控制器的額定安培是20A的話就意味著您能連接20A的太陽(yáng)能輸出的電流。最先進(jìn)的充電控制器是脈寬調(diào)制模塊（PWM）—保險(xiǎn)最有效的充電和延長(zhǎng)電池壽命。更先進(jìn)的最大功率點(diǎn)跟蹤控制器還包括(MPPT)最大化當(dāng)前進(jìn)入的太陽(yáng)能電池陣列小組的輸出電壓，增加對(duì)電池的充電安培。因?yàn)?7.2伏特乘3.

49、5安培等于60瓦特，那么電壓下降為14伏特時(shí)安培量增加到4.28(14v×4.28安培=60瓦特)這就造成了充電僅有言論安培的19%增量。</p><p>　　許多充電控制器也提供低壓斷開(kāi)(LVD)簡(jiǎn)介及電池溫度報(bào)償(BTC)作為一種任選功能。LVD特點(diǎn)允許連接裝載到電壓敏感的LVD終端。如果電池電壓下降太大是分離的，預(yù)防潛在的對(duì)于電池和裝載的損壞。BTC調(diào)整充電率根據(jù)電池的溫度因?yàn)殡姵貙?duì)溫度變異的敏感

50、是在大約75度上下。</p><p>　　深度循環(huán)使用的電池在設(shè)計(jì)上釋放，然后上百或數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的充電。這些電池的充電通常在20個(gè)小時(shí)和100個(gè)小時(shí)。簡(jiǎn)而言之，可以提供數(shù)小時(shí)的電流。例如，350AH的電池能供應(yīng)17.5A的電流20小時(shí)或35A的電流十個(gè)小時(shí)?？偼咛乜衫?V360AH的電池，即用6乘以360等于2160瓦特或2.16KWH。像太陽(yáng)能電池板，電池架線平行增加電壓至應(yīng)有的水平，并增加電流的值。</p

51、><p>　　在預(yù)期的時(shí)間內(nèi)，無(wú)論是“沒(méi)有太陽(yáng)”或者是“多云”的情況，電池應(yīng)該有足夠的安培用以提供所需的電力容量。一個(gè)乙鉛酸電池的規(guī)模至少應(yīng)大于這一數(shù)額的20%。如果有一個(gè)備用電源的話，譬如一臺(tái)備用發(fā)電機(jī)與蓄電池充電器在一起，那么就不用考慮最壞的天氣的打算。</p><p>　　蓄電池的大小必須取決于存儲(chǔ)容量的要求，最大放電率，最大充電率和電池使用時(shí)的最小溫度。在規(guī)劃過(guò)程中，這些因素都要考慮，

52、并且根據(jù)那個(gè)要求最大的容量決定電池的大小。</p><p>　　其中最大的錯(cuò)誤是在剛開(kāi)始的時(shí)候不理解電流和電壓的關(guān)系，120伏特交流電要求相對(duì)較低的直流電壓電池。例如，您有一個(gè)24伏特的有名無(wú)實(shí)的系統(tǒng)和一臺(tái)變換器供給3A的動(dòng)力裝載，120V的交流電每天能使用四個(gè)小時(shí)。您會(huì)有12個(gè)小時(shí)的裝載（3A×4hrs=12）。但是為了確定真實(shí)的電流您必須為您的電池電壓劃分您的電池（24V）所能裝載的電壓（120V）

53、。假如是5天，就是120Vac（5×12）。那么演算這種情況，60安培小時(shí)會(huì)慢慢流失掉，而不是12了。另一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的方法是把總瓦特時(shí)把您的120Vac設(shè)備劃分有名無(wú)實(shí)的系統(tǒng)電壓。例如，3安培×120伏特×4個(gè)小時(shí)=1440個(gè)瓦特時(shí)劃分了由24DC伏特=60安培小時(shí)。</p><p>　　鉛酸蓄電池，是最常見(jiàn)的儲(chǔ)電系統(tǒng)，初始成本較低，因?yàn)樵谑澜绺鞯仉S處可見(jiàn)。有許多設(shè)計(jì)容量大小不同的鉛酸蓄