外文翻譯--太陽能led路燈

1、<p>　　Advancements in Solar based LED Street light</p><p>　　Nupur 1 Neha 1 Sangya gugri 1 Srishti mishra 1 Gulshan kr. dubey 2</p><p>　　UG Student, Dept. of EIE, Galgotia?s College of en

2、gineering & technology, Uttar Pradesh India 1</p><p>　　Associate professor, Dept. of EIE, Galgotia?s College of engineering & technology, Uttar Pradesh, India 2</p><p>　　ABSTRACT: We are

3、 in the time where energy conservation & use of renewable resources has become a necessity. Thus requirement of methods which are not only highly efficient but also low in energy consumption has greatly increased to

4、keep a check on pollution factor. Keeping this in mind this paper focuses on solar based LED street light that uses automatic intensity controller with a solar tracker. This type of LED street light not only adjust itsel

5、f according to the varying darkness but also kee</p><p>　　Keywords:Solar panel, charge controller, Intensity regulator, Solar tracker.</p><p>　　I.INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　Thesurface of

6、 the Sun has a temperature of about 5,800 Kelvin (about 5,500 degrees Celsius, or about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit),as per the say of NASA, At that temperature, most of the energy the Sun radiates is visible and near- inf

7、rared light. At Earth?s average distance from the Sun (about 150 million kilometres), the average intensity of solar energy reaching the top of the atmosphere directly facing the Sun is about 1,360 watts per square meter

8、, according to measurements made by the most re</p><p>　　II. SOLAR TRACKER</p><p>　　Solar tracking system[1] is the most appropriate technology to enhance the efficiency of the solar cells by tr

9、acking the sun. A microcontroller based design methodology of an automatic solar tracker is presented in thispaper. Light dependent resistors are used as the sensors of the solar tracker. </p><p>　　The sun i

10、s the prime source of energy, directly or indirectly, which is also the fuel for most renewable systems. Among all renewable systems, photovoltaic system is the one which has a great chance to replace the conventional en

11、ergy resources.</p><p>　　Solar panel directly converts solar radiation into electrical energy. Solar panel is mainly made from semiconductor materials. Si used as the major component of solar panels, which i

12、smaximum 24.5% efficient [2]. Unless high efficient solar panels are invented, the only way to enhance the performance of a solar panel is to increase the intensity of light falling on it. Solar trackers are the most app

13、ropriate and proven technology to increase the efficiency of solar panels through keeping the pane</p><p>　　III. TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE POWER OUTPUT FROM SOLAR PANEL</p><p>　　Increasing the cell

14、efficiency, maximizing the power output and employing a tracking system with solar panel are three ways to increase the overall efficiency of the solar panel[4]. Improvement of solar cell efficiency is an ongoing researc

15、h work and people throughout the world are actively doing research on this. Maximizing the output power from solar panel and integrating solar tracking system are the twoways where electronic design methodology can bring

16、 success. </p><p>　　Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is the process to maximize the output power from solar panel by keeping the solar panel?s operation on the knee point of P-V characteristics.</p>

17、<p>　　A number of MPPT algorithms have been developed and employed around the world [5]. MPPT technology only offers the maximum power that can be received from a stationary array of solar panels at a particular t

18、ime; it cannot, however, increase the power generation when the sun is not aligned with the system. Automatic solar tracker increases the efficiency of the solar panel by keeping the solar panel aligned with the rotating

19、 sun.</p><p>　　Solar tracking is a mechanized system to track the sun?s position that increases power output of solar panel 30% to 60% than the stationary system [6]. A few design methodology of solar tracki

20、ng system has been proposed in recent days [7]-[9].</p><p>　　LED (Light Emitting Diode), light-emitting Diode, is a kind of ability to electric energy into visible Light solid state semiconductor devices, it

21、 can be directly put DianZhuan into Light. The heart of the LED is a semiconductor chip, chip attached on a bracket, at the end of the end is negative, the other end connected to the power of the anode, the whole chip is

22、 encapsulated by epoxy resin. Semiconductor chip consists of two parts, one part is a p-type semiconductor, dominated by holes in it, </p><p>　　Initially LED is used as the indicator light instrument and the

23、n all kinds of light color of LED traffic light and display screen has been widely applied in large area, produced good economic and social benefits. 12-inch red traffic lights, for example, in the United States could ha

24、ve been used long life, low light efficiency of 140 - watt incandescent lamp as light source, it produces 2000 lumens of white light. After the red filter, light loss 90%, only 200 lumens of red light. And in the ligh<

25、;/p><p>　　For general lighting, people need more white light sources. Hair white light LED successful development in 1998. This LED to GaN chip and yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) packaging together. GaN hair blu

26、e chip (lambda p = 465 nm, Wd = 30 nm), high temperature sintering of YAG phosphors containing Ce3 + yellow light shot after the blue light excitation, peak 550 m nled lamp. Blue LED substrate is installed in the bowl re

27、flection cavity, covered with thin layer of resin mixed with YAG, about 200-500 </p><p>　　Compared with the traditional glow of light, LED light source is low pressure microelectronics products, successfully

28、 combines computer technology, network communication technology, image processing technology and the embedded control technology, etc. Traditional LED lights used in the chip size is 0.25 mmX0.25 nm, and the size of the

29、LED lighting is typically mmX1.0 in 1.0 mm and above. LED bare chip forming work table structure, the inverted pyramid structure and flip chip design can improve t</p><p>　　A typical high flux LED device can

30、 produce several lumens to dozens of lumen flux, update the design can be integrated in a device more leds, or multiple devices can be installed in a single assembly, so that the number of lumen output is equal to the sm

31、all bulb. For example, a high power 12 monochromatic LED chip light energy device can output 200 lm, the consumed power between 10 ~ 15 w. </p><p>　　The application of LED light source is very flexible, used

32、 as the dot, line, face various forms of lightweight products; LED control is extremely convenient, as long as adjust current, can be arbitrarily adjusted light; A combination of different light color changing, the seque

33、ntial control circuit, can achieve more dynamic change of rich and colorful effect. LED has been widely applied in all kinds of lighting equipment, such as a battery-powered flashlight, mini voice control lamp, security

34、li</p><p>　　The emergence of white LED is LED from the identification to the illumination function across a substantive step. White LED closest to the sun, more can well reflect the reality of the irradiatio

35、n object color, so from a technical perspective, white LED is undoubtedly the most cutting-edge LED technology. White LED has began to enter some application field, emergency lights, flashlights, flash and other products

36、 appeared, but because the price is very expensive, so hard to popularize. White LED </p><p>　　IV. MICROCONTROLLER</p><p>　　The ATMEGA32 microcontroller has been used in the prototype. Microcont

37、roller is the heart of overall system.ATMEGA32 microcontroller requires a 5 volt regulated voltage supply. ?7805? voltage regulator is used to providefixed 5 volts supply to the microcontroller .ATMEGA32 has some feature

38、s such as analoge comparator (AC), analog to digital converter (ADC), universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART), times etc. [13]. Utilization procedure of these features is given below</p>&l

39、t;p>　　1)Analog comparator:</p><p>　　There are two pins which are known as analog input 0 (AIN0) and analog input 1 (AIN1). Two analog voltage signals coming from two junctions of photo resistor circuit ar

40、e fed to these pins. There is a bit called analog comparator output (ACO) which is set to either ?1? or ?0?.</p><p><b>　　ACO = 0</b></p><p>　　1 VAIN0 > V AIN1</p><p>

41、;　　VAINI> VAIN0</p><p>　　2) Analog to digital converter:</p><p>　　Among 8 analog to digital converter input pins ADC0 and ADC1 have been used; where VVt ,is expected. Differential input is co

42、nverted into digital value and the most 8 significant bits are defined 10 ADCADC asADC_result to compare with threshold.</p><p>　　ADC_result= [V ADC0 – V ADC1 ] digital</p><p>　　This threshold

43、value, set according to the photo resistor response against the solar radiation intensity, is provided, sinceADC_result alone might be insufficient for rotation of motor. And if ADC_result> Threshold; motor rotates on

44、e step.</p><p>　　3) Timers:</p><p>　　Built-in timer of ATMEGA32 is utilized to create delay. The Earth rotates on its own axis, with respectto the sun 360° in a day and so it rotates, (360&

45、#176;/24=) 15° an hour or 3.75° in 15 minutes. Delay for 1.5 minutes and 15 minutes are required. These delays are mentioned as short delay and moderate delay respectively. The lasthour before sunset will provi

46、de additional energy to rotate thepanel in the initial position and so the tracker no more rotatesto the west rather it will rotate reversely. </p><p>　　V.CHARGE CONTROLLER</p><p>　　A charge con

47、troller monitors the state-of-battery to insure that when the battery needs charge-current it gets it, and also insures the battery isn't overcharged. Connecting a solar panel to a battery without a regulator serious

48、ly risks damagingthe battery and potentially causing a safety concern.</p><p>　　Charge controllers (or often called charge regulator) are rated based on the amount of amperage they can process from a solar a

49、rray. If a controller is rated at 20 amps it means that you can connect up to 20 amps of solar panel output current to this one controller. The most advanced charge controllers utilize a charging principal referred to as

50、 Pulse-</p><p>　　Width-Modulation (PWM) - which insures the most efficient battery charging and extends the life of the battery. Even more advanced controllers also include Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT

51、) which maximizes the amount of current going into the battery from the solar array by lowering the panel's output voltage, which increases the charging amps to the battery - because if a panel can produce 60 watts w

52、ith 17.2 volts and 3.5 amps, then if the voltage is lowered to say 14 volts then the amperage </p><p>　　Charge controllers also offer Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) and Battery Temperature Compensation (BTC) a

53、s an optional feature. The LVD feature permits connecting loads to the LVD terminals which are then voltage sensitive. </p><p>　　If the battery voltage drops too far the loads are disconnected - preventing p

54、otential damage to both the battery and the loads. BTC adjusts the charge rate based on the temperature of the battery since batteries are sensitive to temperature variations above and below about 75 F degrees.</p>

55、<p>　　1)Battery:</p><p>　　The Deep Cycle batteries used are designed to be discharged and then re-charged hundreds or thousands of times.</p><p>　　These batteries are rated in Amp Hours (

56、ah) - usually at 20 hours and 100 hours. Simply stated, amp hours refers to the amount of current - in amps - which can be supplied by the battery over the period of hours. For example, a 350ah battery could supply 17.5

57、continuous amps over 20 hours or 35 continuous amps for 10 hours. To quickly express the total watts potentially available in a 6 volt 360ah battery; 360ah times the nominal 6 volts equals 2160 watts or 2.16kWh (kilowatt

58、-hours). Like solar </p><p>　　The battery should have sufficient amp hour capacity to supply needed power during the longest expected period "no sun" or extremely cloudy conditions. A lead-acid bat

59、tery should be sized at least 20% larger than this amount..</p><p>　　If there is a source of back-up power, such as a standby generator along with a battery charger, the battery bank does not have to be size

60、d for worst case weather conditions.</p><p>　　The size of the battery bank required will depend on the storage capacity required, the maximum discharge rate, the maximum charge rate, and the minimum temperat

61、ure at which the batteries will be used. During planning, all of these factors are looked at, and the one requiring the largest capacity will dictate the battery size.</p><p>　　In this specific application,

62、and taking into account thechanges of solar radiation during the day and, consequently, the energy available, the battery bank charge algorithm willpresent three different modes:</p><p>　　? If the panel avai

63、lable current is lower than 0.1CAh, the converter will find the maximum power point (MPPT)in order to provide the highest current possible for thebattery bank (area under the current level, see figure 2).</p><

64、p>　　? If the panel available current is higher than 0.1CAh, theconverter limits the current to 0.1CAh, and disables thesearch for the maximum power point.</p><p>　　? If the batteries are already charged,

65、the control algorithm</p><p>　　will apply a constant voltage level, in order to keep thebatteries charged.</p><p>　　Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial co

66、st is lower and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is that they are deep cycle batteri

67、es. Lead-acid batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires maintenance) and sealed no-maintenance versions. AGM andGel-cell deep-cycle batteries are also popular because they are maintenance free </p><p&

68、gt;　　VI. CONCLUSION</p><p>　　This paper has studied about various advancements in the field of solar based LED street light. the use of solar tracking system has greatly increased the system and has helped t

69、o increase its overall output.</p><p>　　Whereas the use of charge control circuit in the solar based LED street light has not only helped in saving the battery power but also in preventing the battery from g

70、etting deep discharged, overcharged, thereby conserving a lot of energy.</p><p>　　R EFERENCES</p><p>　　[1] Design and Construction of an Automatic SolarTracking System Md. Tanvir Arafat Khan, S

71、.M. ShahrearTanzil, RifatRahman, S M ShafiulAlam*, Member, IEEE Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,</p><p>　　[2] M. A. Green, “Clean Electricity from Photovoltaics,” Ed. Mary D.Archer and R

72、. Hill, Series on Photoconversion of Solar Energy, V. 1,Imperial College Press, UK.</p><p>　　[3] M.A. Panait and T Tudorache, “A Simple Neural Network SolarTracker for Optimizing Conversion Efficiency in Of

73、f-Grid Solar Generator”Intl. Conf. on Renewable Energy and Power quality, no.278, March, 2008.</p><p>　　[4] Piao, Z.G. Park, J. M. Kim, J. H. Cho, G. B. Baek, H. L, “ A study on the tracking photovoltaic sy

74、stem by program type,” Intl. Conf. on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 2, pp. 971-973, Sept. 27-29, 2005.</p><p>　　[5] C. Hua and C. Shen, “Comparative study of peak power tracking techniques for solar

75、 storage system,?? Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, vol. 2, pp. 679-685, Feb. 15-19, 1998.</p><p>　　[6] A. K. Saxena and V. Dutta, “A versatile microprocessor based controller for solar

76、tracking,?? Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, vol. 2, pp. 1105-1109, 1990.</p><p>　　[7] B. Koyuncu and K. Balasubramanian, “A microprocessor controlled automatic sun tracker,?? IEEE Transactions on Consu

77、mer Electronics,vol.</p><p>　　37, no. 4, pp. 913-917, 1991.</p><p>　　[8] Design and Construction of an Automatic SolarTracking System Md. Tanvir Arafat Khan, S.M. ShahrearTanzil, RifatRahman, S

78、 M ShafiulAlam*, Member, IEEE</p><p><b>　　太陽能LED路燈</b></p><p>　　摘要：我們是在節(jié)約能源可再生資源和利用已經成為一種必然的時間。因而它不僅高效，而且能耗低，方法的要求大大增加，以保持檢查污染因子。牢記這一點，本文重點介紹使用自動亮度控制器，太陽能跟蹤器基于太陽能LED路燈。這種類型的LED路燈不僅根

79、據不同的暗度調整本身，而且還保持在軌道上過度充電，深度放電，自動恢復充電，保護電池從下過/電壓。它包括太陽能電池和從電池中存儲的電能。 LED路燈自動點亮，晚上變?yōu)榈凸β拭}沖照明設定時間后，然后在白天關閉。由于只有20 ％的總太陽“能量落在地上，也太陽的軌跡保持從而改變了太陽能跟蹤器使用，以跟蹤太陽的最大”能源。</p><p>　　關鍵詞：太陽能電池板，充電控制器，強度調節(jié)器，太陽能跟蹤器。</p>

80、<p><b>　　一 引言</b></p><p>　　太陽的具有大約5800開爾文（約攝氏5500度，或約10,000華氏度）的溫度下，如每NASA的說，在該溫度下，大部分的太陽輻射的能量是可見光和近紅外光。在地球的“S從太陽（約1.5億公里） ，太陽能達到直接面對太陽的大氣層頂的平均強度為每平方米約1360瓦特，根據最新的美國航空航天局的衛(wèi)星進行測量的平均距離任務。這個量

81、的功率被稱為總太陽輻照度。 （之前科學家們發(fā)現，它在太陽黑子周期變化由一個小數目，太陽總輻照度有時被稱為“太陽常數”。平均值超過整個地球，到達地球的頂部日照量“大氣只有一個四分之一的總太陽輻照度，或每平方米大約3.4瓦。 </p><p><b>　　二 太陽能跟蹤器</b></p><p>　　太陽能跟蹤系統(tǒng)[1]是最合適的技術，以提高太陽能電池通過跟蹤太陽的效率。

82、自動太陽跟蹤器的基于微控制器的設計方法，提出在thispaper 。光敏電阻器被用作太陽能跟蹤器的傳感器。 太陽是能量的重要來源，直接或間接地，這也是燃料大多數可再生能源系統(tǒng)。在所有可再生能源系統(tǒng)，光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)是一個有很大的機會，以取代傳統(tǒng)的能源資源。  太陽能電池板直接將太陽輻射轉化為電能。太陽能電池板主要由半導體材料制成。作為太陽能電池板的主要成分，這ismaximum 24.5 ％的效率的Si [2]。除

83、非高效率的太陽能電池板的發(fā)明，以提高太陽能電池板的性能的唯一辦法就是增加光落在它的強度。太陽能跟蹤器是最合適，最成熟的技術，通過保持與太陽“的地位對齊面板，以提高太陽能電池板的效率。太陽能跟蹤器得到世界各地的普及，最近幾天來利用太陽能的最有效的方式。這是更符合成本效益的解決方案比購買額外太陽能電池板[ 3 ] 。 三 技術提升動力輸出從太陽能電池板 提高了電池的效率，最大限度地提高輸出功率和使用的跟蹤

84、系統(tǒng)與太陽能電池板的三種方法來提高太陽能電池板的整體效率[</p><p>　　LED（Light Emitting Diode），發(fā)光二極管，是一種能夠將電能轉化為可見光的固態(tài)的半導體器件，它可以直接把電轉化為光。LED的心臟是一個半導體的晶片，晶片的一端附在一個支架上，一端是負極，另一端連接電源的正極，使整個晶片被環(huán)氧樹脂封裝起來。半導體晶片由兩部分組成，一部分是P型半導體，在它里面空穴占主導地位，另一端是N

85、型半導體，在這邊主要是電子。但這兩種半導體連接起來的時候，它們之間就形成一個P-N結。當電流通過導線作用于這個晶片的時候，電子就會被推向P區(qū)，在P區(qū)里電子跟空穴復合，然后就會以光子的形式發(fā)出能量，這就是LED燈發(fā)光的原理。而光的波長也就是光的顏色，是由形成P-N結的材料決定的。</p><p>　　最初LED用作儀器儀表的指示光源，后來各種光色的LED在交通信號燈和大面積顯示屏中得到了廣泛應用，產生了很好的經濟效

86、益和社會效益。以12英寸的紅色交通信號燈為例，在美國本來是采用長壽命，低光效的140瓦白熾燈作為光源，它產生2000流明的白光。經紅色濾光片后，光損失90%，只剩下200流明的紅光。而在新設計的燈中，Lumileds公司采用了18個紅色LED光源，包括電路損失在內，共耗電14瓦，即可產生同樣的光效。汽車信號燈也是LED光源應用的重要領域。</p><p>　　對于一般照明而言，人們更需要白色的光源。1998年發(fā)白

87、光的LED開發(fā)成功。這種LED是將GaN芯片和釔鋁石榴石（YAG）封裝在一起做成。GaN芯片發(fā)藍光（λp=465nm，Wd=30nm），高溫燒結制成的含Ce3+的YAG熒光粉受此藍光激發(fā)后發(fā)出黃色光射，峰值550nLED燈m。藍光LED基片安裝在碗形反射腔中，覆蓋以混有YAG的樹脂薄層，約200-500nm。 LED基片發(fā)出的藍光部分被熒光粉吸收，另一部分藍光與熒光粉發(fā)出的黃光混合，可以得到得白光。對于InGaN/YAG白色LED，通過

88、改變YAG熒光粉的化學組成和調節(jié)熒光粉層的厚度，可以獲得色溫3500-10000K的各色白光。這種通過藍光LED得到白光的方法，構造簡單、成本低廉、技術成熟度高，因此運用最多。</p><p>　　與傳統(tǒng)光源的發(fā)光效果相比，LED光源是低壓微電子產品，成功地融合了計算機技術、網絡通信技術、圖像處理技術和嵌入式控制技術等。傳統(tǒng)LED燈中使用的芯片尺寸為0.25mmX0.25nm，而照明用LED的尺寸一般都要在1.0

89、mmX1.0mm以上。LED裸片成型的工作臺式結構、倒金字塔結構和倒裝芯片設計能夠改善其發(fā)光效率，從而發(fā)出更多的光。LED封裝設計方面的革新包括高傳導率金屬塊基底、倒裝芯片設計和裸盤澆鑄式引線框等，采用這些方法都能設計出高功率、低熱阻的器件，而且這些器件的照度比傳統(tǒng)LED產品的照度更大。</p><p>　　一個典型的高光通量LED器件能夠產生幾流明到數十流明的光通量，更新的設計可以在一個器件中集成更多的LED，

90、或者在單個組裝件中安裝多個器件，從而使輸出的流明數相當于小型白熾燈。例如，一個高功率的12芯片單色LED器件能夠輸出200lm的光能量，所消耗的功率在10~15W之間。</p><p>　　LED光源的應用非常靈活，可以做成點、線、面各種形式的輕薄短小產品；LED的控制極為方便，只要調整電流，就可以隨意調光；不同光色的組合變化多端，利用時序控制電路，更能達到豐富多彩的動態(tài)變化效果。LED已經被廣泛應用于各種照明設

91、備中，如電池供電的閃光燈、微型聲控燈、安全照明燈、室外道路和室內樓梯照明燈以及建筑物與標記連續(xù)照明燈。</p><p>　　白光LED的出現，是LED從標識功能向照明功能跨出的實質性一步。白光LED最接近日光，更能較好地反映照射物體的真實顏色，所以從技術角度看，白光LED無疑是LED最尖端的技術。白光LED已開始進入一些應用領域，應急燈、手電筒、閃光燈等產品相繼問世，但是由于價格十分昂貴，故而難以普及。白光LED

92、普及的前提是價格下降，而價格下降必須在白色LED形成一定市場規(guī)模后才有可能，兩者的融合最終有賴于技術進步。</p><p>　　四 微控制器 ATmega32的微控制器已用于原型。微控制器是整個system.ATMEGA32單片機的心臟，需要5伏穩(wěn)壓電源。 “ 7805 ”電壓調節(jié)器是用來providefixed 5伏電源給單片機ATMEGA32有一些功能，如analoge比較器（ AC） ，模擬到數字轉

93、換器（ADC ） ，通用同步異步收發(fā)器（USART ） ，時間等。1 ）模擬比較器：有兩個引腳這是已知的模擬輸入0 （ AIN0 ）和模擬輸入1 （ AIN1 ） 。兩個模擬電壓信號由光敏電阻電路的兩個路口來到被饋送到這些引腳。有一點稱為模擬比較器輸出（ACO ），其設置為“1”或“0”。ACO = 01 VAIN0 > V AIN1VAINI > VAIN02 ）模擬到數字轉換器：其中8個模擬到數字轉換器的輸