建筑類外文翻譯---環(huán)境變化影響下的建筑學(xué)

1、<p>　　Architecture in a Climate of Change</p><p>　　Page52-Page62</p><p>　　Low energy techniques for housing</p><p>　　It would appear that,for the industrialised countries,the b

2、est chance of rescue lies with the built environment because buildings in use or in the course of erection are the biggest single indirect source of carbon emissions generated by burning fossil fuels,accounting for over

3、50 per cent of total emissions.If you add the transport costs generated by buildings the UK government estimate is 75 per cent.It is the built environment which is the sector that can most easily accommodate fairly rapid

4、 </p><p>　　Construction systems </p><p>　　Having considered the challenge presented by global warming and the opportunities to generate fossil-free energy,it is now time to consider how the dema

5、nd side of the energy equation can respond to that challenge.The built environment is the greatest sectoral consumer of energy and,within that sector,housing is in pole position accounting for 28 per cent of all UK carbo

6、n dioxide (CO2) emissions.</p><p>　　In the UK housing has traditionally been of masonry and since the early 1920s this has largely been of cavity construction.The purpose was to ensure that a saturated exter

7、nal leaf would have no physical contact with the inner leaf apart from wall ties and that water would be discharged through weep holes at the damp-proof course level.Since the introduction of thermal regulations,initiall

8、y deemed necessary to conserve energy rather than the planet,it has been common practice to introduce insulat</p><p>　　Solid masonry walls with external insulation are common practice in continental Europe a

9、nd are beginning to make an appearance in the UK.In Cornwall the Penwith Housing Association has built apartments of this construction on the sea front, perhaps the most challenging of situations.</p><p>　　T

10、he advantages of masonry construction are:</p><p>　　● It is a tried and tested technology familiar to house building companies of all sizes.</p><p>　　● It is durable and generally risk free as r

11、egards catastrophic failure–though not entirely.A few years ago the entire outer leaf of a university building in Plymouth collapsed due to the fact that the wall ties had corroded.</p><p>　　● Exposed brickw

12、ork is a low maintenance system; maintenance demands rise considerably if it receives a rendered finish.</p><p>　　● From the energy efficiency point of view,masonry homes have a relatively high thermal mass

13、which is considerably improved if there are high density masonry internal walls and concrete floors.</p><p>　　Framed construction</p><p>　　Volume house builders are increasingly resorting to tim

14、ber-framed construction with a brick outer skin,making them appear identical to full masonry construction.The attraction is the speed of erection especially when elements are fabricated off site. However,there is an unfo

15、rtunate history behind this system due to shortcomings in quality control.This can apply to timber which has not been adequately cured or seasoned.Framed buildings need to have a vapour barrier to walls as well as roofs.

16、 With</p><p>　　Pressed steel frames for homes are now being vigorously promoted by the steel industry.The selling point is again speed of erection but with the added benefit of a guaranteed quality in terms

17、of strength and durability of the material.</p><p>　　From the energy point of view,framed buildings can accommodate high levels of insulation but have relatively poor thermal mass unless this is provided by

18、floors and internal walls.</p><p>　　Innovative techniques</p><p>　　Permanent Insulation Formwork Systems (PIFS) are beginning to make an appearance in Britain.The principle behind PIFS is the us

19、e of precision moulded interlocking hollow blocks made from an insulation material,usually expanded polystyrene.They can be rapidly assembled on site and then filled with pump grade concrete.When the concrete has set the

20、 result is a highly insulated wall ready for the installation of services and internal and exterior finishes.They can achieve a U-value as low as 0.11 W/</p><p>　　The advantages of this system are:</p>

21、<p>　　● Design flexibility; almost any plan shape is possible.</p><p>　　● Ease and speed of erection;skill requirements are modest which is why it has proved popular with the self-build sector.Experie

22、nced erectors can achieve 5 m2 per man hour for erection and placement of concrete.</p><p>　　● The finished product has high structural strength together with considerable thermal mass and high insulation va

23、lue.</p><p>　　Solar design</p><p>　　Passive solar design</p><p>　　Since the sun drives every aspect of the climate it is logical to describe the techniques adopted in buildings to t

24、ake advantage of this fact as‘solar design’. The most basic response is referred to as‘passive solar design’.In this case buildings are designed to take full advantage of solar gain without any intermediate operations.&l

25、t;/p><p>　　Access to solar radiation is determined by a number of conditions:</p><p>　　● the sun’s position relative to the principal facades of the building(solar altitude and azimuth);</p>

26、<p>　　● site orientation and slope;</p><p>　　● existing obstructions on the site;</p><p>　　● potential for overshadowing from obstructions outside the site boundary.</p><p>　　

27、One of the methods by which solar access can be evaluated is the use of some form of sun chart.Most often used is the stereographic sun chart in which a series of radiating lines and concentric circles allow the position

28、 of nearby obstructions to insolation,such as other buildings,to be plotted.On the same chart a series of sun path trajectories are also drawn(usually one arc for the 21st day of each month); also marked are the times of

29、 the day.The intersection of the obstructions’outlines and t</p><p>　　Sunlight and shade patterns cast by the proposed building itself should also be considered.Graphical and computer prediction techniques m

30、ay be employed as well as techniques such as the testing of physical models with a heliodon.</p><p>　　Computer modelling of shadows cast by the sun from any position is offered by Integrated Environmental So

31、lutions (IES) with its‘Suncast’program.This is a user-friendly program which should be well within normal undergraduate competence.</p><p>　　The spacing between buildings is important if overshading is to be

32、 avoided during winter months when the benefit of solar heat gain reaches its peak.On sloping sites there is a critical relationship between the angle of slope and the level of overshading.For example, if overshading is

33、to be avoided at a latitude of 50N,rows of houses on a 10 north-facing slope must be more than twice as far apart than on</p><p>　　10 south-facing slope.</p><p>　　Trees can obviously obstruct su

34、nlight.However,if they are deciduous,they perform the dual function of permitting solar penetration during the winter whilst providing a degree of shading in the summer.</p><p>　　Again spacing between trees

35、and buildings is critical.</p><p>　　Passive solar design can be divided into three broad categories:</p><p>　　● direct gain;</p><p>　　● indirect gain;</p><p>　　● attach

36、ed sunspace or conservatory.</p><p>　　Each of the three categories relies in a different way on the‘greenhouse effect’ as a means of absorbing and retaining heat.The greenhouse effect in buildings is that pr

37、ocess which is mimicked by global environmental warming.In buildings,the incident solar radiation is transmitted by facade glazing to the interior where it is absorbed by the internal surfaces causing warming.However,re-

38、emission of heat back through the glazing is blocked by the fact that the radiation is of a much longer</p><p>　　wavelength than the incoming radiation.This is because the re-emission is from surfaces at a m

39、uch lower temperature and the glazing reflects back such radiation to the interior.</p><p>　　Direct gain</p><p>　　Direct gain is the design technique in which one attempts to concentrate the maj

40、ority of the building’s glazing on the sun-facing facade.Solar radiation is admitted directly into the space concerned.Two examples 30 years apart are the author’s house in Sheffield,designed in 1967 and the Hockerton Pr

41、oject of 1998 by Robert and Brenda Vale.The main design characteristics are:</p><p>　　● Apertures through which sunlight is admitted should be on the solar side of the building, within about 30 of south for

42、the northern hemisphere.</p><p>　　● Windows facing west may pose a summer overheating risk.</p><p>　　● Windows should be at least double glazed with low emissivity glass (Low E) as now required

43、by the UK Building Regulations.</p><p>　　● The main occupied living spaces should be located on the solar side of the building.</p><p>　　● The floor should be of a high thermal mass to absorb th

44、e heat and provide thermal inertia,which reduces temperature fluctuations inside the building.</p><p>　　● As regards the benefits of thermal mass,for the normal daily cycle of heat absorption and emission,it

45、 is only about the first 100 mm of thickness which is involved in the storage process.Thickness greater than this provides marginal improvements in performance but can be useful in some longer-term storage options.</p

46、><p>　　● In the case of solid floors,insulation should be beneath the slab.</p><p>　　● A vapour barrier should always be on the warm side of any insulation.</p><p>　　● Thick carpets sh

47、ould be avoided over the main sunlit and heatabsorbing portion of the floor if it serves as a thermal store.However,with suspended timber floors a carpet is an advantage in excluding draughts from a ventilated underfloor

48、 zone.</p><p>　　During the day and into the evening the warmed floor should slowly release its heat, and the time period over which it happens makes it a very suitable match to domestic circumstances when th

49、e main demand for heat is in the early evening.</p><p>　　As far as the glazing is concerned,the following features are recommended:</p><p>　　● Use of external shutters and/or internal insulating

50、 panels might be considered to reduce night-time heat loss.</p><p>　　● To reduce the potential of overheating in the summer,shading may be provided by designing deep eaves or external louvres. Internal blind

51、s are the most common technique but have the disadvantage of absorbing radiant heat thus adding to the internal temperature.</p><p>　　● Heat reflecting or absorbing glass may be used to limit overheating.The

52、 downside is that it also reduces heat gain at times of the year when it is beneficial.</p><p>　　● Light shelves can help reduce summer overheating whilst improving daylight distribution.</p><p>

53、;　　Direct gain is also possible through the glazing located between the building interior and attached sunspace or conservatory;it also takes place through upper level windows of clerestory designs.In each of these cases

54、 some consideration is required concerning the nature and position of the absorbing surfaces.</p><p>　　In the UK climate and latitude as a general rule of thumb room depth should not be more than two and a h

55、alf times the window head height and the glazing area should be between about 25 and 35 per cent of the floor area.</p><p>　　Indirect gain</p><p>　　In this form of design a heat absorbing elemen

56、t is inserted between the incident solar radiation and the space to be heated;thus the heat is transferred in an indirect way.This often consists of a wall placed behind glazing facing towards the sun,and this thermal st

57、orage wall controls the flow of heat into the building.The main elements</p><p>　　● High thermal mass element positioned between sun and internal spaces,the heat absorbed slowly conducts across the wall and

58、is liberated to the interior some time later.</p><p>　　● Materials and thickness of the wall are chosen to modify the heat flow.In homes the flow can be delayed so that it arrives in the evening matched to o

59、ccupancy periods. Typical thicknesses of the thermal wall are 20–30 cm.</p><p>　　● Glazing on the outer side of the thermal wall is used to provide some insulation against heat loss and help retain the solar

60、 gain by making use of the greenhouse effect.</p><p>　　● The area of the thermal storage wall element should be about 15–20 per cent of the floor area of the space into which it emits heat.</p><p&

61、gt;　　● In order to derive more immediate heat benefit,air can be circulated from the building through the air gap between wall and glazing and back into the room.In this modified form this element is usually referred to

62、as a Trombe wall. Heat reflecting blinds should be inserted between the glazing and the thermal wall to limit heat build-up in summer.</p><p>　　In countries which receive inconsistent levels of solar radiati

63、on throughout the day because of climatic factors (such as in the UK),the option to circulate air is likely to be of greater benefit than awaiting its arrival after passage through the thermal storage wall.</p>&l

64、t;p>　　At times of excess heat gain the system can provide alternative benefits with the air circulation vented directly to the exterior carrying away its heat,at the same time drawing in outside air to the building fr

65、om cooler external spaces.</p><p>　　Indirect gain options are often viewed as being the least aesthetically pleasing of the passive solar options,partly because of the restrictions on position and view out f

66、rom remaining windows,and partly as a result of the implied dark surface finishes of the absorbing surfaces.</p><p>　　As a result,this category of the three prime solar design technologies is not as widely u

67、sed as its efficiency and effectiveness would suggest.</p><p>　　Attached sunspace/conservatory</p><p>　　This has become a popular feature in both new housing and as an addition to existing homes

68、.It can function as an extension of living space,a solar heat store,a preheater for ventilation air or simply an adjunct greenhouse for plants.On balance it is considered that conservatories are a net contributor to glob

69、al warming since they are often heated.Ideally the sunspace should be capable of being isolated from the main building to reduce heat loss in winter and excessive gain in summer.The area of </p><p>　　Ideally

70、 the summer heat gain should be used to charge a seasonal thermal storage element to provide background warmth in winter.</p><p>　　At the very least,air flow paths between the conservatory and the main build

71、ing should be carefully controlled.</p><p>　　Active solar thermal systems</p><p>　　A distinction must be drawn between passive means of utilising the thermal heat of the sun, discussed earlier,a

72、nd those of a more‘a(chǎn)ctive’nature Active systems take solar gain a step further than passive solar.They convert direct solar radiation into another form of energy.Solar collectors preheat water using a closed circuit calo

73、rifier.The emergence of Legionella has highlighted the need to store hot water at a temperature above 60C which means that for most of the year in temperate climes activ</p><p>　　Active systems are able to d

74、eliver high quality energy.However,a penalty is incurred since energy is required to control and operate the system known as the ‘parasitic energy requirement’.A further distinction is the difference between systems usin

75、g the thermal heat of the sun,and systems,such as photovoltaic cells, which convert solar energy directly into electrical power.</p><p>　　For solar energy to realise its full potential it needs to be install

76、ed on a district basis and coupled with seasonal storage.One of the largest projects is at Friedrichshafen.The heat from 5600 m2 of solar collectors on the roofs of eight housing blocks containing 570 apartments is trans

77、ported to a central heating unit or substation.It is then distributed to the apartments as required.The heated living area amounts to 39 500 m2.</p><p>　　Surplus summer heat is directed to the seasonal heat

78、store which,in this case, is of the hot water variety capable of storing 12 000 m3.The scale of this storage facility is indicated by Figure 5.9.</p><p>　　The heat delivery of the system amounts to 1915 MWh/

79、year and the solar fraction is 47 per cent.The month by month ratio between solar and fossil-based energy indicates that from April to November inclusive,solar energy accounts for almost total demand,being principally do

80、mestic hot water.</p><p>　　In places with high average temperatures and generous sunlight,active solar has considerable potential not just for heating water but also for electricity generation.This has parti

81、cular relevance to less and least developed countries.</p><p>　　環(huán)境變化影響下的建筑學(xué)</p><p>　　房屋設(shè)計(jì)中的低能耗技術(shù)</p><p>　　顯而易見，在工業(yè)化國家，最好的營救機(jī)會(huì)依賴于建筑環(huán)境，因?yàn)椴徽撌窃谑褂玫慕ㄖ蛘呤窃诮ㄔO(shè)的建筑，都是最大的、單一的、間接地由化石燃料的燃燒所引起的碳排

82、放的源頭，而這些站了所有排放的50%。如果你加上為建造這些建筑在運(yùn)輸上所產(chǎn)生的碳排放，英國政府估計(jì)這個(gè)數(shù)字會(huì)上升到75%。也就是在建成環(huán)境這個(gè)領(lǐng)域里，能夠簡單的容納如此快速的改變卻不產(chǎn)生負(fù)面效果。事實(shí)上，升級(jí)建筑，特別是那些較老較舊的房子，將會(huì)營造一個(gè)連鎖的良性循環(huán)。</p><p><b>　　施工系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　考慮到現(xiàn)在由全球性變暖以及非化石燃

83、料使用機(jī)會(huì)所帶來的的挑戰(zhàn)?，F(xiàn)在就是最好的時(shí)機(jī)去解決能量方程式一邊的需求如何作用到這一挑戰(zhàn)。建成環(huán)境是所有能耗中最大的消費(fèi)者，在這里，住宅又以全英國28%的二氧化碳排放居于桿位。</p><p>　　在英國，一直就有用石頭建設(shè)住宅的出傳統(tǒng)，并且從十九世紀(jì)二十年代早期開始，這一習(xí)慣得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。這是為了使一個(gè)極濕的外表面能不至于和其內(nèi)表面存在物理上的連接，這樣，墻的聯(lián)系被分開了，水也能夠通過防水通排向外面。自從把

84、熱源控制引進(jìn)來以后，最初人們認(rèn)為的保護(hù)能源比保護(hù)星球更重要的理念，已經(jīng)被廣泛的在建筑洞口絕熱材料的使用上。在一段很長的時(shí)間里，保護(hù)建筑的洞口是被強(qiáng)制命令的，并且一場由傳統(tǒng)主義者發(fā)起的保護(hù)“圣所”的戰(zhàn)爭也已經(jīng)持續(xù)了很久。失敗最終被承認(rèn)，通過BRE的大量研究我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，填滿建筑的洞口并不會(huì)提高潮氣穿透建筑的奉獻(xiàn)，事實(shí)上，通過洞口的潮氣反而減少了。</p><p>　　帶有外部絕熱材料的砌體墻面被廣泛的在歐洲大陸實(shí)踐，在

85、英國，他們甚至作為外立面的裝飾而使用。在康沃爾郡，PHA在面朝大海的地方用這種方法建了一棟住宅，肯能這就是最具挑戰(zhàn)的條件了。</p><p><b>　　砌體建筑的優(yōu)勢有：</b></p><p>　　●對(duì)于任何建筑公司而言，他都是一個(gè)熟悉并經(jīng)得住考驗(yàn)的技術(shù)。</p><p>　　●他是一個(gè)使用壽命長，并且通常情況下不會(huì)產(chǎn)生毀滅性災(zāi)難的建筑形式

86、，盡管他還不是很完善。幾年前，普利茅斯一所大學(xué)建筑的整個(gè)屋頂突然坍塌，經(jīng)調(diào)查，墻的連接部分被腐蝕是這一事故的緣由。</p><p>　　●裸露的磚石結(jié)構(gòu)是一種低維護(hù)費(fèi)的系統(tǒng)，如果奏效的話，維護(hù)費(fèi)還會(huì)上升很大一部分。</p><p>　　●從能效的角度考慮，如果其有高密度的砌體內(nèi)墻和混凝土樓板，砌體住宅本身較高的比熱還將有一個(gè)很大的提升。</p><p><b&

87、gt;　　框架建筑</b></p><p>　　大量住宅的建筑者開始熱衷于采用有磚石外墻的木構(gòu)架建筑，這使得他們他們看起來和砌體建筑一樣。他的吸引力在于如果基礎(chǔ)在空閑的地區(qū)進(jìn)行建設(shè)，建筑速度將會(huì)非常的快。然而這一系統(tǒng)仍然有一個(gè)不幸的歷史背景，因?yàn)樵谫|(zhì)量控制方面它還存在著很多的缺點(diǎn)。這些突出的表現(xiàn)在那些不是很牢固或者不成熟的木材上?？蚣芙ㄖ臀蓓斠粯有枰莱睂?。加上木結(jié)構(gòu)以后他將很難避免潮氣的滲透，在內(nèi)

88、部固定方面也仍然存在著很多問題。對(duì)于那些純粹論者，最大的指責(zé)在于當(dāng)框架建筑迫切的需要一個(gè)以面板，屋面，石板或瓦片懸掛在外部結(jié)束的時(shí)候，這在某種程度上是不合邏輯的。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在，鋼鐵工業(yè)大大促進(jìn)了為家庭而制的壓制鋼框架的應(yīng)用。伴隨新建筑材料在強(qiáng)度和耐久能力上的良好保證，即使施工速度很快，還是很有賣點(diǎn)的。</p><p>　　從能源角度看，框架建筑能夠提供較高等級(jí)的隔絕效果，但是

89、框架建筑有一個(gè)相對(duì)較低的比熱，除非其由地板和內(nèi)墻提供。</p><p><b>　　創(chuàng)新的技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　在英國，PIFS正在為新的技術(shù)努力。他們的原則底線是由絕熱材料制作的精確模數(shù)化得榫卯結(jié)構(gòu)的使用，通常這些是膨脹聚苯乙烯。因?yàn)樗麄兛梢员豢焖傺b配，并填充上加氣水泥。當(dāng)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)完成，將會(huì)變成一個(gè)更高效的絕熱墻，無論是在內(nèi)部還是外部的安裝服務(wù)上。這樣

90、，他將以小于0.11W/㎡K的成績得到一個(gè)U級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)。超過三層的建筑，鋼筋的增加還是必要的。</p><p>　　這一系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢在于：</p><p>　　●設(shè)計(jì)的靈活性：幾乎所有的形狀都是可以的。</p><p>　　●簡單且快速的建筑時(shí)間：適度的技術(shù)要求使得他在自家建筑中非常流行，經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的建筑工人可以以每小時(shí)5平方米的速度用混凝土進(jìn)行建設(shè)。</p>

91、<p>　　●最終的成果具有較高的建筑強(qiáng)度并且兼有比較不錯(cuò)的比熱和隔熱等級(jí)。</p><p><b>　　日光設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　　積極的日光設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p>　　自從太陽驅(qū)動(dòng)每個(gè)季節(jié)的變化以來，人們利用“日光設(shè)計(jì)”這一優(yōu)勢在建筑上就很合乎邏輯了。最基本的答復(fù)就是像“積極地日光設(shè)

92、計(jì)”一樣。因此，現(xiàn)在的建筑設(shè)計(jì)都會(huì)充分利用太陽能而非間接地通過其他方式。</p><p>　　通過的太陽輻射決定于一系列的因素：</p><p>　　●太陽對(duì)于建筑主立面的位置（太陽方位角和高度角）</p><p><b>　　●基地的定位和坡度</b></p><p><b>　　●基地現(xiàn)存的障礙物</

93、b></p><p>　　●基地外潛在的會(huì)遮擋陽光的物體</p><p>　　太陽輻射的一種評(píng)價(jià)方式是某種形式的太陽圖標(biāo)，最常使用的是立體太陽圖表，在這種圖標(biāo)里，一系列的射線和許多同心圓使得我們能夠得到遮擋物的日照分析。就像其他建筑一樣，用來標(biāo)繪。在相同的圖志上，一系列的太陽光路徑被繪制（通常情況下是每個(gè)月的第21天）；并且同樣也會(huì)把那天的時(shí)間標(biāo)識(shí)上。太陽光照射到遮擋物的外輪廓所形成

94、陰影的交叉口就是陽光和陰影的分割部分。通常情況下不同的緯度會(huì)有不同的圖志（一般在兩個(gè)緯度等級(jí)之內(nèi)）。</p><p>　　建筑自身對(duì)光線和陰影的影響也要被考慮進(jìn)來，圖解的、計(jì)算機(jī)預(yù)測技術(shù)可能受制于像在同一個(gè)日影儀下的物理模型測試的技術(shù)。</p><p>　　IES的“陽光投影”程序可以用電腦模擬從任何一個(gè)角度投射的太陽光和影。這是一個(gè)對(duì)于擁有一般技能的大學(xué)生都很容易掌握的程序。</p

95、><p>　　兩個(gè)建筑物之間的距離是很重要的，這樣可以避免在冬季獲得陽光最好的時(shí)候得不到足夠多的陽光。再有坡度的地塊內(nèi)，坡底的坡度和遮擋的等級(jí)之間存在一個(gè)決定性的關(guān)系。比如說，如果要在北緯50°的地方避免陽光被遮擋，北傾10°排列的建筑群之間的距離要比南傾10°的建筑群的間距多一倍。</p><p>　　大樹很明顯會(huì)遮擋陽光。但是如果他們是落葉植物，他們將扮演兩重

96、角色。在冬天，他可以是陽光通過他們進(jìn)行照射；在夏天，他又能提供相當(dāng)數(shù)量的陰影。</p><p>　　積極的陽光設(shè)計(jì)可以被分為三大類：</p><p><b>　　●直接獲得陽光</b></p><p><b>　　●間接獲得陽光</b></p><p>　　●附加日光間或者溫室</p>

97、<p>　　這三種方式中的任何一種都是從不同角度利用“溫室效應(yīng)”，而這正是一種吸收和保留溫度的方法。溫室效應(yīng)在建筑上的應(yīng)用是模仿全有氣候變暖的過程，在建筑上，偶爾的太陽輻射是通過建筑主立面的窗戶透射進(jìn)來的，房屋內(nèi)表面吸收以后使得房間的溫度得到提高。然而，二次輻射所產(chǎn)生的熱量卻被玻璃窗阻隔在內(nèi)，因?yàn)檫@一波長要遠(yuǎn)比輻射進(jìn)來的長。二次輻射的輻射源是內(nèi)部墻面，他的溫度要比外面的溫度低很多，玻璃窗也正好可以將其反射到內(nèi)部。</p

98、><p><b>　　直接獲得陽光</b></p><p>　　直接獲得的建筑技術(shù)是集中絕大多數(shù)的玻璃窗在房間面朝太陽的一邊。太陽輻射可以直接進(jìn)入有關(guān)的房間，時(shí)隔30年之久的兩個(gè)例子是1967年作者在設(shè)菲爾德的住宅，和1998年由羅伯特和布倫達(dá)?瓦勒在霍克頓進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目。主要的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)如下：</p><p>　　●能夠使陽光通過的孔隙必須在建筑面朝太

99、陽的一面，在北半球，其要在南方的±30°以內(nèi)。</p><p>　　●西向的窗戶將會(huì)提高房間過熱的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。</p><p>　　●現(xiàn)在，英國建筑學(xué)會(huì)要求，在進(jìn)行房屋建設(shè)過程中最少需要使用雙層的LOW-E玻璃。</p><p>　　●主要的居住空間需要設(shè)置在建筑面朝太陽的一側(cè)。</p><p>　　●樓板需要有較高的比熱來儲(chǔ)存

100、熱量和釋放熱量，這將降低房間內(nèi)溫度的波動(dòng)。</p><p>　　●得益于較高的比熱，在日常熱量吸收和釋放循環(huán)中，只需要最上面那100毫米厚的樓板就足夠儲(chǔ)存熱量。超過這一厚度的樓板在儲(chǔ)存熱量上的提升別沒有太大的提高，但是在其他短期儲(chǔ)存能力上還是有好處的。</p><p>　　●相對(duì)于固體樓板，絕熱層應(yīng)放置在板面的下方。</p><p>　　●絕氣層應(yīng)始終在隔熱層溫度相

101、對(duì)較高的一側(cè)。</p><p>　　●厚地毯應(yīng)避免放置在主要陽光照射的地方或者被用作儲(chǔ)存熱量的樓板層上。然而，對(duì)于懸浮木地板，地毯可以阻止由通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)所帶來的氣流。從早到晚，被加熱的地板可以緩慢釋放它的熱量，這一過程發(fā)生的時(shí)間段包括傍晚最需要熱量的時(shí)候，這也使得房間變得非常適宜人們居住。</p><p>　　考慮到玻璃窗的需求，以下幾方面是需要注意的：</p><p>