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1、<p><b>  中文8287字</b></p><p><b>  附錄A譯文</b></p><p>  我國(guó)露天煤礦開(kāi)采環(huán)境問(wèn)題及防治對(duì)策研究</p><p>  世界各采煤國(guó)家都將優(yōu)先發(fā)展露天采煤作為增加煤產(chǎn)量的主要途徑,只要有條件,盡量實(shí)現(xiàn)集中開(kāi)采,以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,降低成本。我國(guó)也是這樣,無(wú)論是建國(guó)

2、初期擴(kuò)建和建設(shè)的撫順西露天礦和海州露天礦,20世紀(jì)60年代建設(shè)的平莊、義馬、哈密等露天礦,80年代大規(guī)模建設(shè)的伊敏、霍林河、準(zhǔn)格爾、安太堡等幾大露天礦,都為我國(guó)煤炭產(chǎn)量的增長(zhǎng)、國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的建設(shè)做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn),也取得了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。</p><p>  但是基于歷史原因,認(rèn)識(shí)自然的局限性及法制法規(guī)的不完善,露天采煤業(yè)迅猛發(fā)展的同時(shí),也帶來(lái)了一系列的礦山環(huán)境問(wèn)題和生態(tài)破壞,已嚴(yán)重影響地區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展

3、。這是我們亟待解決而又要認(rèn)真對(duì)待的大問(wèn)題。 1.露天煤礦開(kāi)采引發(fā)的環(huán)境問(wèn)題</p><p>  露天采煤形成的凹坑,由于地質(zhì)構(gòu)造、邊坡巖體、地表水地下水作用等原因誘發(fā)滑坡、塌陷、水土流失、泥石流等一系列地質(zhì)災(zāi)害,又引起地面變形而危及周邊地區(qū)的工業(yè)企業(yè)和居民建筑的安全。既造成巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失又破壞了原來(lái)的生態(tài)地質(zhì)環(huán)境。</p><p>  2.露天煤礦開(kāi)采引發(fā)環(huán)境問(wèn)題的原因</p>

4、<p>  我國(guó)露天煤礦開(kāi)采環(huán)境問(wèn)題復(fù)雜、多樣、特殊、敏感,由于特定歷史因素影響對(duì)礦業(yè)城市地質(zhì)環(huán)境和生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響和破壞非常巨大。隨著國(guó)家環(huán)保意識(shí)增強(qiáng),80年代以來(lái)建的新礦區(qū)環(huán)境狀況有所改善,有的礦區(qū)達(dá)到了較好水平,如平朔安太堡露天礦就比較好地解決了露天開(kāi)采中環(huán)境恢復(fù)和治理問(wèn)題。因此總結(jié)這方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)意義是重大的,對(duì)搞好露天煤礦開(kāi)采環(huán)境問(wèn)題的防治是非常必要的。在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)期,煤礦企業(yè)利潤(rùn)都上繳國(guó)家而很少投入由開(kāi)采造成的環(huán)

5、境問(wèn)題治理經(jīng)費(fèi)。如撫順西露天礦、阜新海州露天礦這樣的國(guó)有大型礦山企業(yè),所產(chǎn)煤炭、所創(chuàng)利潤(rùn)和效益基本上均上繳國(guó)家,而幾十年來(lái)開(kāi)采帶來(lái)的嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境危害卻留給了地方;露天煤礦開(kāi)采初期和中期環(huán)境危害的范圍與烈度均較小,沒(méi)有引起決策者、管理者和采礦者的注意。加上環(huán)保意識(shí)薄弱而使環(huán)境隱患越積越多,幾十年后造成了環(huán)境的惡化和災(zāi)害的發(fā)生。</p><p>  無(wú)法回避的是,歷史沉淀這些環(huán)境問(wèn)題,只有依靠各級(jí)政府加大投入或積極組織

6、才能逐步地治理和恢復(fù)。</p><p>  以往傳統(tǒng)的地質(zhì)、采礦,管理學(xué)科沒(méi)有或很少將礦山環(huán)境勘查、評(píng)價(jià)、預(yù)測(cè)、管理、立法、執(zhí)法與露天煤礦勘查、露天煤礦建設(shè)、設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、閉坑有機(jī)地貫穿始終結(jié)合起來(lái)。各學(xué)科均有自己的側(cè)重點(diǎn),如露天采礦學(xué)就追求剝離最少,采煤最多,只要不滑坡,邊坡越陡越好,很少考慮地面變形或閉坑后災(zāi)害,很少以綜合的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、社會(huì)效益和環(huán)境效益作為本學(xué)科研究追求的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。</p>&

7、lt;p>  露天煤礦開(kāi)采環(huán)境問(wèn)題根本上說(shuō)是人類(lèi)采礦工程活動(dòng)使環(huán)境發(fā)生變化或惡化。這就需要決策者、管理者、生產(chǎn)者有戰(zhàn)略眼光和戰(zhàn)略胸懷,不僅僅關(guān)注自身的、近期的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和繁榮,還應(yīng)從保持社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展、愛(ài)護(hù)人類(lèi)居住的家園的高度去從事露天煤礦開(kāi)采,主動(dòng)地、積極地利用開(kāi)采工程改善、美化周邊環(huán)境,變有害為無(wú)害,變不利為有利,實(shí)現(xiàn)資源開(kāi)發(fā)和環(huán)境保護(hù)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。安太堡露天煤礦開(kāi)采就在防止水土流失、改變土壤成份、實(shí)現(xiàn)廢棄地植被、綠化、復(fù)墾、

8、生物治理方面取得巨大成績(jī),使礦區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境比開(kāi)采前好。這方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)值得研究推廣。</p><p>  3.露天煤礦開(kāi)采環(huán)境問(wèn)題的治理對(duì)策</p><p>  露天煤礦開(kāi)采所誘發(fā)和種種環(huán)境問(wèn)題及災(zāi)害的防治是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的、綜合的、龐大的系統(tǒng)工程。要應(yīng)用環(huán)境地質(zhì)學(xué)、采礦學(xué)、系統(tǒng)工程、工程經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)等學(xué)科的原理和思路研究防治對(duì)策。從注重分析性思維向分析性、協(xié)調(diào)性、綜合性思維轉(zhuǎn)化;從單項(xiàng)技術(shù)、分科發(fā)展,常

9、規(guī)觀測(cè)向復(fù)合技術(shù)、現(xiàn)代信息手段、多學(xué)科綜合系統(tǒng)發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)化。追求最優(yōu)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、社會(huì)效益和環(huán)境效益。實(shí)現(xiàn)煤炭開(kāi)采與環(huán)境保護(hù)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。在此露天煤礦開(kāi)采引發(fā)的環(huán)境問(wèn)題治理提出幾點(diǎn)看法。</p><p>  (1) 區(qū)分環(huán)境問(wèn)題歷史舊賬和新賬,從而明確環(huán)境恢復(fù)治理的主體和責(zé)任人。 要由目前的礦山企業(yè)來(lái)承擔(dān)歷史遺留的環(huán)境問(wèn)題的治理顯然是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。因此盡早區(qū)分歷史舊賬和新賬,是明確環(huán)境恢復(fù)治理責(zé)任、內(nèi)容

10、、資金來(lái)源和實(shí)施主體的重要前提。</p><p>  歷史舊賬和新賬的劃分,建議以企業(yè)由計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)為市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)即企業(yè)利潤(rùn)基本上繳國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)為企業(yè)自負(fù)盈虧的年份為界。</p><p>  對(duì)于歷史舊賬,應(yīng)主要由政府承擔(dān),主要依靠國(guó)家、省市政府投資、組織治理。而新賬必須主要由企業(yè)承擔(dān),嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行誰(shuí)破壞誰(shuí)治理、誰(shuí)負(fù)責(zé)的原則。</p><p>  撫順西露天礦、海州露天礦這樣的老礦

11、,由于歷史原因造成的環(huán)境問(wèn)題主要由國(guó)家、政府承擔(dān)治理恢復(fù);而進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)后由于露天開(kāi)采引發(fā)的新的環(huán)境問(wèn)題則必須由企業(yè)承擔(dān),進(jìn)入企業(yè)生產(chǎn)成本,負(fù)責(zé)治理恢復(fù);而新建礦山,則必須從勘察、立項(xiàng)、建設(shè)、設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)開(kāi)始就從法制上、管理上明確責(zé)任人,并負(fù)責(zé)到礦山閉坑。確保環(huán)境得到恢復(fù)和改善。</p><p>  (2) 完善、修改的制定包括露天煤礦開(kāi)采在內(nèi)的有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范,使礦山開(kāi)采的環(huán)境管理和治理具有可操作性、規(guī)范,使礦山環(huán)

12、境管理和治理具有可操作性、針對(duì)性和科學(xué)性。實(shí)現(xiàn)露天煤礦開(kāi)采從勘查、建設(shè)、生產(chǎn)、閉坑全過(guò)程的管理和監(jiān)督有法可依。實(shí)現(xiàn)露天煤礦開(kāi)采環(huán)境的改變一破壞一恢復(fù)一重建的良性循環(huán)。促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。這就從源頭避免、減少了環(huán)境問(wèn)題的危害和地質(zhì)災(zāi)害的發(fā)生。</p><p>  (3) 露天煤礦建設(shè)開(kāi)采的規(guī)劃要充分考慮開(kāi)采至最終境界可能帶來(lái)的環(huán)境問(wèn)題和災(zāi)變。規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)中要充分考慮不要在可能的環(huán)境災(zāi)變區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)民用與工業(yè)建筑。這一條對(duì)新建露

13、天煤礦是必要的。</p><p>  (4) 在地質(zhì)環(huán)境問(wèn)題較嚴(yán)重的露天礦,建立環(huán)境地質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)站和地質(zhì)災(zāi)害預(yù)警系統(tǒng)。主要針對(duì)已經(jīng)建設(shè)和正在生產(chǎn)的露天煤礦,且環(huán)境災(zāi)變問(wèn)題已經(jīng)存在并影響、危害地面建筑和人民生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全情況下建立。如撫順發(fā)電廠及地面興平路等均建有地面變形監(jiān)測(cè)線網(wǎng),實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)并預(yù)測(cè)變形趨勢(shì),為及時(shí)采取災(zāi)害防治措施,避免損失提供依據(jù)。</p><p> ?。?) 老的露天煤礦,開(kāi)采已

14、幾十年,造成的環(huán)境地質(zhì)災(zāi)害已成事實(shí)的情況下,防治對(duì)策建議遵循兩條原則:一是避讓原則,不要有災(zāi)害區(qū)內(nèi)布置工程建設(shè)和居民建筑,已有的盡量考慮搬遷;二是針對(duì)性治理原則,對(duì)不宜搬遷的重要設(shè)置和建筑,采對(duì)針對(duì)性治理原則,對(duì)不宜搬遷的重要設(shè)置和建筑,采取針對(duì)性治理,如加固、屏蔽、采礦回填、邊坡壓腳等。宜進(jìn)行幾個(gè)方案的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較,要綜合考慮技術(shù)可行性、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理性和安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性。</p><p> ?。?) 對(duì)于新建露天煤礦,決

15、策者、管理者、采礦者應(yīng)站在保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的戰(zhàn)略高度,主動(dòng)的通過(guò)采礦工程活動(dòng)改善和重建周邊地區(qū)的環(huán)境。如平朔安太堡露天煤礦就做出了有益可喜的成績(jī)。通過(guò)開(kāi)露天礦、修水庫(kù)、改河道、改變地形和地層層位、調(diào)整土壤結(jié)構(gòu)、防止水土流失、復(fù)墾種植等,不但避免了環(huán)境的惡化,而且通過(guò)露天煤礦開(kāi)采,建設(shè)一生態(tài)環(huán)境更好的新礦區(qū)。</p><p>  3.露天礦區(qū)污、廢水水質(zhì)及處理工藝現(xiàn)狀</p><p>  由于露

16、天礦區(qū)的自身特點(diǎn)不盡相同,礦區(qū)污、廢水處理廠所接納的水質(zhì)也不相同。隨著水處理技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,礦區(qū)污、廢水處理所采取的處理工藝不斷發(fā)展,各種水處理工藝在實(shí)踐中不斷的接受檢驗(yàn),有成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn),也有失敗的教訓(xùn).由于露天礦區(qū)工業(yè)場(chǎng)地與居住區(qū)規(guī)劃格局的不同,礦區(qū)污水處理廠的規(guī)模和污水水質(zhì)濃度也不一樣,分析,霍林河、準(zhǔn)格爾、伊敏河礦區(qū)進(jìn)入污水處理廠的水質(zhì)為生活與工業(yè)廢水混合,其余礦區(qū)為僅處理工業(yè)廢水;從污水處理廠規(guī)模上分析,礦區(qū)處理廠規(guī)模小,尤其是工

17、業(yè)場(chǎng)地污水處理廠規(guī)模很小,與礦區(qū)大規(guī)模用水量比較反差相當(dāng)大,平朔礦區(qū)(不含生活區(qū))總用水量為27000m3/d,而污水處理廠規(guī)模僅為1300 m3/d,這是由于供水大量消耗于礦山公路灑水及選煤補(bǔ)充水,沒(méi)有進(jìn)入排水系統(tǒng)的原因;從污水處理廠進(jìn)水水質(zhì)分析,礦區(qū)污水濃度與城市污水濃度相比偏低,SS值相對(duì)較高,BOD及COD絕對(duì)值較低,僅對(duì)工業(yè)場(chǎng)地而言,污水可生化性較差。</p><p>  (1)污水處理工藝分析<

18、/p><p>  從污水處理現(xiàn)狀分析,礦區(qū)污水處理與城市污水處理工藝同步發(fā)展,在統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查的五大露天礦區(qū)中,污水處理工藝分別采用了一級(jí)處理+污水庫(kù)、普通活性污泥法+深度處理、生物膜法、SBR+深度處理等處理工藝,從實(shí)際的運(yùn)行效果分析,一級(jí)處理+污水庫(kù)處理工藝、生化處理+深度處理工藝處理效果較好,生物法工藝由于不適應(yīng)礦區(qū)含油的水質(zhì)特點(diǎn),實(shí)踐證明是失敗的。</p><p>  (2)污水處理工藝選擇

19、及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)</p><p>  礦區(qū)污水水質(zhì)濃度偏低,SS偏高、BOD值較低(安家?guī)X露天礦例外),與城市污水相比可生化性差。由于礦區(qū)污水水質(zhì)的行業(yè)特點(diǎn),污水處理工藝選擇必須切合礦區(qū)水質(zhì)的實(shí)際特點(diǎn)。通過(guò)對(duì)水質(zhì)及污水處理的實(shí)際運(yùn)行效果分析,筆者認(rèn)為一級(jí)處理+污水庫(kù)工藝、二級(jí)生化處理+深度處理工藝為露天礦區(qū)污水處理的首選工藝。</p><p>  污水庫(kù)工藝為工業(yè)場(chǎng)地污水處理廠的首選工藝,其優(yōu)越

20、性為a:充分適合礦區(qū)污水水質(zhì)特點(diǎn),工藝流程合理b:適應(yīng)礦區(qū)污水資源化復(fù)用。其缺點(diǎn)為a:污水庫(kù)水質(zhì)不易保證b:受到地形限制,理想的是利用自然地形修建污水庫(kù),人工開(kāi)挖污水庫(kù)基建投資大。二級(jí)生化處理+深度處理工藝為混合污水處理廠的首選工藝,其優(yōu)越性為處理效果好、出水水質(zhì)可達(dá)到復(fù)</p><p>  用于綠化、道路灑水、選煤補(bǔ)充水的要求,適合礦區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)污水資源化。其缺點(diǎn)為投資高,配套污水資源化工程造價(jià)高。</p>

21、;<p><b>  4.邊坡穩(wěn)定性研究</b></p><p>  邊坡穩(wěn)定技術(shù)的研究始于20世紀(jì)50年代中期。1953年海州露天煤礦投產(chǎn),撫順西露天煤礦完成改造后,不久在非工作幫就多次出現(xiàn)邊坡滑落現(xiàn)象,嚴(yán)重影響正常生產(chǎn)和設(shè)備安全。針對(duì)上述2礦的滑坡開(kāi)始了邊坡穩(wěn)定性研究工作,主要研究?jī)?nèi)容為非工作幫的工程地質(zhì)條件、巖石物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)、滑坡形成的條件和穩(wěn)定性分析方法、確定邊坡失穩(wěn)的

22、范圍及防治措施。</p><p>  1961年撫順西露天礦發(fā)生了4次百萬(wàn)立方米的大滑坡,其中3號(hào)滑坡體危及西大巷提升煤道的安全。我所科研人員參加多部組成的治理工作組,完成了削坡、減重、疏干、加固等措施的設(shè)計(jì)和施工,確保了提升系統(tǒng)的正常生產(chǎn)。</p><p>  經(jīng)過(guò)這一階段的研究工作,建立了一套露天礦邊坡穩(wěn)定性研究理論及工作方法,培養(yǎng)了一支科研隊(duì)伍,并建立了巖石力學(xué)試驗(yàn)室。邊坡工程研究已

23、成為露天開(kāi)采安全研究所的主導(dǎo)專(zhuān)業(yè),也是國(guó)內(nèi)最早開(kāi)展邊坡工程研究的專(zhuān)業(yè)單位之一。并多次參加非煤露天礦山和長(zhǎng)江三峽滑坡的治理論證。隨著我國(guó)露天采煤的發(fā)展,先后承擔(dān)了國(guó)家、煤炭部的重大研究課題,完成了撫順、阜新、平莊、安太堡、準(zhǔn)格爾、小龍?zhí)?、義馬等露天煤礦的邊坡穩(wěn)定性研究和滑坡防治工作。至今共完成各類(lèi)科研課題共60余項(xiàng),其中12項(xiàng)成果分別獲得省、部及國(guó)家一、二、三等獎(jiǎng)。</p><p>  (1)基礎(chǔ)研究:工程地質(zhì)勘察

24、技術(shù)。地質(zhì)構(gòu)造和巖層賦存條件,特別是軟弱巖層的狀況是形成滑坡的內(nèi)在因素,查清地質(zhì)構(gòu)造是確定滑坡體的規(guī)模、滑動(dòng)模式、穩(wěn)定分析和防治措施的依據(jù)。常規(guī)的方法是地表地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)查、鉆探、巷探。隨著雷達(dá)探測(cè)技術(shù)和地震波探測(cè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,無(wú)鉆勘察地層及地質(zhì)構(gòu)造的目標(biāo)得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。1993年在研究撫順西露天礦西南幫邊坡穩(wěn)定項(xiàng)目中,用淺層地質(zhì)雷達(dá)儀成功地確定了影響該地區(qū)邊坡穩(wěn)定的軟質(zhì)凝灰?guī)r的賦存狀態(tài)及分布規(guī)律。在巖體結(jié)構(gòu)分析方面,根據(jù)巖體裂隙性的特點(diǎn),應(yīng)用了隨

25、機(jī)模擬,計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字模擬方法,以及用巖體質(zhì)量指標(biāo)及QD分級(jí)來(lái)確定巖體的完整性,從而計(jì)算巖體結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)邊坡穩(wěn)定的影響。</p><p>  (2)水文地質(zhì)及地下水監(jiān)測(cè)。邊坡巖體中地下水的存在不僅弱化巖石強(qiáng)度,特別是降低了弱層的抗剪強(qiáng)度,使邊坡沿弱層滑落。而且隨著地下水位的升高,浮托力增大降低了邊坡體的抗滑能力。因此地下水的勘察多采用地表調(diào)查和鉆水文孔,通過(guò)取巖樣測(cè)定巖石的含水量,作分層注水試驗(yàn),確定巖層的含水規(guī)律和水力聯(lián)

26、系,建立水力模型。在“七五”國(guó)家科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目“邊坡安全監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)的研制”課題中研制了壓阻式地下水監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng),可隨時(shí)測(cè)得地下水的壓力,具有精度高、分辨率高、輸出信號(hào)大、可實(shí)現(xiàn)集中控制、自動(dòng)記錄等特點(diǎn),提高了地下水的監(jiān)測(cè)水平。</p><p>  (3)巖石力學(xué)性質(zhì)。邊坡巖體物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)的研究和指標(biāo)測(cè)試,是為邊坡設(shè)計(jì)、穩(wěn)定性評(píng)價(jià)與治理提供科學(xué)依據(jù)了。從60年代開(kāi)始采用了巷道內(nèi)和平盤(pán)上的原位試驗(yàn)方法。為了配合原位試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)研

27、制了專(zhuān)用壓力盒和千斤頂?shù)韧屏ρb置。并用這種方法完成了撫順、阜新等露天礦各種軟巖的力學(xué)指標(biāo)測(cè)定,為邊坡穩(wěn)定性評(píng)價(jià)和治理提供了可靠依據(jù)。</p><p>  .展望46年成就碩果累累,令人欣慰,使人振奮。展望未來(lái),擺在我們面前的任務(wù)仍十分艱巨。隨著平朔煤炭工業(yè)公司安家?guī)X露天礦、平朔三礦、伊敏煤電公司露天礦二期工程籌建、勝利煤田的開(kāi)發(fā)和準(zhǔn)格爾黑岱溝露天煤礦擴(kuò)建,將使我國(guó)露天采煤業(yè)再上一個(gè)新臺(tái)階。為此,我們將繼續(xù)改革科研

28、體制,攻克技術(shù)難關(guān)研究出適合我國(guó)大型露天煤礦生產(chǎn)發(fā)展和管理水平的先進(jìn)技術(shù)。要研究適合各種地質(zhì)條件下的開(kāi)采工藝,特別是無(wú)運(yùn)輸開(kāi)采工藝;要繼續(xù)深入地進(jìn)行計(jì)算機(jī)在露天礦山的應(yīng)用研究,實(shí)現(xiàn)大型露天煤礦生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì),生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的監(jiān)控和優(yōu)化調(diào)度,提高現(xiàn)代化露天礦的管理水平;將電鏟卡車(chē)優(yōu)化調(diào)度系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步完善,做好推廣工作;研究硬巖、高段條件下的爆破技術(shù),提高爆破效果,充分發(fā)揮采掘設(shè)備的效率;加強(qiáng)邊坡穩(wěn)定性研究和邊坡變形監(jiān)測(cè)新型儀表的研制;深入開(kāi)

29、展礦山地質(zhì)災(zāi)害和環(huán)境的評(píng)價(jià),研究廢棄礦山的綜合利用;加強(qiáng)檢測(cè)、監(jiān)測(cè)手段與技術(shù)的研究;重視實(shí)驗(yàn)手段的建設(shè)在積極開(kāi)展技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)服務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)上,加大基礎(chǔ)研究的投入,重視人才培養(yǎng)。</p><p>  討論中國(guó)中長(zhǎng)期的能源發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略問(wèn)題,要從我們中國(guó)的能源需求,能源發(fā)展的態(tài)勢(shì)來(lái)談起。現(xiàn)在我們中國(guó)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)能源需求快速增長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期,一些具體數(shù)字我也不重復(fù)了,但是確實(shí)這兩年中國(guó)的煤炭、原油、天然氣年增長(zhǎng)速度都非常驚人,都達(dá)到兩位數(shù),甚

30、至接近20%。能源強(qiáng)度出現(xiàn)了上升態(tài)勢(shì)。因?yàn)檫^(guò)去我們很多年是依靠能源增長(zhǎng)速度比經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度慢得多的這么一個(gè)格局來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的,也就是說(shuō)我們?cè)谏蟼€(gè)世紀(jì)20多年之中,實(shí)現(xiàn)了能源翻一番保經(jīng)濟(jì)翻兩番。但是現(xiàn)在我們能源增長(zhǎng)速度超過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度,去年能源增長(zhǎng)速度達(dá)到15%,而經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度只有9%點(diǎn)幾。所以去年能源彈性系數(shù)達(dá)到了1.6%。而且從整個(gè)第十個(gè)五年計(jì)劃期間來(lái)看,前四年能源平均增長(zhǎng)速度將近10%,今年看樣子也不會(huì)低于經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度。這個(gè)情

31、況下來(lái)講,作為一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃,整個(gè)五年能源彈性系數(shù)高于一,這個(gè)是過(guò)去20幾年來(lái)沒(méi)有發(fā)生的新的變化。</p><p>  在這么一個(gè)高速增長(zhǎng)、供應(yīng)的條件下,我們?nèi)匀怀霈F(xiàn)了能源短缺,而且是大面積的,電力持續(xù)短缺,今年仍將有將大的決口,去年是缺3500萬(wàn)千瓦,今年可能是有2500萬(wàn)千瓦的千瓦,今天我聽(tīng)到廣播又變成3000萬(wàn)千瓦。說(shuō)明今年缺點(diǎn)的形勢(shì)是很?chē)?yán)峻的,包括今年冬季南方已經(jīng)開(kāi)始有拉閘限電的情況了。煤炭的供給不足是很明

32、顯的,特別是運(yùn)輸條件差的地方,像湖南今年春節(jié)期間賓館供應(yīng)熱水都有困難,因?yàn)闆](méi)有煤。因?yàn)槿彪姾腿泵?,燃料油和柴油發(fā)電增加,有些地方對(duì)燒油進(jìn)行補(bǔ)貼,同時(shí)天然氣供應(yīng)不求,包括北京短缺嚴(yán)重,今年冬天的時(shí)候居民采暖溫度下降,引起很多不滿意的意見(jiàn)。為什么出現(xiàn)這個(gè)現(xiàn)象呢?就是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)是能源短缺的基本原因,我們現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)曾經(jīng)的規(guī)劃速度,我們想翻兩番是每年7.2%,就可以達(dá)到,當(dāng)然當(dāng)時(shí)也想可能前十年可以快一點(diǎn),但是現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)9.5%、9.7

33、%這種的增長(zhǎng)速度也是超過(guò)很多人的意料。同時(shí)在經(jīng)濟(jì)界認(rèn)為很多地方的GDP計(jì)算中有可能低估了現(xiàn)在的增長(zhǎng)速度。而且有的地方的定目標(biāo)是12%、13%,這個(gè)是很普遍的。東部要帶頭實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化,西部要崛起,要加速,還要比東部快,中部也不能落后,大家都以高速度的方式在做自己的計(jì)</p><p>  近年的能源消費(fèi)高增長(zhǎng)是出乎意料的,也增加了能源需求預(yù)測(cè)的難度,比如說(shuō)現(xiàn)在中長(zhǎng)期能源規(guī)劃的設(shè)想我們是否能在2020年的能源需求總量控制

34、在30-32億噸標(biāo)煤的情況下,如果按照現(xiàn)在的情況下,能源彈性大于1,經(jīng)濟(jì)保持較高的增長(zhǎng),這樣下去,我們簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算,2020年能源需求量可能達(dá)到50幾個(gè)標(biāo)煤炭,大大超過(guò)我們的目標(biāo)。我們也算是一個(gè)帳,盡管我們采取了一些結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的措施和節(jié)能的措施,那么2020年有可能是36億噸標(biāo)煤,煤炭的需求是將近30億噸,石油是6.5億噸,電力的要求也比較高。這個(gè)情況下來(lái)講,石油、天然氣的進(jìn)口壓力就比較大了。電力需求在這種情況下持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)速度也是比較快的,電

35、力消費(fèi)彈性系數(shù)有可能比較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的接近1,現(xiàn)在是達(dá)到了1.5。即使以1看的話,2020年我國(guó)的發(fā)電量有可能達(dá)到五億千瓦時(shí),發(fā)電裝機(jī)能力可能超過(guò)11億千瓦。當(dāng)然這個(gè)數(shù)字都比較多的超過(guò)現(xiàn)在的規(guī)劃的一些目標(biāo),但是如果我們經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度和結(jié)構(gòu)如果不能真正進(jìn)行調(diào)整的話,這個(gè)數(shù)字也不是非常冒進(jìn)的。這樣會(huì)造成什么現(xiàn)象呢?這是一個(gè)示意圖,就是我們?cè)?010年,2020年,甚至2020年以后,中國(guó)有相當(dāng)一部分能源需求是不能由現(xiàn)在的常規(guī)的能源供應(yīng)的</p

36、><p>  我們想看看世界能源發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì),因?yàn)楣庹f(shuō)中國(guó),中國(guó)現(xiàn)在全球化的速度很快,經(jīng)濟(jì)有一半也在搞出口,世界能源發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)是什么樣的呢?可以說(shuō)在2003年,現(xiàn)在我們統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字到這個(gè)份上,2004年還沒(méi)有拿到。世界能源消費(fèi)總量是100億噸標(biāo)油,就是差不多140億噸標(biāo)煤,實(shí)際上能源需求增長(zhǎng)速度相對(duì)中國(guó)的速度來(lái)講是比較慢的。1980-1990年世界年均速度是2%,1990-2003年平均增長(zhǎng)速度只有1.4%,我們現(xiàn)在是10%。

37、歐洲和亞洲地區(qū),包括前蘇聯(lián),東歐,他的能源消費(fèi)1990年以來(lái)總量是有所下降的。只有亞太地區(qū)能源消費(fèi)量增長(zhǎng)非常快,達(dá)到5-6%,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家他們現(xiàn)在仍然占世界商品能源消費(fèi)量的60%以上。這個(gè)也是從結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看的話,世界的煤炭消費(fèi)量在全球的消費(fèi)總量里頭只占26.5%,四分之一左右。油氣仍然是占60%以上,特別是在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家來(lái)看,這個(gè)比例就更加高一些。比如說(shuō)OECD經(jīng)合組織,這個(gè)是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,他的油氣加起來(lái)是64%,和我們煤炭比例差不多的。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家里面

38、只有美國(guó)的煤炭相對(duì)來(lái)講是比較多的,占22.5%左右。這就是目前世界上的能源結(jié)構(gòu)的一個(gè)狀況。而且多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家煤炭常量是下降的,歐洲和前蘇聯(lián)的煤炭產(chǎn)量從198</p><p>  世界煤炭生產(chǎn)國(guó)采儲(chǔ)比遠(yuǎn)高于我國(guó),世界前世位煤炭生產(chǎn)國(guó)中有八個(gè)國(guó)家采儲(chǔ)比高于200,最高的是高于400,采儲(chǔ)比最低的波蘭也高達(dá)163,我國(guó)僅僅是69。歐洲國(guó)家和日本減少本國(guó)煤炭產(chǎn)量。從1990-2001年德國(guó)啊是硬煤產(chǎn)量從0.86億噸下降到0

39、.32億噸,英國(guó)在10年里要停產(chǎn),法國(guó)也講結(jié)束他的煤炭開(kāi)采。世界煤炭生產(chǎn)是以露天礦為主的,除我國(guó)以外世界各主要產(chǎn)煤過(guò)均以露天礦為主既以提高生產(chǎn)安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)性,露天礦占總產(chǎn)量的比例美國(guó)是61%、印度75%,德國(guó)79%,澳大利亞73%,俄羅斯60%。這個(gè)就是世界各國(guó)產(chǎn)煤的情況,大家可以看看他的采儲(chǔ)比是比較高的,生產(chǎn)量相對(duì)中國(guó)比是很低的,露天礦比例相對(duì)中國(guó)是很低的,因此他的死亡人數(shù)和中國(guó)比較起來(lái)都是個(gè)零頭。</p><p&g

40、t;  中國(guó)的能源發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略必須走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路,要體現(xiàn)以人為本,全國(guó)、協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)的科學(xué)發(fā)展觀。以人為本是什么意思,從生產(chǎn)方面講,死很多人搞一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè),這不是以人為本,而且從用的方面講,我們要考慮13億人,甚至14億人的能源消費(fèi)問(wèn)題,而不是少數(shù)城市居民的能源消費(fèi)問(wèn)題,這只是中國(guó)人的少部分,你考慮大多數(shù)人怎么辦,能不能這么發(fā)展。所以我們不能簡(jiǎn)單照搬發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家能源消費(fèi)模式,要重視本地、區(qū)域和全球的能源環(huán)境問(wèn)題,實(shí)現(xiàn)人與自然的和諧發(fā)展,要從中國(guó)實(shí)際

41、出發(fā)解決能源的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。所以中國(guó),首先確實(shí)要把節(jié)能優(yōu)先的問(wèn)題作為一個(gè)非常重要的能源發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。當(dāng)然現(xiàn)在的能源發(fā)展規(guī)劃里面,也已經(jīng)明確了節(jié)能能源的發(fā)展方針,改變了重視供應(yīng)、輕視對(duì)能源需求合理性管理的傳統(tǒng)做法。我們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該把建設(shè)節(jié)約性社會(huì)作為基本國(guó)策,全社會(huì)要樹(shù)立資源憂患意識(shí),要設(shè)定全社會(huì)能源消費(fèi)控制目標(biāo),加強(qiáng)節(jié)能政策引導(dǎo),現(xiàn)在是節(jié)能叫得挺響,但是實(shí)際上是用多少還是用多少,這個(gè)情況是不能建立節(jié)約性社會(huì)的。要做到節(jié)約性社會(huì)的話,就要設(shè)定全社會(huì)

42、的節(jié)能目標(biāo),產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),在產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃上要充分考慮能源制約,鼓勵(lì)節(jié)能技術(shù)的研發(fā)、引進(jìn)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展,全方位的推動(dòng)節(jié)能。</p><p><b>  附錄B 外文文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>  Our country opencast coal mine mining environment question and preventing and controlling

43、countermeasure research</p><p>  The world each mining coal country all will give priority to development the open-air mining coal achievement to increase the coaling output the main way, so long as will hav

44、e the condition, will realize centralism mining as far as possible, by will enhance the labor productivity, will reduce the cost. Our country also is this, regardless of is the early years of the new nation extension and

45、 west construction Fushun the strip mine and the Zhugai strip mine, 20th century 60's strip mine and so on</p><p>  But based on the historical reason, knew the natural limitation and the legal system la

46、ws and regulations are imperfect, open-air mining coal industry swift and violent development at the same time, also has brought a series of mines environment question and the ecology destroys, has seriously affected loc

47、al the ecological environment quality and the economy continues to develop. This is we urgently awaits to be solved the major problem which but also must earnestly treat.</p><p>  1:opencast coal mine mining

48、 initiation environment question</p><p>  Open-air mining coal forms pit, because the geologic structure, side slope reason and so on crag body, surface water ground water function induces the landslide, to

49、cave in, soil erosion, the mud-rock flow and so on a series of geological disaster, also causes the ground to distort but endangers the security which the peripheral locality the industrial enterprise and the inhabitant

50、constructs. Both created the huge economic loss and to destroy the original ecology geology environment.</p><p>  2 :opencast coal mines mining initiation environment question reason</p><p>  Ou

51、r country opencast coal mine mining environment question complex, diverse, special, sensitive, because the specific historical factor affects to the mining industry city geology environment and the ecological environment

52、 influence and the destruction is extremely huge. Strengthens along with the national environmental protection consciousness, since the 80's have constructed the new mining area environment condition has the improvem

53、ent, some mining areas had achieved the good level, like the e</p><p>  In the planned economy time, the coal mine enterprise profit all turns in the country but very little to invest the environment questio

54、n government funds which creates by mining.</p><p>  Like west Fushun the strip mine, the Fuxin Zhugai strip mine such state-owned large-scale mine enterprise, produces the coal, creates the profit and the b

55、enefit basically turns in the country, but for several dozens years mined the serious environment harm which brought to leave the place actually; The opencast coal mine mining initial period and the intermediate stage en

56、vironment harm scope and the intensity are small, has not caused the policy-maker, the superintendent and the mine attention. </p><p>  Is unable to avoid, the history precipitates these environment question

57、s, only then depends upon all levels of governments to enlarge the investment or the positive organization can gradually the government and the restoration.</p><p>  The former traditional geology, mining, m

58、anages the discipline not or very major general the mine environment investigation, the appraisal, the forecast, the management, the legislation, the law enforcement and the opencast coal mine investigation, the opencast

59、 coal mine construction, the design, the production, shuts the pit organically to pass through unifies throughout. Various disciplines have own emphasis point, like open-air mining study strips few on the pursue, mining

60、coal most, so long </p><p>  The opencast coal mine mining environment question on basic said is the humanity mining engineering activity causes the environment to change or the worsening. This needs the pol

61、icy-maker, the superintendent, the producer has the strategic judgment and the strategic mind, will pay attention to own, the short-term economic efficiency and the prosperity not merely, but also will be supposed from t

62、he maintenance social economy sustainable development, to cherish the homeland which the humanity will</p><p>  3:opencast coal mines mining environment question government countermeasure</p><p>

63、;  Opencast coal mine mining induces with all sorts of environment question and disaster preventing and controlling is an item complex, the synthesis, the huge systems engineering. Must apply the environment geology, sys

64、tems engineering, engineering economics the discipline and so on mining study principle and the mentality research preventing and controlling countermeasure. From attentionAnalysis thought to Analysis, coordination, comp

65、rehensive thought transformation; From the single item technolo</p><p>  (1) differentiates the environment question history old account and the new account, thus is clear about the environment to restore th

66、e government the main body and the owner.</p><p>  Must undertake the environment question government by the present mine enterprise which the history leaves behind is not realistic obviously. Therefore diff

67、erentiates the historical old account and the new account as soon as possible, is clear about the environment to restore the government responsibility, the content, the capital source and the implementation main body imp

68、ortant premise.</p><p>  The historical old account and the new account division, suggested transfers the market economy take the enterprise by the planned economy is the enterprise profit basic turning in c

69、ountry transfers the year which the enterprise assumes responsibility for own profits and losses as.</p><p>  Regarding the historical old account, should mainly undertake by the government, mainly depends u

70、pon the country, the provinces and cities government invests, the organization governs. But the new account must mainly undertake by the enterprise, strictly carries out the principle which who destroys who to govern, wh

71、o is responsible.</p><p>  West Fushun strip mine, Zhugai strip mine such old ore, because the historical reason creates the environment question mainly by the country, the government undertakes the governme

72、nt restoration; But after enters the market economy because open-air mining initiation new environment question then must undertake by the enterprise, enters the enterprise production cost, is responsible to govern the r

73、estoration; But newly built mine, then must from the reconnaissance, set up item, the construction, </p><p>  (2) consummates, the revision formulation including the opencast coal mine mining related standar

74、d, the standard, causes mine mining the environment management and the government has the feasibility, the standard, causes the mine environment management and the government has the feasibility, pointed and the scientif

75、ic nature. Realizes opencast coal mine mining from the investigation, the construction, the production, shuts the pit The entire process management and the surveillance have legal sup</p><p>  (3) the openca

76、st coal mine construction mining plan needs fully to consider possibly brings mining environment question and cataclysm which to the final boundary. In the plan and the design needs fully to consider not to have in the p

77、ossible environment disaster variation area design civil and the industrial architecture. This replies to each point in turn the newly built opencast coal mine is necessary.</p><p>  (4) in the geological en

78、vironment question serious strip mine, establishes the environment geology to monitor the website and the geological disaster early warning system. Mainly aimed at already constructs and the opencast coal mine which prod

79、uced, also the environment cataclysm question already had and the influence, harms the ground construction and in the people life and property security situation establishes. Like the Fushun power plant and the ground ar

80、e popular the level road and so on t</p><p>  (5) the old opencast coal mine, the mining several dozens years, has created the environment geology disaster has become the fact in the situation, the preventin

81、g and controlling countermeasure suggested follows two principles: One, gives way to traffic the principle, did not must have in the disaster area to arrange the engineering construction and the inhabitant constructs, ha

82、d the as far as possible consideration moves; Two is the pointed government principle, to important establishment and c</p><p>  (6) regarding the newly built opencast coal mine, the policy-maker, the superi

83、ntendent, mine should stand in the protection ecological environment strategic altitude, is initiative improves and reconstructs the peripheral locality through the mining engineering activity the environment. Like the e

84、ven new moon Antai fort opencast coal mine has made the beneficial encouraging result. Through opens the strip mine, builds a reservoir, changes the river course, the change terrain and the stratum pos</p><p&

85、gt;  3 open-air mining areas dirt, waste water water quality and processing craft present situation</p><p>  Because open-air mining area own characteristic is different, the mining area dirt, the waste wate

86、r process the water quality which the factory admits not to be same. Along with the water treatment technology unceasing development, the processing craft which the mining area dirt, waste water processing adopts develo

87、ps unceasingly, each kind of water technology unceasing accepts the examination in the practice, has the successful experience, also has the defeat the lessonBecause the open-air min</p><p>  (1) sewage trea

88、tment craft analysis</p><p>  From the sewage treatment present situation analysis, the mining area sewage treatment and the city sewage treatment craft synchronization development, in the statistical invest

89、igation five big open-air mining areas, the sewage treatment craft has used a level of processing dirt reservoir, ordinary active sludge law processing craft separately and so on depth processing, biological membrane met

90、hod, SBR depth processing, from the actual movement effect analysis, a level of processing dirt reservo</p><p>  (2) sewage treatment craft choice and development tendency</p><p>  Mining area s

91、ewage water quality density somewhat low, SS high, the BOD value is low (settles down range strip mine exception), compares with the city sewage may the biochemistry difference. As a result of the mining area sewage wate

92、r quality profession characteristic, the sewage treatment craft choice must suit the mining area water quality the actual characteristic. Through to the water quality and the sewage treatment actual movement effect analy

93、sis, the author thinks a level of processing di</p><p>  Uses in afforesting, the path water spray, the coal dressing make-up water request, suits mining area realization sewage Resources. Its shortcoming fo

94、r invests high, the necessary sewage Resources project construction cost is high.</p><p>  4 side slopes investigation into stability</p><p>  The stability of slope technology research begins i

95、n 20th century 50's intermediate stages. In 1953 the Zhugai opencast coal mine went into production, after west Fushun the opencast coal mine completed the transformation, helped in the non- work on to appear the sid

96、e slope soon to fall many times the phenomenon, serious influence regular production and equipment security. Started the side slope investigation into stability work in view of the above 2 ores landslide, the condition a

97、nd the stabil</p><p>  In 1961 west Fushun the strip mine has had 4 million cubic meter big landslides west, 3 landslides body endangers a big lane promotion coal security. My scientific researcher participa

98、tes in many compositions the government work team, completed has truncated measure the and so on slope, reduction, unwater, reinforcement design and the construction, has guaranteed the promotion system regular productio

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