外文翻譯--電子商務(wù)對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易和就業(yè)的影響（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　2200單詞，13000英文字符，3700漢字</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)出處: Terzi N. The impact of e-commerce on international trade and employment[J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2011, 24:745-753.</p><p>

2、<b>　　外文文獻(xiàn): </b></p><p>　　The impact of e-commerce on international trade and employment</p><p>　　Nuray Terzia</p><p><b>　　Abstract </b></p><p>　

3、　The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of e-commerce on international trade and employment. Electronic commerce offers economy-wide benefits to all countries. The gains are likely to be concentrat

4、ed in developed countries in the short run but, developing countries will have more to benefit in the long run. The volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce. The countries open to imports from high-inco

5、me economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers. In addit</p><p>　　Keywords: e-commerce ; international trade ; employment </p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　Electronic commerce

6、 offers unprecedented opportunities to both developing and developed countries. In the short run, the gains are likely to be concentrated in developed countries but, in the long run, developing countries have more to ben

7、efit. In the short run, developing countries lack the infrastructure necessary to take full advantage of Internet. But in the long run, they can leap frog, skipping some of the stages in the development of information te

8、chnology through which developed countrie</p><p>　　The advancement of technology has aided international business. Millions of people worldwide use the Internet to do everything from research to purchasing p

9、roducts online. The Internet is profoundly affecting almost all businesses. The various uses of the Internet by business entities include the ability to advertise, generate, or otherwise perform regular business function

10、s. Therefore, many firms are embracing the Internet for many of their activities. One impact for e-commerce is to intensify </p><p>　　2. E-commerce: An overview</p><p>　　E-commerce can be define

11、d as the use of the Internet to conduct business transactions nationally or internationally. E-commerce has come to take on two important roles; first as a more effective and efficient conduit and aggregator of informati

12、on, and second, as a potential mechanism for the replacement of many economic activities once performed within a business enterprise by those that can be done by outside suppliers that compete with each other to execute

13、these activities.</p><p>　　The Internet is dramatically expanding opportunities for business-to-business and business-to- consumer e-commerce transactions across borders. For business to consumer transaction

14、s especially, the internet sets up a potential revolution in global commerce: the individualization of trade. It gives consumers the ability to conduct a transaction directly with a foreign seller without traveling to th

15、e seller’s country. The Internet allows sellers to put their storefronts, in the form of Web pages, </p><p>　　3. Benefits of e-commerce on economy </p><p>　　The benefits of e-commerce on economy

16、 are classified into three groups: firms, prices, productivity. A combination of technological and market forces have compelled companies to examine and reinvent their supply chain strategies. To stay competitive, firms

17、have searched for greater coordination and collaboration among supply chain partners to wring out the inefficiencies that might exist within firm transactions. Many of the transactions can be done externally, via electro

18、nic markets. The Intern</p><p>　　The available empirical evidence on price is mixed. Some of the first studies found that prices of goods sold through the Internet were on average higher than their equivalen

19、t purchased through traditional retailers. A more recent study, however, found prices for books and CDs on average to be about 10 percent lower on the Internet compared with traditional retailers in the United States . &

20、lt;/p><p>　　Moreover, several studies conclude that information and communication technologies were an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of labor and capital, in the United States. Most impor

21、tantly, productivity increased not only in the information and communication producing actors .but in sectors of the economy that do not produce information and communications technology. In other words, users of these t

22、echnologies also benefited from increased productivity. In addition, the data seem</p><p>　　4. Effects of e-commerce on international trade and employment </p><p>　　Electronic commerce offers im

23、portant opportunities to both developing and developed countries. The development of e-commerce is likely to have both direct and indirect impacts on international trade as well as the labor markets. </p><p>

24、;　　The use of electronic means and the internet can make the process of initiating and doing trade a lot easier, faster, and less expensive. Collecting information is a costly activity when it involves acquiring informat

25、ion across national borders. In fact, these costs can be so high that they can be considered a substantial barrier to trade. Finding the right supplier, specifying the product’s requirements and quality, negotiating the

26、price, arranging deliveries and marketing products is also very</p><p>　　Especially, the internet when organized via electronic markets through e-commerce applications, reduces information costs and allows c

27、onsumers and sellers to be matched and interact electronically, reducing the significance of geographic proximity and traditional business networks. A study found ample evidence that, development of global markets via th

28、e Internet makes historical linkages less important and suggest that countries with the fewest past trade links have the most to gain from the Int</p><p>　　However, whether e-commerce promote international t

29、rade will depend on the nature of the good. On the one hand, a number of products that traditionally have required physical delivery can be delivered to a customer via a network in digital form. Examples of these include

30、 media products, such as text, film and computer software. On the other hand, most of the goods traded internationally are not deliverable in digital form and therefore transportation costs will continue to play a signif

31、icant rol</p><p>　　E-commerce will also have a significant impact on trade in services. The most relevant change in trade in services is e-commerce’s and information technology’s ability to make non-tradable

32、 services into tradable. Activities that were previously non-tradable (i.e. research and development, computing, inventory management, quality control, accounting, personnel management, marketing, advertising and distrib

33、ution) will be traded through the use of e-commerce. All that is required is that the qualit</p><p>　　Internet effectively opens markets that were previously closed; it is tempting to think of it as another

34、form of trade liberalization. A technical improvement lowers costs of transactions and generates far larger benefits than the triangular efficiency gains from trade liberalization. Indeed, the decline in costs increases

35、potential benefits from trade liberalization in many services sectors. </p><p>　　As communications costs continue to fall, the potential for international outsourcing grows. As a result, outsourcing manageme

36、nt and production activities will become more important. Obviously, some sectors and activities throughout the world are more prone than others to be affected by developments in e-commerce. In this respect, there have be

37、en attempts to identify industries or sectors that may be more predisposed to the effects of developments in e-commerce and technology. For example, a res</p><p>　　The potential benefits from international e

38、-commerce to a developing country arise from a reduction in the cost of imports as much as from an increase in the price received for exports. Even if a country does not export any services, it can benefit from imports o

39、f services, paying for them in terms of goods. Cheaper availability of medical, engineering and architectural services, long-distance learning and reduced costs of transactions can confer benefits even if the country doe

40、s not immediately</p><p>　　Several recent studies have suggested that trade also stimulates internet use.. Countries with greater contact, either via trade, tourism, or geographical location, with the outsid

41、e world, are more likely to be advanced in digital technology than other countries. Similarly, another study argues that countries open to imports from high-income OECD economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers an

42、d, hence, be more likely to adopt new technologies. Following figure and table shows world trade vol</p><p>　　Fig. 1 World Trade Volume, 2000-2010, annul percent change. (source: IMF, WEO,2006/2011). </p&

43、gt;<p>　　Table 1 The Growth of World Internet Usage, 2000-2010, percentage</p><p>　　Empirical studies of internet adaption have found that internet use is correlated with openness to trade, even after

44、 controlling for other factors, that might correlated with both. For example, one of the studies found that internet users made up a greater share of the population in developing countries that were more open to trade. O

45、ther studies have also found that additional measures of ICT use and investment are correlated with various measures of openness. For example, a research, which loo</p><p>　　Several recent studies have asked

46、 whether internet use affects trade. For example, using data from 20 low and middle income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a research shows that enterprises with internet connections export more, as a share

47、 of their total sales, than enterprises without connections. In addition, using a gravity model of trade, another research find that Internet use appears to be significantly correlated with trade after 1996, although it

48、finds only a weak correlati</p><p>　　Developing countries with higher Internet penetration export more to high-income countries than do developing countries where penetration is lower. First, Internet access

49、 is so common among manufacturing enterprises in high-income countries that the differences in the number of internet users as a percent of the population probably reflects differences at the consumer, rather than the en

50、terprise, level in developed countries. In developing countries, contrarily, many manufacturing enterprises re</p><p>　　Finally, because of strong regional differences in income, and taking into account the

51、fact that most exports from developing countries to other developing countries will be within the same region, communication costs will presumably be greater for exports to distant developed countries than it would be fo

52、r exports to neighboring developing countries. </p><p>　　5. Conclusion </p><p>　　This article concludes following results. Internet will promote international trade much as lifting other trade b

53、arriers would. Thus, the volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce. The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers. E-commerce can also have a significant

54、 impact on trade in services. In addition, electronic commerce is also expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will b</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易和就業(yè)的影響</p><

55、;p><b>　　努拉伊.特爾齊</b></p><p>　　摘要：本研究的目的是探討電子商務(wù)對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易和就業(yè)的影響。電子商務(wù)為所有國(guó)家?guī)?lái)了整體經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。從短期來(lái)看，這種經(jīng)濟(jì)利益很可能會(huì)集中在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，但從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)講，發(fā)展中國(guó)家將會(huì)受益更多。通過(guò)電子商務(wù)，國(guó)際交易量將會(huì)不斷增加。高收入經(jīng)濟(jì)體中的開(kāi)放進(jìn)口國(guó)家將受益于知識(shí)的溢出效應(yīng)。此外我們預(yù)計(jì)，電子商務(wù)能創(chuàng)造也能破壞就業(yè)。</p&

56、gt;<p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：電子商務(wù)；國(guó)際貿(mào)易；就業(yè)</p><p><b>　　1.引言</b></p><p>　　電子商務(wù)提供了前所未有的機(jī)遇,發(fā)展中國(guó)家和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。在短期內(nèi),收益可能會(huì)集中在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,但從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,發(fā)展中國(guó)家有更多的好處。從短期來(lái)看,發(fā)展中國(guó)家缺乏必要的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施來(lái)充分利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。但從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,他們可以跳過(guò)一些階段信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,發(fā)達(dá)

57、國(guó)家已經(jīng)通過(guò)。</p><p>　　科技進(jìn)步有助于國(guó)際業(yè)務(wù)的開(kāi)展。全世界數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的人使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)做所有事情，從產(chǎn)品研發(fā)到網(wǎng)絡(luò)購(gòu)物?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)正在深刻地影響著所有業(yè)務(wù)的開(kāi)展。通過(guò)企業(yè)實(shí)體，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的各種用途包括廣告宣傳、生成能力,或以其他方式發(fā)揮常規(guī)業(yè)務(wù)職能。因此,許多公司都在其業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。電子商務(wù)的一個(gè)重要影響即企業(yè)間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇能為消費(fèi)者創(chuàng)造福利，帶來(lái)更低的價(jià)格和更多的選擇。</p><

58、;p><b>　　2.電子商務(wù)：概述</b></p><p>　　電子商務(wù)可以被定義為使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行國(guó)內(nèi)或國(guó)際商業(yè)交易。電子商務(wù)扮演著兩個(gè)重要角色,首先，它是一個(gè)更有效和高效的信息渠道和聚合器,其次,它是一種替代許多經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的潛在機(jī)制，那些曾表現(xiàn)在一個(gè)企業(yè)可以通過(guò)外部供應(yīng)商互相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)來(lái)執(zhí)行這些活動(dòng)。</p><p>　　互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的飛速發(fā)展，極大地?cái)U(kuò)大了跨境B2B和B

59、2C電子商務(wù)交易的機(jī)會(huì)。特別是對(duì)B2C電子商務(wù)交易而言，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)建立一個(gè)潛在的全球商業(yè)革命:貿(mào)易的個(gè)性化。它賦予了消費(fèi)者直接與國(guó)外的商家進(jìn)行交易的能力，而不必去對(duì)方的國(guó)家當(dāng)面交易。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)可以讓賣家把他們的店面以網(wǎng)頁(yè)的形式展現(xiàn)在世界各地的消費(fèi)者面前。技術(shù)以前所未有的程度擴(kuò)大了消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)。</p><p>　　3. 電子商務(wù)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的好處 </p><p>　　電子商務(wù)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的好處分為三類:公司，價(jià)

60、格，生產(chǎn)率。技術(shù)和市場(chǎng)力量的結(jié)合，已迫使公司來(lái)檢查和重塑他們的供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略。為了保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，企業(yè)加緊供應(yīng)鏈合作伙伴之間的協(xié)調(diào)和合作，并排除公司在交易中存在的效率低下。許多交易都可以通過(guò)電子市場(chǎng)外部進(jìn)行?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)及其應(yīng)用已經(jīng)有助于提高供應(yīng)鏈管理效率。此外，信息通信技術(shù)允許企業(yè)識(shí)別市場(chǎng)，他們需要在生產(chǎn)中和實(shí)際中收集關(guān)于不同商品的價(jià)格和服務(wù)的輸入特性的成本。然而，信息和通信技術(shù)使市場(chǎng)更易于集成，同時(shí)也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)高的遠(yuǎn)程操作成本。更好的信息和通信技

61、術(shù)使市場(chǎng)優(yōu)化操作必須建立在低成本的國(guó)內(nèi)地區(qū)和外包任務(wù)有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的國(guó)家。電子商務(wù)從而促進(jìn)企業(yè)與外部分離，同時(shí)也使每一個(gè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)可以得到更廣闊的延伸。 </p><p>　　在價(jià)格上現(xiàn)有的證據(jù)也是喜憂參半。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)銷售的商品價(jià)格平均高于等值通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)零售商購(gòu)買的商品。但是最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)零售商的書籍和光盤平均價(jià)格比互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上書籍和光盤的平均價(jià)格約低 10%。 </p><p>　

62、　但是，在美國(guó)一些研究得出結(jié)論，信息和通信技術(shù)是一個(gè)提高勞動(dòng)和資本的整體效率的重要因素。最重要的是，生產(chǎn)率的提高不僅在信息和通信部門也在其他經(jīng)濟(jì)部門。換句話說(shuō)，信息和通訊技術(shù)的用戶也受益于提高了生產(chǎn)率。此外，數(shù)據(jù)似乎顯示，在美國(guó)生產(chǎn)力的提高引起的電子商務(wù)和信息通信技術(shù)對(duì)工人也有益處。 </p><p>　　4. 電子商務(wù)對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的影響 </p><p>　　電子商務(wù)的興起為發(fā)展中國(guó)家和發(fā)

63、達(dá)國(guó)家提供了重要的機(jī)會(huì)，對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易有著直接和間接的影響，以及對(duì)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)。 </p><p>　　使用電子裝置和網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以使啟動(dòng)和操作的交易變得更快、更便宜。然而傳統(tǒng)的收集跨國(guó)的市場(chǎng)信息更是一項(xiàng)高成本的活動(dòng)。事實(shí)上，這些收集市場(chǎng)信息成本很高，也被認(rèn)為是實(shí)質(zhì)性的貿(mào)易壁壘。傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易中找到合適的供應(yīng)商，指定產(chǎn)品的要求和質(zhì)量，談判價(jià)格，安排交付和銷售的產(chǎn)品等一系列跨國(guó)貿(mào)易的成本很昂貴。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電子商務(wù)的應(yīng)用，傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易的

64、流程被網(wǎng)絡(luò)貿(mào)易取代，而無(wú)需在物理上接近買方和賣方。在這方面，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)很可能會(huì)促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的增多同時(shí)規(guī)避了多重的貿(mào)易壁壘。因此，國(guó)際貿(mào)易額會(huì)隨著新型貿(mào)易的興起而增加。 </p><p>　　通過(guò)電子市場(chǎng)和電子商務(wù)的交易程序來(lái)組織網(wǎng)絡(luò)貿(mào)易，降低了信息成本，并允許消費(fèi)者和賣家通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)自動(dòng)匹配和互動(dòng)，減少地理上的接近和傳統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)的繁瑣。一項(xiàng)研究表明，通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展的全球市場(chǎng)，使歷傳統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易聯(lián)系不那么重要了，并建議過(guò)去很少使用

65、網(wǎng)絡(luò)貿(mào)易的國(guó)家加快電子商務(wù)的步伐，特別是對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。從企業(yè)的調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)，1998 年有 15 個(gè)低收入和中等收入國(guó)家的企業(yè)使用搜索引擎來(lái)研究市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì)。 </p><p>　　電子商務(wù)促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易將取決于商品的性質(zhì)。一方面，一些產(chǎn)品所需的傳統(tǒng)上物理遞送可通過(guò)數(shù)字形式的網(wǎng)絡(luò)被傳遞給客戶，這些的實(shí)例包括媒體產(chǎn)品，如文本，電影和計(jì)算機(jī)軟件。在另一方面，大多數(shù)商品的國(guó)際貿(mào)易交付不以數(shù)字為形式，因此運(yùn)輸成本將繼續(xù)發(fā)揮顯著作

66、用。在這方面，1996 年世界貿(mào)易的數(shù)字媒體產(chǎn)品達(dá)約 44 億美元，不到世界貿(mào)易總額的百分之一。對(duì)于大多數(shù)國(guó)家，數(shù)字媒體產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易在貿(mào)易總額中不到 2%。數(shù)字媒體產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易的增長(zhǎng)速度高于貿(mào)易總額的平均增長(zhǎng)速度:數(shù)字媒體產(chǎn)品的貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)平均約為 10%，1990 年和 1996年，超過(guò)世界總商品貿(mào)易快 1.5 倍。 </p><p>　　電子商務(wù)也將在服務(wù)貿(mào)易中有的顯著影響，在服務(wù)貿(mào)易方面最相關(guān)的變化是電子商務(wù)的信息技術(shù)

67、的能力，使非流通服務(wù)變成流通服務(wù)。這些非流通服務(wù)(即研發(fā)，計(jì)算，庫(kù)存管理，質(zhì)量控制，會(huì)計(jì)，人事管理，市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷，廣告和發(fā)行)將通過(guò)使用電子商務(wù)進(jìn)行交易活動(dòng)。所有需要的是，足夠的質(zhì)量，速度和買方和賣方之間的通信成本。在金融，法律，電信和定制軟件的國(guó)際跨境貿(mào)易中越來(lái)越 多地開(kāi)展以電子商務(wù)為方式的貿(mào)易。 </p><p>　　互聯(lián)網(wǎng)有效地打開(kāi)了封閉的市場(chǎng)，它試圖把它作為貿(mào)易自由化的另一種形式。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的改進(jìn)降低了交易成

68、本，并產(chǎn)生的好處遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于傳統(tǒng)自由貿(mào)易。事實(shí)上，服務(wù)貿(mào)易成本的下降，增加了貿(mào)易自由化帶來(lái)的效率。 </p><p>　　隨著通信成本繼續(xù)下降，國(guó)際外包的潛力也在隨之增長(zhǎng)。其結(jié)果是，外包管理和生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)將變得更加重要。很顯然，在世界各地的貿(mào)易更容易接受互聯(lián)網(wǎng)貿(mào)易。在這方面，全球各國(guó)各行業(yè)或部門可能更傾向于對(duì)發(fā)展電子商務(wù)和技術(shù)[3]。例如，研究的基礎(chǔ)上，重點(diǎn)在節(jié)約成本的效果的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，提高生產(chǎn)率，產(chǎn)業(yè)準(zhǔn)備和產(chǎn)品是否適合電子商

69、務(wù)。根據(jù)來(lái)自美國(guó)和歐洲的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，大多數(shù)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)密集型行業(yè)是電子元器件，食品，醫(yī)藥和森林/紙制品。電子商務(wù)很可能期望在其他地區(qū)得到發(fā)展，這些相同的部門和行業(yè)將受到外包電子商務(wù)的影響。與此同時(shí)，最近的證據(jù)表明，跨國(guó)公司很可能是電子商務(wù)最密集的用戶。 </p><p>　　發(fā)展中國(guó)家的潛在利益盡可能的從進(jìn)口成本的降低獲得。即使一個(gè)國(guó)家不出口任何服務(wù)，就可以享受服務(wù)的進(jìn)口，在醫(yī)學(xué)，工程和建筑服務(wù)，遠(yuǎn)程教育產(chǎn)品等，國(guó)家

70、通過(guò)網(wǎng)上交易服務(wù)不會(huì)立即輸出成本，即使交易可以降低成本。 </p><p>　　最近的一些研究表明，國(guó)際貿(mào)易也刺激互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展。國(guó)際上貿(mào)易聯(lián)系密切的國(guó)家，無(wú)論是通過(guò)貿(mào)易，旅游等，他們的數(shù)字技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于其他國(guó)家。同樣，另一項(xiàng)研究認(rèn)為，開(kāi)放的國(guó)家利用知識(shí)的溢出效應(yīng)帶來(lái)高收益的進(jìn)口，因此，更有可能采用新技術(shù)。下面的圖表顯示了世界貿(mào)易量和全球互聯(lián)網(wǎng)增長(zhǎng)關(guān)系。根據(jù)圖 1，雖然 2000 年至 2010 年世界貿(mào)易量波動(dòng)，它

71、仍然呈現(xiàn)積極的狀態(tài)，直到 2008年。2008 年后，呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì)，因?yàn)槿蚪鹑谖C(jī)，然后又開(kāi)始增加?？梢钥闯鍪澜缁ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)的使用增加處于 2000 和 2010 年之間。 </p><p>　　圖 1 世界貿(mào)易量百分比，2000-2010 (資料來(lái)源:IMF，WEO，2006/2011) </p><p>　　表 1 世界互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用百分比，2000-2010 </p><

72、p>　　互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的實(shí)證研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的使用與相關(guān)貿(mào)易開(kāi)放度有關(guān)，，即使還存在其他控制因素。例如，其中一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶在一個(gè)人口更多的發(fā)展中國(guó)家的貿(mào)易更加開(kāi)放。另外，電子商務(wù)的使用和投資的額外有相關(guān)性。例如，在 54 個(gè)非洲國(guó)家研究電子商務(wù)的使用情況，發(fā)現(xiàn)電子商務(wù)使用的往往是在比較開(kāi)放的國(guó)家。一項(xiàng)研究表明，企業(yè)越是國(guó)際化越可能從事企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)的電子商務(wù)，而不是在企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者的電子商務(wù)。 </p><p>

73、;　　最近的幾項(xiàng)研究提出互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的使用是否會(huì)影響貿(mào)易。例如，使用的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自20 個(gè)低收入和中等收入東歐和中亞國(guó)家。企業(yè)與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接增加了出口，因?yàn)檫B接后出口的總銷售額中所占的份額，比企業(yè)沒(méi)有連接互聯(lián)網(wǎng)還要高。此外，使用貿(mào)易的引力模型發(fā)現(xiàn)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的使用在 1996 年后似乎顯著相關(guān)，但于 1995年，1996 年只有微弱的相關(guān)性?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)在發(fā)展中國(guó)家對(duì)貿(mào)易的影響遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的影響。 </p><p>　　發(fā)展中國(guó)

74、家有的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率要高于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率。首先，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在高收入國(guó)家生產(chǎn)企業(yè)中非常普遍，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶數(shù)量的差異隨著高收入國(guó)家消費(fèi)者的百分比變化而變化，而不是跟隨企業(yè)變化。在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，許多制造企業(yè)仍懸空。其次，由于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在發(fā)展中國(guó)家相比于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家不太常見(jiàn)，發(fā)展中國(guó)家連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，為發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供出口機(jī)會(huì)相對(duì)于在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家似乎是一個(gè)更大的優(yōu)勢(shì)。 </p><p>　　最后，由于收入強(qiáng)有力的區(qū)域差異，并考慮到一個(gè)事實(shí)

75、，大多數(shù)出口的發(fā)展中國(guó)家與其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家將在同一區(qū)域內(nèi)，出口到發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的通訊成本遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于出口到周邊發(fā)展中國(guó)家。 </p><p><b>　　5.結(jié)論 </b></p><p>　　互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易例如減少貿(mào)易壁壘。因此，國(guó)際貿(mào)易額將隨著電子商務(wù)的發(fā)展而增加。從開(kāi)放的高收入經(jīng)濟(jì)體的國(guó)家進(jìn)口將受益于知識(shí)的溢出效應(yīng)。電子商務(wù)也對(duì)服務(wù)貿(mào)易有的顯著影響，此外，電子商務(wù)還有