外文翻譯--絞車

1、<p>　　中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院</p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系 別： 工程技術(shù)系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化</p><p>　　姓 名： </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)：

2、 </p><p>　　2012 年 3 月 1 日</p><p><b>　　外文資料翻譯譯文</b></p><p>　　絞車又稱為卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，主要運(yùn)用于建筑、水利工程、林業(yè)、礦山、碼頭等的物料升降或平拖。是用卷筒纏繞鋼絲繩或鏈條以提升或牽引重物的輕小型起重設(shè)備。</p><p>　　絞車具有以

3、下特點(diǎn)：通用性高、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、體積小、重量輕、起重大。使用轉(zhuǎn)移方便，被廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑、水利工程、林業(yè)、礦山、碼頭等的物料升降或平拖，還可作現(xiàn)代化電控自動(dòng)作業(yè)線的配套設(shè)備。有0.5噸～350噸，分為快速和慢速兩種。其中高于20噸的為大噸位絞車,絞車可以單獨(dú)使用，也可作為起重、筑路和礦井提升等機(jī)械中的組成部件，因操作簡(jiǎn)單、繞繩量大、移置方便而廣泛應(yīng)用。絞車主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)有額定負(fù)載、支持負(fù)載、繩速、容繩量等。使用轉(zhuǎn)移方便，被廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑、水利工

4、程、林業(yè)、礦山、碼頭等的物料升降或平拖，還可作現(xiàn)代化電控自動(dòng)作業(yè)線的備。有0.5噸～350噸，分為快速和慢速兩種。其中高于20噸的為大噸位絞車,絞車可以單獨(dú)使用，也可作為起重、筑路和礦井提升等機(jī)械中的組成部件，因操作簡(jiǎn)單、繞繩量大、移置方便而廣泛應(yīng)用。絞車主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)有額定負(fù)載、支持負(fù)載、繩速、容繩量等。</p><p>　　絞車按照動(dòng)力分為手動(dòng)、電動(dòng)、液壓三類。從用途上分類可分為建筑用絞車和船用絞車。絞車按照功

5、能可以分為：船用絞車、工程絞車、礦用絞車、電纜絞車等等。按照卷筒形式分為單卷筒和和雙卷筒。</p><p>　　按照卷筒的分布形式有并列雙卷筒和前后雙卷筒，特殊符號(hào)的絞車有變頻絞車，雙筒絞車，手剎杠桿式雙制動(dòng)絞車，帶限位器絞車，電控絞車，電控手剎離合絞車，大型雙筒雙制動(dòng)絞車，大型外齒輪絞車，大型液壓絞車，大型外齒輪帶排繩器絞車，雙曳引輪絞車，大型液壓雙筒雙制動(dòng)絞車，變頻帶限位器絞車。</p><

6、;p>　　手動(dòng)絞車的手柄回轉(zhuǎn)的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)上裝有停止器(棘輪和棘爪)，可使重物保持在需要的位置。裝配或提升重物用的手動(dòng)絞車還應(yīng)設(shè)置安全手柄和制動(dòng)器。手動(dòng)絞車一般用在起重量小、設(shè)施條件較差或無電源的地方。電動(dòng)絞車廣泛用于工作繁重和所需牽引力較大的場(chǎng)所。單卷筒電動(dòng)絞車的電動(dòng)機(jī)經(jīng)減速器帶動(dòng)卷筒，電動(dòng)機(jī)與減速器輸入軸之間裝有制動(dòng)器。為適應(yīng)提升、牽引和回轉(zhuǎn)等作業(yè)的需要，還有雙卷筒和多卷筒裝置的絞車。一般額定載荷低于10T的絞車可以設(shè)計(jì)成電動(dòng)絞車

7、。</p><p>　　液壓絞車主要是額定載荷較大的絞車，一般情況下10T以上到5000T的絞車設(shè)計(jì)成液壓絞車。其結(jié)構(gòu)主要由液壓馬達(dá)（低速或高速馬達(dá)）、液壓常閉多片式制動(dòng)器、行星齒輪箱、離合器(選配)、卷筒、支撐軸、機(jī)架、壓繩器(選配)等組成。液壓馬達(dá)具有很高的機(jī)械效率，起動(dòng)扭矩大，并可根據(jù)工況要求帶不同的配流器，還可根據(jù)用戶需要設(shè)計(jì)閥組直接集成于馬達(dá)配油器上，如帶平衡閥、過載閥、高壓梭閥、調(diào)速換向閥或其他性能的

8、閥組，制動(dòng)器、行星齒輪箱等直接安裝于卷筒內(nèi)，卷筒、支撐軸、機(jī)架根據(jù)力學(xué)要求設(shè)計(jì)，整體結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)潔合理并具有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛性。因而該系列絞車在結(jié)構(gòu)上具有緊湊、體積小、重量輕、外形美觀等特點(diǎn)，在性能上則具有安全性好、效率高、起動(dòng)扭矩大、低速穩(wěn)定性好、噪音小、操作可靠等特點(diǎn)。值得一提的是液壓馬達(dá)高的容積效率和美國SUN公司優(yōu)質(zhì)的平衡閥解決了一般絞車都存在的二次下滑和空鉤抖動(dòng)現(xiàn)象，使得該系列液壓絞車的提升、下放和制動(dòng)過程平穩(wěn)，帶離合器的絞車還可實(shí)現(xiàn)

9、自由下放。安裝于配流盤上的集成閥組則有效地簡(jiǎn)化了用戶的液壓系統(tǒng)。由于該系列絞車具備上述優(yōu)點(diǎn)，使其廣泛應(yīng)用于船舶、鐵路、工程機(jī)械、石油、地質(zhì)勘探、冶金等行業(yè)，其優(yōu)良性能得</p><p>　　絞車必須在安全的情況下使用。</p><p>　　(1)絞車必須按規(guī)范要求進(jìn)行設(shè)置。其規(guī)格凈高不低于2.0米凈寬為2.4米，凈深為2.0米。沿空送巷巷道根據(jù)巷道的實(shí)際情況而定，以不影響安全操作為原則。&

10、lt;/p><p>　　(2)絞車施工盡可能采用風(fēng)鎬掘進(jìn)，根據(jù)巷道的不同支護(hù)型式可采用木棚或工字鋼棚支護(hù)。頂板完好時(shí)采用錨網(wǎng)支護(hù)，頂板破碎時(shí)采用架棚支護(hù)。</p><p>　　(3)11.4KW小絞車基礎(chǔ)均要采用砼澆注，其基礎(chǔ)規(guī)格為1.0×1.0×1.0米。砼中水泥、黃沙、石子(瓜子片)的配合比為1：2：2；水灰 比為0.4。</p><p>　　(

11、4)絞車采用架棚支護(hù)時(shí)，要由外向里逐架進(jìn)行，棚與棚之間要用撐木或拉桿連成一個(gè)整體，腰、幫要接嚴(yán)背實(shí)。棚距不超過0.7米。采用錨網(wǎng)支護(hù)時(shí)，錨桿的排間距為800×800mm。</p><p>　　(5)絞車電機(jī)應(yīng)安裝在小絞車窩的里側(cè)，操作空間距不得少于0.8米；操作按紐上架，開關(guān)擺放整齊且不得妨礙人員操作。</p><p>　　(6)其它按作業(yè)規(guī)程中的有關(guān)規(guī)定執(zhí)行。</p>

12、;<p>　　在后來，天車一詞進(jìn)入人類的眼中。橋式起重機(jī)是橋架在高架軌道上運(yùn)行的一種橋架型起重機(jī)，又稱天車。橋式起重機(jī)的橋架沿鋪設(shè)在兩側(cè)高架上的軌道縱向運(yùn)行，起重小車沿鋪設(shè)在橋架上的軌道橫向運(yùn)行，構(gòu)成一矩形的工作范圍，就可以充分利用橋架下面的空間吊運(yùn)物料，不受地面設(shè)備的阻礙。 </p><p>　　橋式起重機(jī)廣泛地應(yīng)用在室內(nèi)外倉庫、廠房、碼頭和露天貯料場(chǎng)等處。橋式起重機(jī)可分為普通橋式起重機(jī)、簡(jiǎn)易粱橋

13、式起重機(jī)和冶金專用橋式起重機(jī)三種。</p><p>　　普通橋式起重機(jī)一般由起重小車、橋架運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)、橋架金屬結(jié)構(gòu)組成。起重小車又由起升機(jī)構(gòu)、小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)和小車架三部分組成。起升機(jī)構(gòu)包括電動(dòng)機(jī)、制動(dòng)器、減速器、卷筒和滑輪組。電動(dòng)機(jī)通過減速器，帶動(dòng)卷筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，使鋼絲繩繞上卷筒或從卷筒放下，以升降重物。小車架是支托和安裝起升機(jī)構(gòu)和小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)等部件的機(jī)架，通常為焊接結(jié)構(gòu)。 </p><p>　　起

14、重機(jī)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的驅(qū)動(dòng)方式可分為兩大類：一類為集中驅(qū)動(dòng)，即用一臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)長傳動(dòng)軸驅(qū)動(dòng)兩邊的主動(dòng)車輪；另一類為分別驅(qū)動(dòng)、即兩邊的主動(dòng)車輪各用一臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。中、小型橋式起重機(jī)較多采用制動(dòng)器、減速器和電動(dòng)機(jī)組合成一體的“三合一”驅(qū)動(dòng)方式，大起重量的普通橋式起重機(jī)為便于安裝和調(diào)整，驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置常采用萬向聯(lián)軸器。 </p><p>　　起重機(jī)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)一般只用四個(gè)主動(dòng)和從動(dòng)車輪，如果起重量很大，常用增加車輪的辦法來降低輪壓。當(dāng)車

15、輪超過四個(gè)時(shí)，必須采用鉸接均衡車架裝置，使起重機(jī)的載荷均勻地分布在各車輪上。 </p><p>　　橋架的金屬結(jié)構(gòu)由主粱和端粱組成，分為單主粱橋架和雙粱橋架兩類。單主粱橋架由單根主粱和位于跨度兩邊的端粱組成，雙粱橋架由兩根主粱和端粱組成。 </p><p>　　主粱與端粱剛性連接，端粱兩端裝有車輪，用以支承橋架在高架上運(yùn)行。主粱上焊有軌道，供起重小車運(yùn)行。橋架主粱的結(jié)構(gòu)類型較多比較典型的有

16、箱形結(jié)構(gòu)、四桁架結(jié)構(gòu)和空腹桁架結(jié)構(gòu)。 </p><p>　　箱形結(jié)構(gòu)又可分為正軌箱形雙粱、偏軌箱形雙粱、偏軌箱形單主粱等幾種。正軌箱形雙粱是廣泛采用的一種基本形式，主粱由上、下翼緣板和兩側(cè)的垂直腹板組成，小車鋼軌布置在上翼緣板的中心線上，它的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，制造方便，適于成批生產(chǎn)，但自重較大。 </p><p>　　偏軌箱形雙粱和偏軌箱形單主粱的截面都是由上、下翼緣板和不等厚的主副腹板組成，小車

17、鋼軌布置在主腹板上方。</p><p>　　四桁架式結(jié)構(gòu)由四片平面桁架組合成封閉型空間結(jié)構(gòu)，在上水平桁架表面一般鋪有走臺(tái)板，自重輕，剛度大，但與其他結(jié)構(gòu)相比，外形尺寸大，制造較復(fù)雜，疲勞強(qiáng)度較低，已較少生產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　空腹桁架結(jié)構(gòu)類似偏軌箱形主粱，由四片鋼板組成一封閉結(jié)構(gòu)，除主腹板為實(shí)腹工字形粱外，其余三片鋼板上按照設(shè)計(jì)要求切割成許多窗口，形成一個(gè)無斜桿的空腹桁架，在上、下水平

18、桁架表面鋪有走臺(tái)板，起重機(jī)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)及電氣設(shè)備裝在橋架內(nèi)部，自重較輕，整體剛度大，這在中國是較為廣泛采用的一種型式。 </p><p>　　普通橋式起重機(jī)主要采用電力驅(qū)動(dòng)，一般是在司機(jī)室內(nèi)操縱，也有遠(yuǎn)距離控制的。起重量可達(dá)五百噸，跨度可達(dá)60米。簡(jiǎn)易梁橋式起重機(jī)又稱粱式起重機(jī)，其結(jié)構(gòu)組成與普通橋式起重機(jī)類似，起重量、跨度和工作速度均較小。橋架主粱是由工字鋼或其他型鋼和板鋼組成的簡(jiǎn)單截面粱，用手拉葫蘆或電動(dòng)葫蘆配上簡(jiǎn)

19、易小車作為起重小車，小車一般在工字粱的下翼緣上運(yùn)行。橋架可以沿高架上的軌道運(yùn)行，也可沿懸吊在高架下面的軌道運(yùn)行，這種起重機(jī)稱為懸掛粱式起重機(jī)。</p><p><b>　　外文原文</b></p><p>　　The winch is also known as the winch, mainly used in construction, water conserv

20、ancy engineering, forestry, mining, terminals and other material lifting or flat mop. A winding drum is used for winding wire ropes or chains to enhance or draft light small lifting equipment.</p><p>　　Winch

21、 has the following characteristics: high versatility, compact structure, small volume, light weight, great. The use of convenient transfer, is widely used in construction, water conservancy engineering, forestry, mining,

22、 terminals and other material lifting or flat mop, also can make the modern automatic production line equipment. There are 0.5 tons to 350 tons, divided into fast and slow two. Among the above 20 tons of large tonnage wi

23、nch, the winch can be used alone, can also be used as l</p><p>　　Winch according to power is divided into manual, electric, hydraulic three class. From the use of classification can be divided into building

24、winch and marine winch. Winch according to the function can be divided into: Marine winch, winch, winch in mine engineering, cable winch. According to the web form is divided into single and double drum reel</p>&

25、lt;p>　　According to the distribution form of the reel drum and before and after the double drum winch, special symbols with frequency conversion winch, double drum winch, handbrake lever type double brake winch, with

26、restrictor winch, electric winch, electric winch brake clutch, large double cylinder double brake winch, a large gear winch, hydraulic winch, large external gear belt rope guider winch, a traction wheel winch, hydraulic

27、double cylinder double brake winch, winch frequency band limiter.Manua</p><p>　　Manual winch in weight is small, infrastructure condition is poorer or the place without power. Electric winch is widely used f

28、or heavy work and need for traction force larger venues. Single drum winch drum is driven by the motor speed reducer, motor and the input shaft of the reducer is arranged between the brake. In order to adapt to the lift,

29、 traction and rotary operation needs, and double drum and drum winch. General load rating less than 10T winch can be designed into electric winch.</p><p>　　The hydraulic winch is rated load large winch, in g

30、eneral more than 10T to 5000T design into a hydraulic winch. Its structure is mainly composed of a hydraulic motor ( high and low speed hydraulic motor ), normally closed multi-disc brake, planetary gearbox, clutch ( opt

31、ional), reel, a supporting shaft, a rope pressing device, ( optional). The hydraulic motor has high mechanical efficiency, big starting torque, and according to the requirements of working conditions with different distr

32、ibutor, c</p><p>　　Winch must be under the circumstance of safety use. In 1, a winch must be standardized requirements set. Its specifications clear height of not less than 2 meters width of 2.4 meters, 2 me

33、ters deep into the net. The roadway along goaf roadway tunnel according to the actual situation, in does not affect the safe operation principle. 2, as far as possible using the pneumatic driving winch construction, acco

34、rding to the different types of supporting roadway with wood shed or steel roof support. Roo</p><p>　　In the later, crane word entered the human eye. Overhead bridge crane is a bridge in the orbit of a bridg

35、e type crane, also known as crane. Bridge crane bridge laying on both sides along the elevated track on the vertical run, lifting trolley along the bridge on the laying of the track in the horizontal run, the scope of wo

36、rk constitutes a rectangle, you can take full advantage of the lifting bridge the space below the material, the hindered from ground equipment.</p><p>　　Bridge crane widely used in indoor and outdoor storage

37、, factories, docks and outdoor storage yard. Bridge crane bridge crane can be divided into general bridge crane, simple beam bridge crane and metallurgical three special bridge crane. General by the general bridge crane

38、lifting trolley, bridge run organization, structure and composition of metal bridge. The crab by the hoisting mechanism, a carriage running mechanism and a trolley frame is composed of three parts. The lifting mechanism

39、compri</p><p>　　Crane's operation mechanism driving method can be divided into two categories: one category for centralized drive, which uses an electric motor to drive the long drive shaft to drive the

40、active wheel of both sides; another kind is respectively drive, namely active on both sides of the wheels with a motor driver. In small bridge crane, more use of brake, reducer and motor are combined into one of the"

41、; three in one" drive, great weight of general overhead traveling crane for ease of installation a</p><p>　　Crane operation is generally only used four driving and driven wheels, if the great weight, co

42、mmonly used to increase the wheel to reduce the wheel pressure. When the wheel is more than four, must use articulated balance frame device, so that the crane load uniformly distributed on each wheel.</p><p>

43、;　　Bridge structure of the metal by Lord Liang Heduan beam composition, divided into single beam bridge and double beam bridge of the two kind. Single beam bridge by a single main beam and is located to span on both side

44、s of the end beam, double beam bridge consists of two main Liang Heduan beam.</p><p>　　Main girder and end girder rigid connection, end beam with both ends of the wheel, in order to support the bridge in an

45、elevated running. The main beam is welded on the track, for lifting trolley. Bridge main beam structure type is more typically the box structure, the four truss structure and Vierendeel truss.</p><p>　　Box s

46、tructure can be divided into track double box girder, bias rail box double beam, bias rail box single beam of. Track double box beam is widely used in a basic form, main beam, the lower flange plate and both sides of the

47、 vertical web component, trolley rail are arranged in the upper flange of the center line, it has the advantages of simple structure, convenient manufacture, is suitable for batch production, but the large self-weight.&l

48、t;/p><p>　　Bias rail box double beam and the bias rail box single beam section is composed of an upper, lower flange plate and the vice principal of unequal thickness of web component, trolley rail is arranged

49、in the main web.</p><p>　　Four truss frame structure by four plane trusses are combined into a closed space structure, in the horizontal truss surface generally paved with walking board, light weight, high r

50、igidity, but comparing with other structure, large size, manufacturing complex, a low fatigue strength, has less production.</p><p>　　Vierendeel truss structure similar to bias-rail box main girder, composed

51、 of four pieces of steel plate to form a closed structure, in addition to the main web for solid abdominal I-shaped beam, the remaining three pieces of steel plate according to the requirement of the design cut into many

52、 windows, forming a diagonal rod vierendeel truss, the horizontal truss under surface, paved walking board, crane traveling mechanism and electrical equipment installed in the tray, lighter weight, integral </p>&

53、lt;p>　　General bridge crane is mainly driven by electric power, generally in the driver room, also has a remote control. Lifting capacity up to five hundred tons, the span of up to 60 meters. Simple beam bridge crane

54、and bridge type crane, its structure and the general bridge crane lifting weight, similar, span and working speed are small. Bridge main beam is made of steel or other type of steel and steel plate composed of simple gir

55、der with electric hoist, NRK hyacinth or with simple car as the liftin</p><p>　　I will be driven by advances in information and computer technology. Our challenge is to ensure that new information, safety, a