數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)---外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p>　　附錄A: 外文資料翻譯－原文部分：</p><p>　　CUSTOMER TARGETTING</p><p>　　The earliest determinant of success in the development of a profitable card schem

2、e will lie in the quality of applicants that are attracted by the marketing effort. Not only must there be sufficient creditworthy applicants to avoid fruitless and expensive application processing, but it is critical th

3、at the overall mix of new accounts meets the standard necessary to ensure ultimate profitability. For example, the marketing initiatives may attract sufficient volume of applicants that are assessed </p><p>

4、　　This chapter considers the range of data sources available to support the development of a credit card scheme and the tools that can be applied to maximize the flow of applications from the required categories.</p&g

5、t;<p>　　Data availability</p><p>　　The data that makes up the ingredients from which marketing campaigns can be constructed can come from many diverse sources. Typically, it will fall into four catego

6、ries:</p><p>　　1 the national or regional register of voters;</p><p>　　2 the national or regional register of court judgments that records the outcome of creditor-debtor legislation;</p>

7、<p>　　3 any national or regional pooled information showing the credit history of clients of the participating lenders; and </p><p>　　4 commercially compiled data including and culled from name and addr

8、ess lists, survey results and other market analysis data, e.g. neighborhoods and lifestyle categorization through geo-demographic information systems.</p><p>　　The availability and quality of this data will

9、vary from country to country and bureau to bureau.</p><p>　　Availability is not only governed by the extent to which the responsible agency has undertaken to record it, but also by the feasibility of accessi

10、ng the data and the extent (if any) to which local consumer legislation or other considerations (e.g. religious principles) will allow it to be used. Other limitations on the use of available data may lie in the simple i

11、mpossibility or expense of accessing the information sources, perhaps because necessary consumer consent for divulgence has been with</p><p>　　The local credit information bureaux will be able to provide gui

12、dance on all of these matters, as will many local trade or professional associations or the relevant government departments. </p><p>　　Data segmentation and Analyses</p><p>　　The following rema

13、rks deal with the ways in which lawfully obtained data may then be processed and analyzed in order to maximize its value as the basis of a marketing prospect list. Examples of the types and uses of data that will play a

14、role in the credit decision area are discussed later in the chapter, within the context of application processing.</p><p>　　The key categories into which prospects may be segmented include lifestyle, propens

15、ity to purchase specific products (financial or otherwise) and levels of risk. The leading international information bureaux will be able to provide segmentation systems that are able to correlate each of these data cate

16、gories to provide meaningful prospect lists in rank order. Additionally, many bureaux will have the capability to further enhance the strength and value of the data. Through the selective purchasin</p><p>　　

17、The importance of the role and standard of this data in influencing the quality of the target population for mailings, etc. should not be underestimated. Information that is dated or inaccurate may not only lead a market

18、er and the organization into embarrassment and damage their reputations, but it will also open the credit card scheme to applicants from outside either the target sector or ,worse still, applicants outside the lender’s v

19、iew of an acceptable credit risk.</p><p>　　From this, it follows that you should seek to use an information bureau whose business principles and operating practices comply with the highest levels of both com

20、petence and integrity.</p><p>　　Developing the prospect database</p><p>　　This is the process by which the raw data streams are brought together and subjected to progressive refinement, with the

21、 output representing the refined base from which prospecting can begin in earnest. A wide experience-often across many different markets and countries-in the sourcing, handling and analysis of data inevitably improves th

22、e quality of the ideas and systems that a bureau can offer for the development of the prospect database.</p><p>　　In summary, the typical shape of the service available from the very best bureaux will suppor

23、t a process that runs as follows:</p><p>　　collect and consolidate all data to be screened for inclusion;</p><p>　　merge the various streams;</p><p>　　sort and classify the data by

24、market and credit categories;</p><p>　　screen the date using predetermined marketing and credit criteria; and</p><p>　　consolidate and output the refined list.</p><p>　　Bureaux will

25、 charge for the use of their expertise and systems. </p><p>　　Therefore, consideration should be given to the volumes of data that are to be processed and the costs involved at each stage. The most cost-effe

26、ctive approach to constructing prospect databases only undertakes the lowest-cost screening process within the earlier stages. The more expensive screening processes are not employed until the mass of the data has been r

27、educed by earlier filtering.</p><p>　　It is impossible to be prescriptive about the range and levels of service that are available, but reference to one of the major bureaux operating in the region could cer

28、tainly be a good starting point. </p><p>　　Campaign Management and Analysis</p><p>　　Again, this is an area where excellent support is available from the best-of-breed bureaux. They will provide

29、 both the operational support and software capabilities to mount, monitor and analyse your marketing campaign, should you so wish. Their depth of experience and capabilities in the credit sector will often open up income

30、: cost possibilities from the solicitation exercise that would not otherwise be available to the new entrant. </p><p>　　The First Important Applications of DBMS’s</p><p>　　Data items include

31、 names and addresses of customers, accounts, loans and their balance, and the connection between customers and their accounts and loans, e.g., who has signature authority over which accounts. Queries for account balances

32、 are common, but far more common are modifications representing a single payment from or deposit to an account.</p><p>　　As with the airline reservation system, we expect that many tellers and customers (thr

33、ough ATM machines) will be querying and modifying the bank’s data at once. It is vital that simultaneous accesses to an account not cause the effect of an ATM transaction to be lost. Failures cannot be tolerated. For exa

34、mple, once the money has been ejected from an ATM machine ,the bank must record the debit, even if the power immediately fails. On the other hand, it is not permissible for the bank to record th</p><p>　　Dat

35、abase system changed significantly. Codd proposed that database system should present the user with a view of data organized as tables called relations. Behind the scenes, there might be a complex data structure that all

36、owed rapid response to a variety of queries. But unlike the user of earlier database systems, the user of a relational system would not be concerned with storage structure. Queries could be expressed in a very high level

37、 language, which greatly increased the efficiency of data</p><p>　　Client –Server Architecture</p><p>　　Many varieties of modern software use a client-server architecture, in which requests by o

38、ne process (the client ) are sent to another process (the server) for execution. Database systems are no exception, and it is common to divide the work of the components shown into a server process and one or more clien

39、t processes.</p><p>　　In the simplest client/server architecture, the entire DBMS is a server, except for the query interfaces that the user and send queries or other commands across to the server. For examp

40、le, relational systems generally use the SQL language for representing requests from the client to the server. The database server then sends the answer, in the form of a table or relation, back to client. The relationsh

41、ip between client and server can get more complex, especially when answers are extremely large.</p><p>　　附錄B: 外文資料翻譯－譯文部分：</p><p><b>　　客戶目標(biāo)：</b></p><p>　　最早判斷發(fā)展可收益卡的成功性是

42、在于受市場(chǎng)影響的被吸引的申請(qǐng)人的質(zhì)量。不僅需要有足夠信用度的申請(qǐng)人以避免高花費(fèi)卻無益的過程，但同時(shí)所有賬戶的綜合是否能符合保證最終獲利的需要也是決定性的。比如，市場(chǎng)初期可能會(huì)吸引到足夠量的客戶，但是在上半段接受的比例就遠(yuǎn)不足以分配給收益水平和越少的再無所需的達(dá)到金融目標(biāo)的計(jì)劃。</p><p>　　本章考慮了數(shù)據(jù)源的范圍能夠支持信用卡計(jì)劃的發(fā)展和可以應(yīng)用在市從各種需求種類中最大化申請(qǐng)數(shù)的工具。</p>

43、<p><b>　　可用數(shù)據(jù)：</b></p><p>　　構(gòu)成要素的數(shù)據(jù)能構(gòu)建市場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)取自不同的源，他被典型的分為4段：</p><p>　　選民在國(guó)家或地區(qū)的登錄</p><p>　　國(guó)家或地區(qū)登錄到法庭判斷，可看到債權(quán)人和債務(wù)人立法的結(jié)果</p><p>　　任何國(guó)家或地區(qū)的貸款信息，顯示了客戶參與貸

44、款的信用歷史也包括</p><p>　　商用編譯過的數(shù)據(jù)。還有從姓名地址名單中精選出的數(shù)據(jù)，調(diào)查結(jié)果，以及其他市場(chǎng)分析數(shù)據(jù)，如：通過人口統(tǒng)計(jì)信息系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　這些數(shù)據(jù)的可用信和質(zhì)量會(huì)隨著國(guó)家地區(qū)的變化而變化，可用性不僅僅在某種程度由負(fù)責(zé)的代理商接受控制，而且有處理數(shù)據(jù)的可行性決定。當(dāng)?shù)叵M(fèi)立法或其它狀況決定它是否能被使用。其他使用可用數(shù)據(jù)的限制可能存在于簡(jiǎn)單得不可能或是處理信息

45、源的支出，可能因?yàn)楸仨氂煽蛻敉獠拍芡嘎兑呀?jīng)被禁止還未被電子儲(chǔ)存起來，當(dāng)?shù)匦庞每ㄐ畔⑥k公室能夠提供關(guān)于所有這些事物的指導(dǎo)信息，除此以外，許多當(dāng)?shù)氐膶I(yè)貿(mào)易協(xié)會(huì)或相關(guān)政府部門也提供。</p><p><b>　　數(shù)據(jù)段和數(shù)據(jù)分析：</b></p><p>　　下述評(píng)論處理、合法化的到數(shù)據(jù)，然后應(yīng)用并分析之以獲得基本市場(chǎng)期望值的最大利潤(rùn)。關(guān)于類型的例子和數(shù)據(jù)的使用在判定信

46、用領(lǐng)域扮演著角色，這些將在之后的章節(jié)中同關(guān)于應(yīng)用過程的文章一起討論。</p><p>　　期望的主要種類被分成生活方式，購(gòu)買特殊商品的傾向（金融或其他的），還有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平。主要的國(guó)際信息局將提供能夠?qū)⒏黝悢?shù)據(jù)提供有意義的期望表以等級(jí)的順序段系統(tǒng)。另外，許多局又進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)數(shù)據(jù)的力度和價(jià)值的能力。通過選擇性的從帶好意的市場(chǎng)源購(gòu)買數(shù)據(jù)，然后通過覆蓋一般的事實(shí)推斷自分析常規(guī)經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)的廣泛的大量的工業(yè)信息，最好的國(guó)際的操作員

47、現(xiàn)能提供市場(chǎng)和信用信息以支持新加入的重要新申請(qǐng)人的質(zhì)量。</p><p>　　角色的重要性和數(shù)據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)影響目標(biāo)人群的質(zhì)量，不能被輕視。陳舊的活不正確的數(shù)據(jù)可能不僅導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和組織者陷入窘境和影響他們的威望，但同時(shí)可能會(huì)會(huì)從外部對(duì)申請(qǐng)人敞開信用卡計(jì)劃，或目標(biāo)防御區(qū)，更勝者申請(qǐng)人將脫離借款人能控制的范圍。</p><p>　　從中你可以知道你應(yīng)該應(yīng)用一個(gè)信息局，他的原則和操作都遵從最高水平

48、的完整性和功能性。</p><p><b>　　發(fā)展理想的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)：</b></p><p>　　這一過程是：未經(jīng)處理的數(shù)據(jù)流被集中然后進(jìn)行改善，他的輸出就是改善過的數(shù)據(jù)，這是我應(yīng)該盡早開發(fā)的部分。很多經(jīng)驗(yàn)——從不同市場(chǎng)國(guó)家中得到的——在收集處理分析數(shù)據(jù)是得到的，都證明這個(gè)理念和系統(tǒng)的價(jià)值，那就是一個(gè)信息局能夠?yàn)槔硐氲臄?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)發(fā)展提供支持。</p><

49、p>　　總之最典型的從信息局得到的服務(wù)將按如下程序：</p><p>　　收集整合所有的數(shù)據(jù)，包括將被篩選掉的</p><p><b>　　合并不同的數(shù)據(jù)流</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)市場(chǎng)和信用類別整理和分類數(shù)據(jù)</p><p>　　利用預(yù)定的市場(chǎng)和信用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選數(shù)據(jù)</p><p>　

50、　整合和輸出改善的目錄</p><p>　　信息局將為使用他們的專門技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)而收取費(fèi)用，因此，應(yīng)該考慮到要處理的數(shù)據(jù)量和每個(gè)步驟所需的花費(fèi)，在較早期階段建設(shè)理想數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)最花費(fèi)的步驟只在于低成本的篩選過程。比較昂貴的篩選過程在大量數(shù)據(jù)被先期過濾后才會(huì)使用。</p><p>　　實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)定可提供的服務(wù)的范圍和水平是不可能的，但參考一下當(dāng)?shù)刂饕畔⒕謱?huì)是一個(gè)好的起點(diǎn)。</p>&l

51、t;p><b>　　管理和分析運(yùn)作</b></p><p>　　這是從信息局中可得到的服務(wù)中最好的部分。他們提供操作上的支持和軟件，能夠安裝這些軟件，能夠安裝監(jiān)督和分析你的市場(chǎng)運(yùn)作。如你所愿，他們?cè)谫J款方面的豐富經(jīng)歷和能力會(huì)帶來收益：新來者不必再低聲哀求貸款上花費(fèi)很多。</p><p>　　早期的DBMS系統(tǒng)，最重要的應(yīng)用</p><p>

52、;　　銀行系統(tǒng)，數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)包括顧客的姓名、地址、賬號(hào)、存款、結(jié)余、以及顧客與他們的賬號(hào)和存款之間的關(guān)系，比如誰對(duì)那些賬號(hào)有簽名權(quán)。對(duì)結(jié)余的查詢固然不少，但更多的是針對(duì)一次存款或取款所進(jìn)行的修改。</p><p>　　正如飛機(jī)訂票系統(tǒng)一樣，我希望出納員和顧客通過ATM（自動(dòng)出納機(jī)）能同時(shí)查詢、更新銀行的數(shù)據(jù)。對(duì)同一賬號(hào)能同時(shí)訪問，而不影響ATM業(yè)務(wù)，這一點(diǎn)是至關(guān)重要的。錯(cuò)誤是不能容忍的。例如,一旦錢從ATM中彈出，銀行

53、必須記錄這項(xiàng)支出，即使立刻掉電也不例外，正確處理這種操作員不像想象的那么簡(jiǎn)單，可以看作是DBMS系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)的重大進(jìn)展之一。</p><p><b>　　關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)：</b></p><p>　　數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生了顯著的變化，CODD提出數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)為用戶提供這樣一種觀點(diǎn)，即數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)使用一種稱為“關(guān)系”的表來組織數(shù)據(jù)的。而在背后，可能有一個(gè)很復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)，以保證對(duì)各

54、種查詢的快速響應(yīng)，但與以前的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)的用戶不同，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)的用戶并不關(guān)心數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，而是使查詢能用很高級(jí)的語言來實(shí)現(xiàn)，從而大大提高了數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)開發(fā)人員的效率。關(guān)系就是表。標(biāo)的各列以屬性開始，屬性是列的入口。</p><p>　　客戶程序-服務(wù)程序體系結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　許多種現(xiàn)代軟件采用與客戶程序-服務(wù)程序體系結(jié)構(gòu)，這種體系結(jié)構(gòu)中，把一個(gè)進(jìn)程（客戶程序）發(fā)出的請(qǐng)求送到另一個(gè)程序

55、去執(zhí)行。數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)也不例外，通常將各種組成部分的工作分成一個(gè)服務(wù)進(jìn)程和一個(gè)或多個(gè)客戶進(jìn)程。</p><p>　　在最簡(jiǎn)單的客戶程序/服務(wù)程序體系結(jié)構(gòu)中，除了與用戶互相配合并將查詢或其他命令傳給服務(wù)程序的查詢接口以外，整個(gè)DBMS就是一個(gè)服務(wù)程序。例如，關(guān)系系統(tǒng)通常用SQL語言來表達(dá)從客戶程序到服務(wù)程序的各種請(qǐng)求。然后數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)程序給出回答，用表即關(guān)系的形式傳給客戶程序?？蛻舫绦蚝头?wù)程序之間的關(guān)系可能會(huì)更復(fù)雜，尤