機械外文翻譯--世界最新機械設計理念

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　學院 (系)： 機械工程學院 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機械工程及自動化 </p><p>　　姓 名： </p><p>　

2、　學 號： </p><p>　　外文出處： China Science and Technology Journal </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p><p>　　注：請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。</p>

3、<p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　世界最新機械設計理念</p><p>　　摘要：根據(jù)目前國內外設計學者進行機械產品設計時的主要思維特點，將產品方案的設計方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結構模塊化、基于產品特征知識和智能。這幾種方法的特點及其相互間的有機聯(lián)系，提出產品方案設計計算機實現(xiàn)的努力方向。 </p><p>　　關鍵詞：機械產品 方案設計

4、方法 發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　文獻[1]將語義設計網作為設計工具，在其開發(fā)的活性語義設計網ASK中，采用結點和線條組成的網絡描述設計，結點表示元件化的單元(如設計任務、功能、構件或加工設備等)，線條用以調整和定義結點間不同的語義關系，由此為設計過程中的所有活動和結果預先建立模型，使早期設計要求的定義到每一個結構的具體描述均可由關系間的定義表達，實現(xiàn)了計算機輔助設計過程由抽象到具體的飛躍。</p>

5、;<p><b>　　一、系統(tǒng)化設計方法</b></p><p>　　系統(tǒng)化設計方法的主要特點是：將設計看成由若干個設計要素組成的一個系統(tǒng)，每個設計要素具有獨立性，各個要素間存在著有機的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設計要素結合后，即可實現(xiàn)設計系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)化設計思想于70年代由德國學者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)

6、理論為基礎，制訂了設計的一般模式，倡導設計工作應具備條理性。德國工程師協(xié)會在這一設計思想的基礎上，制訂出標準VDI2221技術系統(tǒng)和產品的開發(fā)設計方法。</p><p>　　1．將用戶需求作為產品功能特征構思、結構設計和零件設計、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎，從產品開發(fā)的宏觀過程出發(fā)，利用質量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉換為產品開發(fā)各階段的技術目標和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。</p>&

7、lt;p>　　2．將產品看作有機體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產品的設計過程劃分成功能需求層次、實現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產品的具體設計層次。同時采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達產品的功能要求，形成產品功能系統(tǒng)結構。</p><p>　　3．將機械設計中系統(tǒng)科學的應用歸納為兩個基本問題：一是把要設計的產品作為一個系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分（單元）及其相互關系；二是將產品設計過程看成一個系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)

8、設計目標，正確、合理地確定設計中各個方面的工作和各個不同的設計階段。</p><p>　　由于每個設計者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側重點不同，進行方案設計時采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設計方法。</p><p><b>　　4．設計元素法</b></p><p>　　用五個設計元素（功能、效應、效應載體、形狀元

9、素和表面參數(shù)）描述“產品解”，認為一個產品的五個設計元素值確定之后，產品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國亦有設計學者采用了類似方法描述產品的原理解。</p><p><b>　　5．圖形建模法</b></p><p>　　研制的“設計分析和引導系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產品的功能結構及其相關的抽象信息，實現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結構、功能關系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之

10、間的聯(lián)接。</p><p>　　將設計劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號、具有內容豐富的語義模型結構、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實現(xiàn)關系間的任意結合等特點，將設計方法解與信息技術進行集成，實現(xiàn)了設計過程中不同抽象層間信息關系的圖形化建模。</p><p>　　6．“構思”—“設計”法</p><p>　　將

11、產品的方案設計分成“構思”和“設計”兩個階段?！皹嬎肌彪A段的任務是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設計任務要求的原理解?！霸O計”階段的工作則是具體實現(xiàn)構思階段的原理解。</p><p>　　將方案的“構思”具體描述為：根據(jù)合適的功能結構，尋求滿足設計任務要求的原理解。即功能結構中的分功能由“結構元素”實現(xiàn)，并將“結構元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”和“結構元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機械運動簡圖)

12、。方案的“設計”是根據(jù)功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結構元素”，再定量地描述所有“結構元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置，得到結構示意圖。Roper，H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設計單元(GE)”、“結構元素(KE)”、“功能結構元素(FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結構元素(VKE)”、“結構零件(KT)”、“結構元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述結構元素尺寸、位置和傳動參數(shù)間相互關系的若干種簡圖，把設計專家憑直

13、覺設計的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應用現(xiàn)有知識的方法，并將其應用于“構思”和“設計”階段。</p><p><b>　　7．鍵合圖法</b></p><p>　　將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產生能量、消耗能量、轉變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型，并借用鍵合圖表達元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結合，實現(xiàn)功能結構的自動生成和功能結構與鍵合圖之間的自動轉換，尋

14、求由鍵合圖產生多個設計方案的方法。</p><p>　　提倡在產品功能分析的基礎上，將產品分解成具有某種功能的一個或幾個模塊化的基本結構，通過選擇和組合這些模塊化基本結構組建成不同的產品。這些基本結構可以是零件、部件，甚至是一個系統(tǒng)。 </p><p>　　本結構應該具有標準化的接口(聯(lián)接和配合部)，并且是系列

15、化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經濟化，具有互換性、相容性和相關性。我國結合軟件構件技術和CAD技術，將變形設計與組合設計相結合，根據(jù)分級模塊化原理，將加工中心機床由大到小分為產品級、部件級、組件級和元件級，并利用專家知識和CAD技術將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的功能模塊，再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。</p><p>　　以設計為目錄作為選擇變異機械結構的工具，提出將設計的解元素

16、 進行完整的、結構化的編排，形成解集設計目錄。并在解集設計目錄中列出評論每一個解的附加信息，非常有利于設計工程師選擇解元素。</p><p>　　網絡技術的蓬勃發(fā)展，異地協(xié)同設計與制造，以及從用戶對產品的功能需求→設計→加工→裝配→成品這一并行工程的實現(xiàn)成為可能。但是，達到這些目標的重要前提條件之一，就是實現(xiàn)產品方案設計效果的三維可視化。為此，不僅三維圖形軟件、智能化設計軟件愈來愈多地應用于產品的方案設計中，虛

17、擬現(xiàn)實技術以及多媒體、超媒體工具也在產品的方案設計中初露鋒芒。目前，德國等發(fā)達國家正著力于研究超媒體技術、產品數(shù)據(jù)交換標準STEP，以及標準虛擬現(xiàn)實造型語言上基于虛擬環(huán)境的標準交換格式)在產品設計中的應用。</p><p>　　機械產品的方案設計正朝著計算機輔助實現(xiàn)、智能化設計和滿足異地協(xié)同設計制造需求的方向邁進，由于產品方案設計計算機實現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚，目前還沒有成熟的、能夠達到上述目標的方案設計工具軟件。

18、作者認為，綜合運用文中四種類型設計方法是達到這一目標有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運用涉及的領域較多，不僅與機械設計的領域知識有關，而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計算機軟硬件工程、網絡技術等各方面的領域知識，但仍然是產品方案設計必須努力的方向。國外在這方面的研究已初見成效，我國設計學者也已意識到CAD技術與國際交流合作的重要性，及其應當采取的措施。</p><p>　　基于產品特征知識設計方法的主要特點是

19、：用計算機能夠識別的語言描述產品的特征及其設計領域專家的知識和經驗，建立相應的知識庫及推理機，再利用已存儲的領域知識和建立的推理機制實現(xiàn)計算機輔助產品的方案設計。</p><p>　　機械系統(tǒng)的方案設計主要是依據(jù)產品所具有的特征，以及設計領域專家的知識和經驗進行推量和決策，完成機構的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實現(xiàn)這一階段的計算機輔助設計，必須研究知識的自動獲取、表達、集成、協(xié)調、管理和使用。為此，國內外設計學者針對機械系統(tǒng)方

20、案設計知識的自動化處理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可歸納為下述幾種。</p><p><b>　　附件2：外文原文</b></p><p>　　The world's Latest Mechanical Design Concepts</p><p>　　Abstract: According to scholars at home

21、and abroad to carry out mechanical design product design features of the main ideas, product design method of the program summarized as systematic, modular structure, based on product characteristics of knowledge and wis

22、dom. The characteristics of these methods and their organic connection between them and put forward to achieve the computer product design direction.</p><p>　　Key words: Mechanical Product Design Method Deve

23、lopment Trends</p><p>　　Design documents will be Semantic Web as a design tool in the design of its Semantic Web activity of the development of ASK, using nodes and lines to describe the design a network, no

24、des that components of the cell (such as design tasks, functions, components or processing equipment, etc. ), used to adjust the lines and definitions between nodes of different semantic relations, thus the design proces

25、s all the activities and results of pre-built models so that the definition of the early design r</p><p>　　A systematic design method</p><p>　　The main features of a systematic design method are

26、: the design as designed by a number of elements of a system, the independence of each design elements, each element of an organic link between the existence of, and is layered, with all the design elements , you can des

27、ign systems to achieve the required task.</p><p>　　Systematic design idea in the 70's by the German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz, the system based on the theory they developed a general pattern of th

28、e design, advocacy design work should have organized. German Engineers Association, on the basis of this design concept to develop a standard VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods.</p>

29、<p>　　1. The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, structure design and part design, process planning, job control, etc. based on the macro from the product development process of starting the

30、 use of quality function deployment method and system to user demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development, technical goals and operational control procedures metho

31、d.</p><p>　　2. The level of the product life of the organism as a system, and means of living systems theory, the product design process can be divided into successful hierarchy of needs to achieve the func

32、tional requirements of the conceptual level and product level of the specific design. At the same time life-support systems used to express the abstract icons of the product functional requirements, system structure form

33、ation of product features.</p><p>　　3. The mechanical design of the application of systems science into two basic questions: First, to be designed as a system dealing with the products, the best way to dete

34、rmine its component parts (modules) and their mutual relations; 2 is the product design process as a a system, according to design objectives, a correct and reasonably determine the various aspects of the design work and

35、 various design stage.</p><p>　　Because each designer's point of research questions and to consider the question of emphasis, to design a specific research methods used is also different. Here are some r

36、epresentative of the systematic design methods.</p><p>　　4. Design Element Method</p><p>　　With the five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector, shape, elements, and surface parame

37、ters) describe the "product solutions" that a product to determine the value of the five design elements, the product of all the features and characteristics of the value of i.e. determined. Scholars in China h

38、ave adopted similar methods designed to describe the product's original understanding.</p><p>　　5. Graphic modeling method</p><p>　　And developed a "design analysis and guidance system

39、s" KALEIT, with the level of clear graphic description of a product's functional structure and its associated abstract information, to the system structure and function relationship of graphical modeling, and fu

40、nctional connection between the layers [ 2].</p><p>　　Assistance will be designed to be divided into two aspects of methodology and exchange of information using the Nijssen Information Analysis Method can b

41、e used graphic symbols, with a rich semantic model structure, can be described as integration conditions, can be divided into types of constraints can be achieved in relations between any combination of characteristics ,

42、 the design method to solve integration and information technology to realize the design process of information between differe</p><p>　　6. "Concept" - "Design" method</p><p>

43、;　　Product's design is divided into "concept" and "design" in two stages. "Concept" phase of the task is to find, choose and mix to meet the requirements of the original understanding of

44、 design tasks. "Design" stage of work is a concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage.</p><p>　　Of the program's "idea of" specific described as: In ac

45、cordance with the appropriate functional structure, seeking to meet the design requirements of the original understanding of the task. The functional structure of the sub-function is performed by the "structural ele

46、ments" to achieve, and "structural elements" of the physical connection between the definition of a "feature vector", "feature vector" and "structural elements" further the in

47、teraction between the formation of the functional diagr</p><p>　　7. Bond Graph Method</p><p>　　Function of the composition of system components will be divided into produce energy, consumed ener

48、gy, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transfer, and to use bond graphs to express the function component solution, hoping to function-based model and bond graph combine to achieve functional structur

49、e the automatic generation and functional structure with the bond graph automatic conversion between the search for bond graph generated by a number of design methods.</p><p>　　To promote the product on the

50、basis of functional analysis, the product has some features broken down into one or several modular basic structure, by selection and combination of the basic structure of these modular form into different products. Thes

51、e basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system.</p><p>　　The structure should have a standardized interface (connection and co-operation department), and is serialized, universal, integrated,

52、hierarchical, agile, economic-oriented, with interchangeability, compatibility and relevance. China's combination of software component technology and CAD technology, variant design combined with the modular design,

53、according to modular principle of classification, will be divided into descending Machining Center Machine Tool product level, component level, compo</p><p>　　To design a directory as an alternative variatio

54、n of the mechanical structure of the tool, the solution proposed by the design elements of a complete, structured layout, the formation of the solution set design catalogs. And in the solution set designed to comment on

55、each one listed in the directory solution additional information, is very beneficial to design engineers select solution elements.</p><p>　　The vigorous development of network technology, collaborative desig

56、n and manufacturing, as well as the product from the user's functional requirements → design → processing → assembly → finished product of this realization of concurrent engineering possible. However, an important pr

57、erequisite to achieve these goals one of the conditions is to realize the effect of product design three-dimensional visualization. To this end, three-dimensional graphics software, more and more intelligent design so<

58、;/p><p>　　Mechanical product design is moving in computer-aided realization of intelligent design and to meet the needs of distributed collaborative design and manufacture of direction, due to the computer prod

59、uct design Study on the implementation started late, not yet mature, to achieve the above objectives program design tools [4]. Author believes that the integrated use of paper, four types of design method is an effective

60、 way to achieve this goal. Although the integrated use of these methods are more</p><p>　　Feature-based design methodology of knowledge The main features are: using a computer can identify the language to de

61、scribe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriate knowledge base and inference engine, re-use of stored domain knowledge and the establ

62、ishment of the inference mechanism to bring computer-aided product design.</p><p>　　The mechanical system design is mainly based on the characteristics of a product, and design experts in the field of knowle

63、dge and experience to push volume and decision-making, the completion of body type, the number of synthesis. To achieve this stage of computer-aided design, must study the automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression,