機(jī)械工程及自動化外文翻譯---數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢

1、<p>　　Numerical control technology and equipment trend of development</p><p>　　The equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the mo

2、dernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industry (for example defense industry industries and so o

3、n information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipment. Marx </p><p>　　The numerical control technology is carr

4、ies on the control with the numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process the technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as representative's new techn

5、ology the integration of machinery product which forms to the traditional manufacture industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many do

6、mains: (1) machine manuf</p><p>　　1 numerical control technology trend of development</p><p>　　Not only the numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the

7、traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, h

8、e to national economy and the people's livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, becaus</p><p>　　1.1 high spe

9、ed, high precision work technology and equipment new tendency</p><p>　　The efficiency, the quality are the advanced technique of manufacture main bodies. High speed, the high precision work technology may en

10、hance the efficiency enormously, enhances the product the quality and the scale, reduces the production cycle and sharpens the market competition ability. Lists as one of 5 great modern techniques of manufacture for this

11、 Japan Tip Technology Research board it, the international production project learns (CIRP) its determination is one of 21st century central res</p><p>　　In the passenger vehicle industry domain, yearly prod

12、uces 300,000 production metres was 40/s，moreover the multi-variety processing is one of key questions which the passenger vehicle equipment must solve; In the aviation and the astronavigation industry domain, its process

13、ing spare part many for the thin wall and the thin muscle, the rigidity is very bad, material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only then in the high cutting speed and the cutting force very small situation, can to these m

14、uscles,</p><p>　　Unfolds from EMO2001 meets the situation to look that, processes the center feed rate to be possible high speed to reach 80m/min, even higher, the aerial transport stroke speed may reach 100

15、m/About min. At present in the world many automotive factories, including our country's Shanghai General Motors, already used by the high speed processing center composition production line part substitution aggregat

16、e machine-tool. American CINCINNATI Corporation's HyperMach engine bed feed rate reaches 60m/m</p><p>　　In the processing precision aspect, in the recent 10 years, the ordinary level numerical control en

17、gine bed processing precision from 10μm enhanced 5μm, the fine level of secrecy processing center from 3~5 μm, enhances to 1~1.5 μm, and the ultra precise processing precision started to enter a nanometer level (0.01μm).

18、</p><p>　　In the reliable aspect, the overseas numerical control installment value has reached above 6 000h, the servosystem value achieved above 30000h, displays the extremely high reliability. </p>

19、<p>　　In order to realize, the high precision work high speed, with it necessary function part like electricity main axle, the straight line electrical machinery obtained the fast development, the application domain

20、 further expanded.</p><p>　　1.2 5 axis linkage processing and compound processing engine bed fast development</p><p>　　Uses 5 axis linkages to the three dimensional curved surface components pro

21、cessing, the available cutting tool best geometry shape carries on the cutting, not only the smooth finish is high, moreover the efficiency also large scale enhances. Believed generally that, 1 5 axis linkage engine bed

22、efficiency may be equal to 2 3 axis linkage engine bed, specially uses when the cubic boron nitride and so on the ultra hard material milling cutter carries on the high speed milling hardened steel compone</p><

23、;p>　　Current as a result of electricity main axle appearance, causes to realize 5 axis linkage processing compound host axle neck structure is greatly the simplification, its manufacture difficulty and the cost reduce

24、 large scale, numerical control system price disparity reduction. Therefore promoted the compound host axle neck type 5 axis linkage engine bed and the compound processing engine bed (including 5 processing engine beds)

25、development.</p><p>　　Unfolds at the meeting in EMO2001, the new Japanese labor machine 5 processing engine beds use the compound host axle neck, may realize 4 vertical plane processings and the random angle

26、 processing, causes 5 processings and 5 axis processings may realize on the identical Taiwan engine bed, but also may realize the inclined plane and the back taper hole processing. German DMG Corporation displays the DMU

27、Voution series processing center, may clamp the next 5 processings and 5 axis linkage processin</p><p>　　1.3 intellectualizations, open style, the network becomes the contemporary numerical control system de

28、velopment the main tendency</p><p>　　The 21st century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized system, the intellectualized content including in numerical control system each aspect:

29、 In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation perfo

30、rmance and the use connection convenient intellectualization, like feed-forward control, electrical machinery </p><p>　　In order to solve the traditional numerical control system closeness and the numerical

31、control application software industrial production production existence question. At present many countries conduct the research to the open style numerical control system, like US NGC(The Next Generation Work-Station/Ma

32、chine Control)、European Economic Community OSACA(Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems)、Japanese OSEC(Open System Environment for Controller)，Chinese ONC(Open Numerical</p><p>　　The

33、network numerical control equipment is a near two year international famous engine bed exposition new luminescent spot. The numerical control equipment network enormously will satisfy the production line, the manufacture

34、 system, the manufacture enterprise to the information integration demand, also will be realizes new manufacture pattern like agile manufacture, hypothesized enterprise, the global manufacture foundation unit. The domest

35、ic and foreign some famous numerical control engine bed </p><p>　　1.4.1 about numerical control system design development standard</p><p>　　As mentioned above, the open style numerical control s

36、ystem has a better versatility, the flexibility, the compatibility, the extension, countries and so on US, European Economic Community and Japan implements the strategy development plan in abundance, and carries on the o

37、pen style architecture numerical control system specification (OMAC, OSACA, OSEC) the research and the formulation, the world 3 biggest economies have carried on the nearly same science plan and the standard formulation

38、in the</p><p>　　1.4.2 about numerical control standard</p><p>　　The numerical control standard is the manufacturing industry informationization development one tendency. The numerical control te

39、chnology is born after 50 year exchanges of information all is based on the ISO6983 standard, how namely uses the G, M code to describe the (how) processing, its substantive characteristics faces the processing process,

40、obviously, he has more and more not been able to satisfy modern numerical control technology high speed the need to develop. Therefore, on internation</p><p>　　The STEP-NC appearance is possibly a numerical

41、control area of technology revolution, regarding the numerical control technology development and even the entire manufacturing industry, will have the profound influence. First, STEP-NC proposed one kind of brand-new ma

42、nufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, the NC processing procedure all concentrates on the single computer. But under the new standard, the NC procedure may disperse on the Internet, this is precisely the n

43、umerical cont</p><p>　　At present, the European and American countries extremely took STEP-NC the research, Europe initiate STEP-NC IMS to plan (1999.1.1~2001.12.31). Participates in this plan to have comes

44、from European and Japan's 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC user, manufacturer and academic organization. US's STEP Tools Corporation is in the global scope the manufacturing industry data exchange software exploiter, he alrea

45、dy developed has served as the numerical control engine bed processing exchange of information the super</p><p>　　數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如

46、信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)）的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過“各種經(jīng)濟(jì)時代的區(qū)別，不在于生產(chǎn)什么，而在于怎樣生產(chǎn)，用什么勞動資料生產(chǎn)”。制造技術(shù)和裝備就是人類生產(chǎn)活動的最基本的生產(chǎn)資料，而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是當(dāng)今先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和裝備最核心的技術(shù)。當(dāng)今世界各國制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對動態(tài)多變市場的適應(yīng)能力和競爭能力。此外世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物資

47、，不僅采取重大措施來發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在“高精尖”數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對我國實(shí)行封鎖和限制政策?？傊?，大力發(fā)展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)已成為世界各發(fā)達(dá)國家加速經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、提高綜合國力和國家地位的重要途徑。    數(shù)控技術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對機(jī)械運(yùn)動和工作過程進(jìn)行控制的技術(shù)，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其

48、技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域：(1)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)；</p><p>　　1、 數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大，他對國計民生的一些重要行業(yè)（IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來越重要的作用，因為這些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)

49、及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢來看，其主要研究熱點(diǎn)有以下幾個方面［1～4］。</p><p>　　1．1 高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢    效率、質(zhì)量是先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場競爭能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會將其列為5大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一，國際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會（CIRP）將其確定為21世紀(jì)的中心研究

50、方向之一。    在轎車工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，年產(chǎn)30萬輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是40秒/輛，而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必須解決的重點(diǎn)問題之一；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下，才能對這些筋、壁進(jìn)行加工。近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空”的方法來制造機(jī)翼、機(jī)身等大型零件來替代多個零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝，使構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度、剛

51、度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。    從EMO2001展會情況來看，高速加工中心進(jìn)給速度可達(dá)80m/min，甚至更高，空運(yùn)行速度可達(dá)100m/min左右。目前世界上許多汽車廠，包括我國的上海通用汽車公司，已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線部分替代組合機(jī)床。美國CINCINNATI</p><p>　　1.2 五軸聯(lián)動加工和復(fù)

52、合加工機(jī)床快速發(fā)展    采用5軸聯(lián)動對三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進(jìn)行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認(rèn)為，1臺5軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床的效率可以等于2臺3軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進(jìn)行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時，5軸聯(lián)動加工可比3軸聯(lián)動加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因5軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因，其價格要比3軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機(jī)床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù)難度較大，制約了

53、5軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床的發(fā)展。    當(dāng)前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實(shí)現(xiàn)5軸聯(lián)動加工的復(fù)合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價格差距縮小。因此促進(jìn)了復(fù)合主軸頭類型5軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床（含5面加工機(jī)床）的發(fā)展。    在EMO2001展會上，新日本工機(jī)的5面加工機(jī)床采用復(fù)合主軸頭，可實(shí)現(xiàn)4個垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5軸

54、加工可在同一臺機(jī)床上實(shí)現(xiàn)，還可實(shí)現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次裝夾下5面加工和5軸聯(lián)動加工，可由CNC系統(tǒng)控制或CAD/CAM直接或間接控制。</p><p>　　1.3 智能化、開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為當(dāng)代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢。    21世紀(jì)的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能化的內(nèi)容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各

55、個方面：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量方面的智能化，如加工過程的自適應(yīng)控制，工藝參數(shù)自動生成；為提高驅(qū)動性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、電機(jī)參數(shù)的自適應(yīng)運(yùn)算、自動識別負(fù)載自動選定模型、自整定等；簡化編程、簡化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動編程、智能化的人機(jī)界面等；還有智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控方面的內(nèi)容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。    為解決傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)封閉性和數(shù)控應(yīng)用軟件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)存在的問題。

56、目前許多國家對開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究，如美國的NGC(未來的工作站/ 機(jī)器控制)、歐共體的OSACA、日本的OSEC，中國的ONC等。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的未來之路。所謂開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運(yùn)行平臺上，面向機(jī)床廠家和最終用戶，通過改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對象（數(shù)控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應(yīng)用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實(shí)現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個性的名牌產(chǎn)品。

57、目前開放式數(shù)</p><p>　　1.4 重視新技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范的建立</p><p>　　1.4.1 關(guān)于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計開發(fā)規(guī)范    如前所述，開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)有更好的通用性、柔性、適應(yīng)性、擴(kuò)展性，美國、歐共體和日本等國紛紛實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展計劃，并進(jìn)行開放式體系結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)規(guī)范(OMAC、OSACA、OSEC)的研究和制定，世界3個最

58、大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體在短期內(nèi)進(jìn)行了幾乎相同的科學(xué)計劃和規(guī)范的制定，預(yù)示了數(shù)控技術(shù)的一個新的變革時期的來臨。我國在2000年也開始進(jìn)行中國的ONC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的規(guī)范框架的研究和制定。</p><p>　　1.4.2 關(guān)于數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)    數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是制造業(yè)信息化發(fā)展的一種趨勢。數(shù)控技術(shù)誕生后的50年間的信息交換都是基于ISO6983標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即采用G，M代碼描述如何（how）加工，其本

59、質(zhì)特征是面向加工過程，顯然，他已越來越不能滿足現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的需要。為此，國際上正在研究和制定一種新的CNC系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO14649（STEP－NC)，其目的是提供一種不依賴于具體系統(tǒng)的中性機(jī)制，能夠描述產(chǎn)品整個生命周期內(nèi)的統(tǒng)一數(shù)據(jù)模型，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)整個制造過程，乃至各個工業(yè)領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)品信息的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。    STEP-NC的出現(xiàn)可能是數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一次革命，對于數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展乃至整個制造業(yè)，將產(chǎn)生

60、深遠(yuǎn)的影響。首先，STEP-NC提出一種嶄新的制造理念，傳統(tǒng)的制造理念中，NC加工程序都集中在單個計算機(jī)上。而在新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下，NC程序可以分散在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，這正是數(shù)控技術(shù)開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化發(fā)展的方向。其次，STEP-NC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)還可大大減少加工圖紙（約75％）、加工程序編制時間（約35％）和加工時間（約50％）。    目前，歐美國家非常重視STEP-NC的研究，歐洲發(fā)起了STEP-NC的IMS計劃(19