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1、<p> 外文出處:《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》</p><p><b> 外文原文 </b></p><p> Manipulator</p><p> Robot developed in
2、 recent decades as high-tech automated production equipment. Industrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It feat
3、ures can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance advantages of their
4、160;own people and machines, in particular, reflects the people's intelligence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations a
5、nd a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and th</p><p> First,
6、 an overview of industrial manipulator</p><p> Robot is a kind of positioning control can be automated and can be re
7、-programmed to change in multi-functional machine, which has multiple degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in
8、60;order to complete the work in different environments. Low wages in China, plastic products industry, although still a labor-int
9、ensive, mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular. Electronics and automotive industries that Europe and the United States
10、60;multinational companies very early in their fact</p><p> With the rapid development of China's industrial production, especially&
11、#160;the reform and opening up after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve the workpiece handling, steeri
12、ng, transmission or operation of brazing, spray gun, wrenches and other tools for processing and assembly operations since, which&
13、#160;has more and more attracted our attention. Robot is to imitate the manual part of the action, according to a given&
14、#160;program, track and requirements for automatic capture, handling</p><p> In real life, you will find this a problem. In
15、60;the machine shop, the processing of parts loading time is not annoying, and labor productivity is not high, the cost
16、of production major, and sometimes man-made incidents will occur, resulting in processing were injured. Think about what could rep
17、lace it with the processing time of a tour as long as there are a few people, and can operate 24 hours saturat
18、ed human right? The answer is yes, but the robot can come to replace it.</p><p> Production of mechanical hand can
19、160;increase the automation level of production and labor productivity; can reduce labor intensity, ensuring product quality, to achiev
20、e safe production; particularly in the high-temperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radio
21、active gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working people. Here I would like to think of designing a
22、160;robot to be used in actual production.</p><p> Why would a robot designed to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic rob
23、ot refers to the compressed air as power source-driven robot. With pressure-driven and other energy-driven comparison have the fol
24、lowing advantages: 1. Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, does not require recycling and disposal, do no
25、t pollute the environment. (Concept of environmental protection) 2. Air stick is small, the pipeline pressure loss is small (
26、typically less than asphalt gas path pressure</p><p> With pneumatic drive and compare with other energy sources drive has
27、0;the following advantages:</p><p> Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, without recycling and disposal, do
28、0;not pollute the environment. Accidental or a small amount of leakage would not be a serious impact on production. Viscosity
29、 of air is small, the pipeline pressure loss also is very small, easy long-distance transport.</p><p> The lower working&
30、#160;pressure of compressed air, pneumatic components and therefore the material and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered.
31、0;In general, reciprocating thrust in 1 to 2 tons pneumatic economy is better.</p><p> Compared with the hydraulic transmissio
32、n, and its faster action and reaction, which is one of the outstanding merits of pneumatic. </p><p> Clean air mediu
33、m, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline. It can be safely used in flammable, explosive and the dus
34、t big occasions. Also easy to realize automatic overload protection.</p><p> Second, the composition, mechanical hand </p><p&
35、gt; Robot in the form of a variety of forms, some relatively simple, some more complicated, but the basic form is the
36、160;same as the composition of the , Usually by the implementing agencies, transmission systems, control systems and auxiliary dev
37、ices composed.</p><p> Implementing agencies</p><p> Manipulator executing agency by the hands, wrists, arms, pillars. Hands are
38、0;crawling institutions, is used to clamp and release the workpiece, and similar to human fingers, to complete the staffing o
39、f similar actions. Wrist and fingers and the arm connecting the components can be up and down, left, and rotary movement
40、. A simple mechanical hand can not wrist. Pillars used to support the arm can also be made mobile as needed.</p>
41、<p> 2. Transmission </p><p> The actuator to be achieved by the transmission system. Sub-transmission system commonly used m
42、anipulator mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic and electric power transmission and other drive several forms.</p><p&
43、gt; 3. Control System </p><p> Manipulator control system's main role is to control the robot according to certain proced
44、ures, direction, position, speed of action, a simple mechanical hand is generally not set up a dedicated control system, usin
45、g only trip switches, relays, control valves and circuits can be achieved dynamic drive system control, so that implementing
46、agencies according to the requirements of action. Action will have to use complex programmable robot controller, the micro-computer
47、0;control.</p><p> Three, mechanical hand classification and characteristics </p><p> Robots are generally divided into three catego
48、ries: the first is the general machinery does not require manual hand. It is an independent not affiliated with a partic
49、ular host device. It can be programmed according to the needs of the task to complete the operation of the provisions.
50、160;It is characterized with ordinary mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence ternary machinery. The second
51、 category is the need to manually do it, called the operation of aircraft. It o</p><p> Main features: </p><p&
52、gt; First, mechanical hand (the upper and lower material robot, assembly robot, handling robot, stacking robot, help robot, vacuum
53、0;handling machines, vacuum suction crane, labor-saving spreader, pneumatic balancer, etc.). </p><p> Second, cantilever cranes (cantilever
54、160;crane, electric chain hoist crane, air balance the hanging, etc.) </p><p> Third, rail-type transport system (hanging rail,
55、0;light rail, single girder cranes, double-beam crane)</p><p> Four, industrial machinery, application of hand</p><p> Manipulator i
56、n the mechanization and automation of the production process developed a new type of device. In recent years, as electronic
57、160;technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly develope
58、d a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination o
59、f mechanization and automation.</p><p> Although the robot is not as flexible as staff, but it has to the continuous
60、;duplication of work and labor, I do not know fatigue, not afraid of danger, the power snatch weight characteristics when
61、0;compared with manual large, therefore, mechanical hand has been of great importance to many sectors, and increasingly has been
62、160;applied widely, for example:</p><p> (1) Machining the workpiece loading and unloading, especially in the automatic lathe, comb
63、ination machine tool use is more common. </p><p> (2) In the assembly operations are widely used in the electronics
64、industry, it can be used to assemble printed circuit boards, in the machinery industry It can be used to assemble parts&
65、#160;and components. </p><p> (3) The working conditions may be poor, monotonous, repetitive easy to sub-fatigue working environmen
66、t to replace human labor. </p><p> (4) May be in dangerous situations, such as military goods handling, dangerous goods
67、160;and hazardous materials removal and so on..</p><p> (5) Universe and ocean development. </p><p> (6), military engineering&
68、#160;and biomedical research and testing.</p><p> Help mechanical hands: also known as the balancer, balance suspended, labor-saving
69、0;spreader, manual Transfer machine is a kind of weightlessness of manual load system, a novel, time-saving technology for materia
70、l handling operations booster equipment, belonging to kinds of non-standard design of series products. Customer application needs, crea
71、ting customized cases. Manual operation of a simulation of the automatic machinery, it can be a fixed program draws ﹑ ha
72、ndling objects or perform househol</p><p> Can mimic some of the staff and arm motor function, a fixd procedure for
73、the capture, handling objects or operating tools, automatic operation device. It can replace human labor in order to achieve
74、the production of heavy mechanization and automation that can operate in hazardous environments to protect the personal safety, wh
75、ich is widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and nuclear power sectors. Mechanical hand tools
76、 or other equipment commonly used for</p><p> Manipulator mainly by hand and sports institutions. Task of hand is holding
77、 the workpiece (or tool) components, according to grasping objects by shape, size, weight, material and operational requirements o
78、f a variety of structural forms, such as clamp type, type and adsorption-based care such as holding. Sports organizations, so
79、 that the completion of a variety of hand rotation (swing), mobile or compound movements to achieve the required action,
80、;to change the location of objects by grasping and</p><p> Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the
81、160;process of crawling and moving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a
82、60;new type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and produ
83、ction of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, a
84、llowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechan</p><p><b> 外文資料翻譯譯文 </b></p><p><b> 機械手 </b></
85、p><p> 機械手是近幾十年發(fā)展起來的一種高科技自動化生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。工業(yè)機械手是工業(yè)機器人的一個重要分支。它的特點是可通過編程來完成各種預(yù)期的作業(yè)任務(wù),在構(gòu)造和性能上兼有人和機器各自的優(yōu)點,尤其體現(xiàn)了人的智能和適應(yīng)性。機械手作業(yè)的準(zhǔn)確性和各種環(huán)境中完成作業(yè)的能力,在國民經(jīng)濟各領(lǐng)域有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景。隨著工業(yè)自動化的發(fā)展, 出現(xiàn)了數(shù)控加工中心,它在減輕工人的勞動強度的同時, 大大提高了勞動生產(chǎn)率。但
86、數(shù)控加工中常見的上下料工序, 通常仍采用人工操作或傳統(tǒng)繼電器控制的半自動化裝置。前者費時費工、效率低; 后者因設(shè)計復(fù)雜, 需較多繼電器,接線繁雜, 易受車體振動干擾,而存在可靠性差、故障多、維修困難等問題??删幊绦蚩刂破鱌LC控制的上下料機械手控制系統(tǒng)動作簡便、線路設(shè)計合理、具有較強的抗干擾能力, 保證了系統(tǒng)運行的可靠性,降低了維修率, 提高了工作效率。機械手技術(shù)涉及到力學(xué)、機
87、械學(xué)、電氣液壓技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、傳感器技術(shù)和計算機技術(shù)等科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,是一門跨學(xué)科綜合技術(shù)。 </p><p> 1.工業(yè)機械手的概述 </p><p> 機械手是一種能自動化定位控制并可重新編程序以變動的多功能機器,它有多個自由度,可用來搬運物體以完成在各個不同環(huán)境中工作。在工資水平較低的中國,塑料制品行業(yè)盡管仍屬于勞動力密集型,機械手的使用已經(jīng)越來越普及。那些電子
88、和汽車業(yè)的歐美跨國公司很早就在它們設(shè)在中國的工廠中引進了自動化生產(chǎn)。但現(xiàn)在的變化是那些分布在工業(yè)密集的華南、華東沿海地區(qū)的中國本土塑料加工廠也開始對機械手表現(xiàn)出越來越濃厚的興趣,因為他們要面對工人流失率高,以及為工人交工傷費帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。 </p><p> 隨著我國工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的飛躍發(fā)展,特別是改革開發(fā)以后,自動化程度的迅速提高,實現(xiàn)工件的裝卸、轉(zhuǎn)向、輸送或操作釬焊、噴槍、扳手等工具進行加工、裝配等作業(yè)自
89、化,已愈來愈引起我們重視。 </p><p> 機械手是模仿著人手的部分動作,按給定的程序、軌跡和要求實現(xiàn)自動抓取、搬運或操作的自動機械裝置。 </p><p> 在現(xiàn)實生活中,你是否會發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣一個問題。在機械工廠里,加工零件裝料的時候是不是很煩的,勞動生產(chǎn)率不高,生產(chǎn)成本大,有時候還會發(fā)生一些人為事故,導(dǎo)致加工者受傷。想想看用什么可以來代替呢,加工的時候只要有幾個
90、人巡視一下,且可以二十四個小時飽和運作,人行嗎?回答是肯定的,但是機械手可以來代替它。 </p><p> 生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用機械手可以提高生產(chǎn)的自動化水平和勞動生產(chǎn)率;可以減輕勞動強度、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、實現(xiàn)安全生產(chǎn);尤其是在高溫、高壓、低溫、低壓、粉塵、易爆、有毒氣體和放射性等惡劣的環(huán)境中能夠代替人進行正常的工作。想到這里我就很想設(shè)計一個機械手,來用于生產(chǎn)實際中。 </p><p
91、> 為什么選著設(shè)計機械手用氣動來提供動力:氣動機械手是指以壓縮空氣為動力源驅(qū)動的機械手。用氣壓驅(qū)動與其他能源驅(qū)動比較有以下優(yōu)點:</p><p> 1.空氣取之不竭,用過之后排入大氣,不需要回收和處理,不污染環(huán)境。(環(huán)保的概念)</p><p> 2.空氣的沾性很小,管路中壓力損失也很?。ㄒ话銡饴纷枇p失不到油路的千分之一),便于遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。</p><p&
92、gt; 3.壓縮空氣的工作壓力較低(一般為4~8公斤/每平方厘米),因此對動元件的材質(zhì)和制造精度要求可以降低。</p><p> 4.與液壓傳動相比,它的動作和反應(yīng)都快,這是氣動突出的優(yōu)點之一。</p><p> 5.空氣介質(zhì)清潔,亦不會變質(zhì),管路不易堵塞。</p><p> 但是也有它美中不足的地方:</p><p> 1.由于空
93、氣的可壓縮性,致使氣動工作的穩(wěn)定性差,因而造成執(zhí)行機構(gòu)運動速度和定為精度不易控制。</p><p> 2.由于使用氣壓較低,輸出力不可能太大,為了增加輸出力,必然使整個氣動系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸加大。 </p><p> 用氣壓驅(qū)動與用其他能源驅(qū)動比較有以下優(yōu)點: </p><p> 空氣取之不竭,用過之后排入大氣,不需回收和處理,不污染環(huán)境。偶然
94、的或少量的泄漏不致對生產(chǎn)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的影響。 </p><p> 空氣的粘性很小,管路中壓力損失也就很小,便于遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。 </p><p> 壓縮空氣的工作壓力較低,因此對氣動元件的材質(zhì)和制造精度要求可以降低。一般說來,往復(fù)運動推力在1~2噸以下采用氣動經(jīng)濟性較好。 </p><p> 與液壓傳動相比,它的動作和反應(yīng)都快,這是氣動的
95、突出優(yōu)點之一。 空氣介質(zhì)清潔,亦不會變質(zhì),管路不易堵塞。 </p><p> 它可安全地應(yīng)用在易燃、易爆和粉塵大的場合。又便于實現(xiàn)過載自動保護. </p><p><b> 2.機械手的組成 </b></p><p> 機械手的形式是多種多樣的,有的較為簡單,有的較為復(fù)雜,但基本的組成形式是相同的,
96、一般由執(zhí)行機構(gòu)、傳動系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)和輔助裝置組成。 </p><p><b> 1. 執(zhí)行機構(gòu) </b></p><p> 機械手的執(zhí)行機構(gòu),由手、手腕、手臂、支柱組成。手是抓取機構(gòu),用來夾緊和松開工件,與人的手指相仿,能完成人手的類似動作。手腕是連接手指與手臂的元件,可以進行上下、左右和回轉(zhuǎn)動作。簡單的機械手可以沒有手腕。支柱用來支
97、撐手臂,也可以根據(jù)需要做成移動。 </p><p><b> 2. 傳動系統(tǒng) </b></p><p> 執(zhí)行機構(gòu)的動作要由傳動系統(tǒng)來實現(xiàn)。常用機械手傳動系統(tǒng)分機械傳動、液壓傳動、氣壓傳動和電力傳動等幾種形式。 </p><p><b> 3. 控制系統(tǒng) </b&
98、gt;</p><p> 機械手控制系統(tǒng)的主要作用是控制機械手按一定的程序、方向、位置、速度進行動作,簡單的機械手一般不設(shè)置專用的控制系統(tǒng),只采用行程開關(guān)、繼電器、控制閥及電路便可實現(xiàn)動傳動系統(tǒng)的控制,使執(zhí)行機構(gòu)按要求進行動作.動作復(fù)雜的機械手則要采用可編程控制器、微型計算機進行控制。</p><p> 3.機械手的分類和特點 </p><p> 機
99、械手一般分為三類:第一類是不需要人工操作的通用機械手。它是一種獨立的不附屬于某一主機的裝置。它可以根據(jù)任務(wù)的需要編制程序,以完成各項規(guī)定的操作。它的特點是具備普通機械的性能之外,還具備通用機械、記憶智能的三元機械。第二類是需要人工才做的,稱為操作機。它起源于原子、軍事工業(yè),先是通過操作機來完成特定的作業(yè),后來發(fā)展到用無線電訊號操作機來進行探測月球等。工業(yè)中采用的鍛造操作機也屬于這一范疇。第三類是用專用機械手,主要附屬于自動機床或自動線上
100、,用以解決機床上下料和工件送。這種機械手在國外稱為“Mechanical Hand”,它是為主機服務(wù)的,由主機驅(qū)動;除少數(shù)以外,工作程序一般是固定的,因此是專用的。 </p><p><b> 主要特點: </b></p><p> (1) 機械手(上下料機械手、裝配機械手、搬運機械手、堆垛機械手、助力機械手、真空搬運機、&
101、#160;真空吸吊機、省力吊具、氣動平衡器等)。 </p><p> (2) 懸臂起重機(懸臂吊、電動環(huán)鏈葫蘆吊、氣動平衡吊等) </p><p> (3) 導(dǎo)軌式搬運系統(tǒng)(懸掛軌道、輕型軌道、單梁起重機、雙梁起重機) </p><p> 4.工業(yè)機械手的應(yīng)用 </p>&l
102、t;p> 機械手是在機械化、自動化生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)展起來的一種新型裝置。近年來,隨著電子技術(shù)特別是電子計算機的廣泛應(yīng)用,機器人的研制和生產(chǎn)已成為高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù),它更加促進了機械手的發(fā)展,使得機械手能更好地實現(xiàn)與機械化和自動化的有機結(jié)合。 </p><p> 機械手雖然目前還不如人手那樣靈活,但它具有能不斷重復(fù)工作和勞動、不知疲勞、不怕危險、抓舉重物的力量比人手大等特點,因此
103、,機械手已受到許多部門的重視,并越來越廣泛地得到了應(yīng)用,例如: </p><p> (1) 機床加工工件的裝卸,特別是在自動化車床、組合機床上使用較為普遍。 </p><p> (2) 在裝配作業(yè)中應(yīng)用廣泛,在電子行業(yè)中它可以用來裝配印制電路板,在機械行業(yè)中它可以用來組裝零部件。 </p><p> (3)
104、160;可在勞動條件差,單調(diào)重復(fù)易子疲勞的工作環(huán)境工作,以代替人的勞動。 </p><p> (4) 可在危險場合下工作,如軍工品的裝卸、危險品及有害物的搬運等。 </p><p> (5) 宇宙及海洋的開發(fā)。 </p><p> (6) 軍事工程及生物醫(yī)學(xué)方面的研究和試驗。 </p&
105、gt;<p> 助力機械手:又稱平衡器、平衡吊、省力吊具、手動移載機等,是一種無重力化手動承載系統(tǒng),一種新穎的、用于物料搬運時省力化操作的助力設(shè)備,屬于一種非標(biāo)設(shè)計的系列化產(chǎn)品。針對客戶應(yīng)用需求,量身定制的個案創(chuàng)作。 </p><p> 一種模擬人手操作的自動機械,它可按固定程序抓取﹑搬運物件或操持工具完成某些特定操作。應(yīng)用機械手可以代替人從事單調(diào)﹑重復(fù)或繁重的體力勞動,實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機械
106、化和自動化,代替人在有害環(huán)境下的手工操作,改善勞動條件,保證人身安全。20世紀(jì)40年代后期,美國在原子能實驗中,首先采用機械手搬運放射性材料,人在安全室操縱機械手進行各種操作和實驗。50年代以后,機械手逐步推廣到工業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門,用于在高溫﹑污染嚴(yán)重的地方取放工件和裝卸材料,也作為機床的輔助裝置在自動機床﹑自動生產(chǎn)線和加工中心中應(yīng)用,完成上下料或從刀庫中取放刀具并按固定程序更換刀具等操作。機械手主要由手部機構(gòu)和運動機構(gòu)組成。手部機構(gòu)隨使用場
107、合和操作對象而不同,常見的有夾持﹑托持和吸附等類型。運動機構(gòu)一般由液壓﹑氣動﹑電氣裝置驅(qū)動。機械手可獨立地實現(xiàn)伸縮﹑旋轉(zhuǎn)和昇降等運動,一般有2~3個自由度。機械手廣泛用于機械製造﹑冶金﹑輕工和原子能等部門。 </p><p> 能模仿人手和臂的某些動作功能,用以按固定程序抓取、搬運物件或操作工具的自動操作裝置。它可代替人的繁重勞動以實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機械化和自動化,能在有害環(huán)境下操作以保護人身安全,因而廣泛應(yīng)
108、用于機械制造、冶金、電子、輕工和原子能等部門。 機械手通常用作機床或其他機器的附加裝置,如在自動機床或自動生產(chǎn)線上裝卸和傳遞工件,在加工中心中更換刀具等,一般沒有獨立的控制裝置。有些操作裝置需要由人直接操縱,如用于原子能部門操持危險物品的主從式操作手也常稱為機械手。 </p><p> 機械手主要由手部和運動機構(gòu)組成。手部是用來抓持工件(或工具)的部件,根據(jù)被抓持物件的形狀、尺寸、重量、材料
109、和作業(yè)要求而有多種結(jié)構(gòu)形式,如夾持型、托持型和吸附型等。運動機構(gòu),使手部完成各種轉(zhuǎn)動(擺動)、移動或復(fù)合運動來實現(xiàn)規(guī)定的動作,改變被抓持物件的位置和姿勢...... </p><p> 機械手是在自動化生產(chǎn)過程中使用的一種具有抓取和移動工件功能的自動化裝置,它是在機械化、自動化生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)展起來的一種新型裝置。近年來,隨著電子技術(shù)特別是電子計算機的廣泛應(yīng)用,機器人的研制和生產(chǎn)已成為高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展
110、起來的一門新興技術(shù),它更加促進了機械手的發(fā)展,使得機械手能更好地實現(xiàn)與機械化和自動化的有機結(jié)合。機械手能代替人類完成危險、重復(fù)枯燥的工作,減輕人類勞動強度,提高勞動生產(chǎn)力。機械手越來越廣泛的得到了應(yīng)用,在機械行業(yè)中它可用于零部件組裝 ,加工工件的搬運、裝卸,特別是在自動化數(shù)控機床、組合機床上使用更普遍。目前,機械手已發(fā)展成為柔性制造系統(tǒng)FMS和柔性制造單元FMC中一個重要組成部分。把機床設(shè)備和機械手共同構(gòu)成一個柔性加工系統(tǒng)或柔
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