橋梁專業(yè)外文翻譯--歐洲橋梁研究

1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p>　　Bridge research in Europe</p><p>　　A brief outline is given of the development of the European Union, together with the research platform in Europe.

2、The special case of post-tensioned bridges in the UK is discussed. In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio: relating to the id

3、entification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges using digital impulse radar. </p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　The challenge in any research arena is to harness the findings of different

4、research groups to identify a coherent mass of data, which enables research and practice to be better focused. A particular challenge exists with respect to Europe where language barriers are inevitably very significant.

5、 The European Community was formed in the 1960s based upon a political will within continental Europe to avoid the European civil wars, which developed into World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. The strong polit</p><

6、p>　　Notwithstanding these financial and political developments, civil engineering and bridge engineering in particular have found great difficulty in forming any kind of common thread. Indeed the educational systems f

7、or University training are quite different between Britain and the European continental countries. The formation of the EU funding schemes —e.g. Socrates, Brite Euram and other programs have helped significantly. The Soc

8、rates scheme is based upon the exchange of students between Univers</p><p>　　In terms of dissemination of knowledge, two quite different strands appear to have emerged. The UK and the USA have concentrated p

9、rimarily upon disseminating basic research in refereed journal publications: ASCE, ICE and other journals. Whereas the continental Europeans have frequently disseminated basic research at conferences where the circulatio

10、n of the proceedings is restricted.</p><p>　　Additionally, language barriers have proved to be very difficult to break down. In countries where English is a strong second language there has been enthusiastic

11、 participation in international conferences based within continental Europe —e.g. Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands and Switzerland. However, countries where English is not a strong second language have been hesit

12、ant participants }—e.g. France.</p><p>　　Post-tensioned concrete rail bridge analysis</p><p>　　Ove Arup and Partners carried out an inspection and assessment of the superstructure of a 160 m lon

13、g post-tensioned, segmental railway bridge in Manchester to determine its load-carrying capacity prior to a transfer of ownership, for use in the Metrolink light rail system..</p><p>　　Particular attention w

14、as paid to the integrity of its post-tensioned steel elements. Physical inspection, non-destructive radar testing and other exploratory methods were used to investigate for possible weaknesses in the bridge.</p>&

15、lt;p>　　Since the sudden collapse of Ynys-y-Gwas Bridge in Wales, UK in 1985, there has been concern about the long-term integrity of segmental, post-tensioned concrete bridges which may be prone to ‘brittle’ failure w

16、ithout warning. The corrosion protection of the post-tensioned steel cables, where they pass through joints between the segments, has been identified as a major factor affecting the long-term durability and consequent st

17、rength of this type of bridge. The identification of voids in grouted </p><p>　　Description of bridge</p><p>　　General arrangement</p><p>　　Besses o’ th’ Barn Bridge is a 160 m long

18、, three span, segmental, post-tensioned concrete railway bridge built in 1969. The main span of 90 m crosses over both the M62 motorway and A665 Bury to Prestwick Road. Minimum headroom is 5.18 m from the A665 and the M6

19、2 is cleared by approx 12.5 m.</p><p>　　The superstructure consists of a central hollow trapezoidal concrete box section 6.7 m high and 4 m wide. The majority of the south and central spans are constructed u

20、sing 1.27 m long pre-cast concrete trapezoidal box units, post-tensioned together. This box section supports the in site concrete transverse cantilever slabs at bottom flange level, which carry the rail tracks and ballas

21、t.</p><p>　　The center and south span sections are of post-tensioned construction. These post-tensioned sections have five types of pre-stressing:</p><p>　　1. Longitudinal tendons in grouted duc

22、ts within the top and bottom flanges.</p><p>　　2. Longitudinal internal draped tendons located alongside the webs. These are deflected at internal diaphragm positions and are encased in in site concrete.<

23、/p><p>　　3. Longitudinal macalloy bars in the transverse cantilever slabs in the central span .</p><p>　　4. Vertical macalloy bars in the 229 mm wide webs to enhance shear capacity.</p><

24、p>　　5. Transverse macalloy bars through the bottom flange to support the transverse cantilever slabs.</p><p>　　Segmental construction</p><p>　　The pre-cast segmental system of construction us

25、ed for the south and center span sections was an alternative method proposed by the contractor. Current thinking suggests that such a form of construction can lead to ‘brittle’ failure of the entire structure without war

26、ning due to corrosion of tendons across a construction joint，The original design concept had been for in site concrete construction.</p><p>　　Inspection and assessment</p><p>　　Inspection</p&

27、gt;<p>　　Inspection work was undertaken in a number of phases and was linked with the testing required for the structure. The initial inspections recorded a number of visible problems including:</p><p&g

28、t;　　Defective waterproofing on the exposed surface of the top flange.</p><p>　　Water trapped in the internal space of the hollow box with depths up to 300 mm.</p><p>　　Various drainage problems

29、at joints and abutments.</p><p>　　Longitudinal cracking of the exposed soffit of the central span.</p><p>　　Longitudinal cracking on sides of the top flange of the pre-stressed sections.</p&g

30、t;<p>　　Widespread sapling on some in site concrete surfaces with exposed rusting reinforcement.</p><p>　　Assessment</p><p>　　The subject of an earlier paper, the objectives of the assess

31、ment were:</p><p>　　Estimate the present load-carrying capacity.</p><p>　　Identify any structural deficiencies in the original design.</p><p>　　Determine reasons for existing proble

32、ms identified by the inspection.</p><p>　　Conclusion to the inspection and assessment</p><p>　　Following the inspection and the analytical assessment one major element of doubt still existed. Th

33、is concerned the condition of the embedded pre-stressing wires, strands, cables or bars. For the purpose of structural analysis these elements、had been assumed to be sound. However, due to the very high forces involved,、

34、a risk to the structure, caused by corrosion to these primary elements, was identified. </p><p>　　The initial recommendations which completed the first phase of the assessment were:</p><p>　　1.

35、Carry out detailed material testing to determine the condition of hidden structural elements, in particular</p><p>　　the grouted post-tensioned steel cables.</p><p>　　2. Conduct concrete durabil

36、ity tests.</p><p>　　3. Undertake repairs to defective waterproofing and surface defects in concrete.</p><p><b>　　歐洲橋梁研究</b></p><p>　　在歐洲，一個(gè)共同研究的平臺(tái)隨著歐盟的發(fā)展誕生了。為了舉例說(shuō)明歐洲的研究方

37、法已經(jīng)被這種方式所替代，一個(gè)典型的案例就是有關(guān)英國(guó)后張法橋梁被討論的事，愛(ài)丁堡大學(xué)給出了這個(gè)關(guān)于用數(shù)字化脈沖雷達(dá)鑒定后張法混凝土橋梁孔隙的資源互補(bǔ)的案例。</p><p>　　引言    利用各研究團(tuán)體的研究成果去驗(yàn)證大量相關(guān)論據(jù)是所有研究領(lǐng)域所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，這是為了能使研究和實(shí)踐更好地結(jié)合，具有針對(duì)性。此外，在歐洲，不容忽視的語(yǔ)言壁壘也是一個(gè)巨大的障礙,為了避免再次爆發(fā)類

38、似于從1939年至1945的第二次世界大戰(zhàn)似的的歐洲內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，歐洲國(guó)家有了一個(gè)共同的政治目的，成立于20世紀(jì)60年代的歐共體便是基于這一目的。它的成立帶有很強(qiáng)的政治動(dòng)機(jī)，但英國(guó)并非這一組織的成員，因?yàn)楹芏嗟臍W洲國(guó)家視英國(guó)的利益為單純的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，直到70年代，英國(guó)才加入由歐共體轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體。到90年代，歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體擴(kuò)展為歐洲國(guó)家聯(lián)盟，而此時(shí)的歐盟既有共同的政治目標(biāo)又有建立歐洲共同的貨幣體系的經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)。</p>&l

39、t;p>　　隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治的發(fā)展，土木工程，尤其是橋梁工程至今沒(méi)能形成某種統(tǒng)一陣線。這緣于英國(guó)和其他的歐洲國(guó)家迥異的大學(xué)教育培養(yǎng)體制，歐洲基金計(jì)劃如蘇格拉底計(jì)劃、大不列顛（英國(guó)）歐洲計(jì)劃等等。對(duì)改變這種局面發(fā)揮了獨(dú)特的作用，蘇格拉底計(jì)劃是以各成員國(guó)內(nèi)互派學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)為基礎(chǔ)，而英國(guó)歐洲計(jì)劃主要是給予一些國(guó)家的學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)和工業(yè)伙伴以科研援助；它通常是由一個(gè)工業(yè)國(guó)家牽頭。</p><p>　　關(guān)于知識(shí)的傳播，目前似乎已

40、出現(xiàn)了2種非常不同的方式、英美主要集中于在相關(guān)期刊出版物上發(fā)表首要的研究成果，例如ASCE、LCE及其它期刊，而歐洲內(nèi)陸國(guó)家主要集中于在專門會(huì)議上展示其重要的研究成果，后者存在著局限性，新的研究成果的發(fā)布受到了限制。</p><p>　　另外，語(yǔ)言也是難以逾越的障礙，那些以英語(yǔ)作為強(qiáng)勢(shì)外語(yǔ)的歐洲內(nèi)陸國(guó)家積極參與各種國(guó)際會(huì)議，如德國(guó)、意大利、比利時(shí)、以及荷蘭和瑞士。然而，那些不以英語(yǔ)為強(qiáng)勢(shì)外語(yǔ)的歐洲國(guó)家對(duì)國(guó)際會(huì)議的

41、參與并不積極，比如法國(guó)。</p><p>　　后張法混凝土鐵路橋研究</p><p>　　歐而阿樸和他的合作者對(duì)曼徹斯特的一座長(zhǎng)160M的后張法分段預(yù)制施工建造的鐵路橋的上部結(jié)構(gòu)的長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行了檢測(cè)和評(píng)估，這種技術(shù)已被運(yùn)用于城市輕軌系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　特別需要關(guān)注的是后張力法施工的橋梁的完整性。物理檢查、非損傷雷達(dá)檢測(cè)及其它的研究方法均已被用來(lái)去調(diào)查橋梁中

42、潛在的缺陷。</p><p>　　自從1985年2月1日英國(guó)威爾士地區(qū)的一座名叫Ynys-y-Gwas橋梁突然坍塌以來(lái)。采用后張力法分段預(yù)制施工的橋梁在長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定性方面受到關(guān)注。因?yàn)檫@種橋梁可能會(huì)毫無(wú)預(yù)兆地出現(xiàn)脆性斷裂，后張法鋼絞線在預(yù)制段搭接部位的防腐工作是影響這種類型橋梁長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定性的主要因素。對(duì)容易發(fā)生脆性破壞處錨索套管中的沙漿孔隙的鑒定被認(rèn)為是防腐檢測(cè)中最為重要的步驟之一。</p><p&

43、gt;<b>　　橋梁描述</b></p><p><b>　　總體布局</b></p><p>　　Besses o’ th’ Barn大橋始建于1969年，是一座三跨總長(zhǎng)160m的后張法分段預(yù)制施工的混凝土鐵路橋。它的主跨跨徑90米，橫跨M62公路和巴利A665公路與Prestwick公路銜接，與A665公路最小橋下凈空高度為5.18米，與M

44、62公路的橋下凈空則大約為12.5米。</p><p>　　橋梁上部結(jié)構(gòu)由空心梯形混凝土箱梁組成。箱體橫截面高6.7m，寬4m。橋梁南部分引橋和中央主跨徑均采用這種長(zhǎng)為1.27M的梯形混凝土箱梁結(jié)構(gòu)，后張法施工。這種箱形構(gòu)件的作用是支撐用來(lái)承受鐵軌和行車荷載的現(xiàn)澆混凝土懸臂梁。</p><p>　　大橋中跨和南部引橋跨徑均采用后張法裝配式預(yù)制結(jié)構(gòu)，這些后張法預(yù)制構(gòu)件構(gòu)件包括五種類型的預(yù)應(yīng)力

45、張拉措施。</p><p>　　1、緣內(nèi)部的頂端和底部布置縱向錨索管道，管道內(nèi)的鋼筋束用沙漿封??；</p><p>　　2、分布在橫隔板部位的腹板兩側(cè)撓曲鋼筋束，鋼筋束被包裹在現(xiàn)澆混凝土內(nèi)；</p><p>　　3、橋梁跨中懸臂梁內(nèi)布置縱向鋼絞束；4、在229mm寬的腹板內(nèi)側(cè)布置用以提高抗剪切能力的豎直鋼絞束；5、布置穿過(guò)冀緣底部用以支撐懸臂梁的橫向鋼絞束。&l

46、t;/p><p><b>　　分段施工</b></p><p>　　使用分段預(yù)制施工體系是包工單位針對(duì)大橋南部和中央跨徑建議的備選方案之一，Current thinking認(rèn)為這種施工體系在對(duì)穿越構(gòu)件鉸接點(diǎn)處的鋼筋束沒(méi)有足夠的腐蝕措施時(shí)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的脆性斷裂，最初的設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思是想采用現(xiàn)澆的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p><b>　　檢測(cè)

47、和評(píng)估</b></p><p><b>　　檢測(cè)</b></p><p>　　各個(gè)階段的檢修工作貫穿在橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)所需的試驗(yàn)中，初期檢查主要記錄如下的一些明顯的缺陷：</p><p>　　1、在翼緣上表面的不合格的防水材料。</p><p>　　2、空心箱梁內(nèi)部300mm深度內(nèi)雨水的滲透情況。</p>

48、<p>　　3、鉸接縫和支座處有關(guān)排水裝置各種的問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　4、中央跨徑下端背面暴露出的縱向裂縫。</p><p>　　5、翼緣頂部預(yù)應(yīng)力構(gòu)件旁邊的縱向裂縫。</p><p>　　6、現(xiàn)澆混凝土表面大片的剝落部位和暴露在外的生銹的加強(qiáng)筋。</p><p><b>　　評(píng)估</b></p