電子專業(yè)外文翻譯---電子學(xué)的發(fā)展

1、<p>　　附錄二：中英文翻譯：</p><p>　　The develop of Electronics（computer） </p><p>　　Electronics is a part of the larger field of electricity. The basic principles of electricity are also common to ele

2、ctronics. Modern advances in the fields of computer, control system, communications have a close relationship with electronics.</p><p>　　The field of electronics includes the electron tube, transistor, integ

3、rated circuit and so on </p><p>　　Electronics began in 1883, when Thomas Edison discovered the vacuum diode as part of his research on materials for a practical electric light. This first electronic device e

4、xhibited a nonlinear, unilateral characteristic but was not capable of producing amplification of a signal. In 1905 Fleming produced the first diode in England and in 1906 DeForest made the first triode in the United Sta

5、tes. The widespread applications of vacuum tubes during that time period were in the communications industr</p><p>　　The first large digital electronic system was a special-purpose vacuum tube circuit called

6、 the electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC). The ENIAC was the forerunner of the computer industry. the early transistor was invented in 1984 and made a significant contribution to electronics. The early tr

7、ansistors were made from germanium. The most visible application of these devices was in small, portable AM broadcast receivers. Silicon transistors began to replace germanium transistors in</p><p>　　The com

8、mercial success of the integrated circuit industry was based on standard products representing digital logic families. The integrated circuit industry was moving from the era of small-scale circuits to large-scale integr

9、ation (LSI). As the decade of the 1970s came to a close, a new era in integrated circuits was beginning. This era is characterized by the inclusion of larger and larger and larger numbers of components in a single circui

10、t, and it is called very large-scale integration (VLS</p><p>　　Electronic technology is developing rapidly in the world. And electronics industry is equipped it make yet another giant step forward.</p>

11、<p>　　A computer is a machine that accepts and processes data into information under the control of a stored program. Data are facts or observations, while information is the meaning we attribute them.</p>

12、<p>　　A computer is a data processing machine. Data flow into the machine as input. Information flows from the machine as output. The computer processes the data. These three basic concepts of input, processing and

13、output occur in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play.</p><p>　　What do we mean when we say that a computer processes data? Process implies that a change takes place. For example, in c

14、lothing manufacturing, input is the pieces of cut cloth. The processing is the sewing together of these pieces. And the output is the finished garment. Often, data processing involves filtering and summarizing data so th

15、at underlying and output.</p><p>　　What makes a computer different from a calculator?</p><p>　　We know that when adding two numbers on a calculator to find the sum, it requires direct human inte

16、rvention at each step. A computer can process data automatically without human intervention. However a computer is not intelligent. It doesn’t know when to add, or subtract, or compare, or request input. If it is to func

17、tion without direct human control, it must be given a set of instructions to guide it, step, through a process. The set of instructions is called a program. The program is stored ph</p><p>　　Modern computers

18、 vary in physical size from those that fill rooms to those that with CPUs the size of a dime. Generally, the larger the system, the greater its processing speed, storage capacity.</p><p>　　Systems on the low

19、 end of the size scale are called microcomputers, whose central processor is built as a single semiconductor device, called the microprocessor. Continuing up the size scale, mainframe computers are systems that may offer

20、 faster processing speeds and greater storage capacity than a typical microcomputer. Finally come the supersystems, designed to process complex scientific applications. These systems are the largest, fastest. </p>

21、<p>　　Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. In the past, a complex computation would take years of human remarkable power. In the past, a complex computation would take years of human work. But now

22、it can be done in a few seconds. A number of various complicated problems could not be solved in the past, however, they have been solved with the help of computers today. </p><p>　　A computer is a fast and

23、 accurate symbol manipulating system that is organized to accept, store, and process data and produce output result under the direction of a store program of instruction.</p><p>　　A computer is controlled by

24、 a stored program, thus, the first step in using the machine is copying the program from diskette or trap into memory. Now , the processor can begin executing instructions. Input data from keyboard、diskette of tape are s

25、tored in memory. The processor manipulates the data, storing the result back into memory, finally the result are output.</p><p>　　Memory’s contents are easy to change, thus when one set of data has been proc

26、essed, the program can be repeated, reading and processing new data, and generating new output. If the data can be changed, why not the program? When a program is finished, a new one can take its in memory, allowing the

27、 computer to process completely different data. One minute it can prepare bills from invoices under control of a billing program. Later, this same collection of components, controlled yet by another prog</p><p

28、>　　Digital computer are made for both special uses. A special-purpose computer is one that’s designed to perform only one specific task. The program of instructions is wired into, or permanently stored in such a machi

29、ne. Although it lacks versatility, it does its single task quickly and efficiently, A general-purpose computer is one that can store different programs and can thus be used a machine can process a payroll one minute and

30、 a billing application the next .New programs can be written, and </p><p>　　The physical components of a computer –-the processor, memory, input devices, and output devices, and output devices—are its hardwa

31、re. You can see them, touch them, and feel them. Programs and data are different, existing only as electronic pulses stored in memory. Software is a general term for programs.</p><p>　　Hardware and configura

32、tion</p><p>　　The key elements in the computer system’s hardware include input/output devices, central processing unit and memory.</p><p>　　Input device is used to get data into the computer. In

33、 a real system, input is commonly entered on a keyboard.</p><p>　　Information processing is complete when the results of processing are communicated, what a computer program produces is a stream of coded sym

34、bols. In most cases, it is the job of the output device to decode these coded symbols into a form of information that is easy for people to use or understand, such as text, pictures, graphics, or sound,</p><p&

35、gt;　　The data are stored in memory-----another category of computer hardware, which is used to store data, and also holds the programs. Processing unit does the actual computer once the data has been read in, or input, u

36、nder control of program, then stores the results back into the memory.</p><p>　　The processor is often called the central processing unit(CPU)or main processor, a processor is a functional unit that interpre

37、ts and carries out instructions. An instruction is made up of operations and operations and operands. the processor’s job is to retrieve and operands from memory and to perform each operation. having done that, it signal

38、s memory to send it the next instruction. A processor is composed of two functional units (a control unit and an arithmetic-logic unit)and a set of speci</p><p>　　The control unit is the functional unit that

39、 is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system. The control unit fetches instructions form memory and determines their type or decodes them. it then breaks each instructions into a series of

40、simple small steps or actions. By doing this, it controls the step-by-step operation of the entire computer system..</p><p>　　The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the computer

41、 with logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit, and the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction. Arithmetic ope

42、rations include adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. Logic operations make a comparison and take action based on the results. </p><p>　　A register is a storage location inside the processor

43、. Registers in the control unit are used to keep track of the overall status of the program that is running, control unit registers store information such as the current instruction, the location of the next instruction

44、to be executed, and the operands of the instruction.</p><p>　　電子學(xué)的發(fā)展(計(jì)算機(jī))</p><p>　　電子學(xué)是電子中的一部分。有關(guān)電學(xué)的基本原理也都是常用電子學(xué)中。近代計(jì)算機(jī)，控制系統(tǒng)和通信等方面的發(fā)展都與電子學(xué)有著密切的關(guān)系。</p><p>　　電子學(xué)的范圍包括電子管，晶體管和集成電路等等。&l

45、t;/p><p>　　電子學(xué)始于1883年，即愛迪生在研究材料中發(fā)現(xiàn)真空二極管可以用作電燈的那一年。第一個(gè)電子裝置顯示出其非線性的單一電子特征，但是不能產(chǎn)生放大信號(hào)。1905年佛萊明在英國(guó)制成了第一個(gè)二極管，1906年德。福雷斯特在美國(guó)研制了第一個(gè)三極管，該時(shí)期真空管廣泛應(yīng)用于通信工業(yè)，真空管首先用于收音機(jī)，然后用于電視了。發(fā)明了半導(dǎo)體器件后，真空二極管的使用呈迅速下降趨勢(shì)，因?yàn)榘雽?dǎo)體器件具有真空管的許多功能。<

46、;/p><p>　　第一個(gè)大型數(shù)字電子系統(tǒng)為特殊用途的真空管電路，稱為電子數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī)。ENIAC是計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)的先驅(qū)，1948年晶體管問世，為電子學(xué)的發(fā)展作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。早期的晶體管用鍺做成，主要用于小型袖珍調(diào)幅收音機(jī)。硅晶體管于20世紀(jì)50年代末代替了鍺晶體管，它再次給電子學(xué)帶來了的革命性進(jìn)步。</p><p>　　集成電路工業(yè)的商業(yè)成就是在以數(shù)字邏輯家族為代表的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)品的基礎(chǔ)上取得成功的

47、餓。集成電路從小型電路不斷發(fā)展成大規(guī)模集成電路。21世紀(jì)70年代末，經(jīng)過十年的發(fā)展大規(guī)模集成電路時(shí)代結(jié)束了，迎來的是集成電路的新時(shí)代。這個(gè)時(shí)代以一個(gè)單一電路包含越來越多的元件為特征，這一電路被成為超大規(guī)模集成電路。電子技術(shù)正在全世界飛速發(fā)展，電子工業(yè)也正以又一巨大的步伐向前邁進(jìn)。</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)是一種能夠在存儲(chǔ)程序控制下接收數(shù)據(jù)并把數(shù)據(jù)處理成信息的機(jī)器。數(shù)據(jù)是事實(shí)或觀察結(jié)果，而信息是對(duì)人們對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行解

48、釋得到的某種意義。</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)是處理數(shù)據(jù)的機(jī)器。數(shù)據(jù)流入機(jī)器稱為輸入，信息從機(jī)器流出稱為輸出。計(jì)算機(jī)能處理數(shù)據(jù)。不管是在工作中還是在娛樂中，輸入、處理、輸出這三個(gè)基本概念幾乎發(fā)生在人類生活中的各方面。</p><p>　　當(dāng)我們計(jì)算機(jī)處理數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，意味著什么呢？處理意味著發(fā)生變化，例如，在服裝加工業(yè)，輸入的是一塊裁好的布料，處理是將這些布縫起來，輸出的是制成的服裝。數(shù)據(jù)處理通

49、常包含過濾和綜合數(shù)據(jù)，以便看出數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)是如何處理數(shù)據(jù)呢？它完成什么功能、什么操作呢？通常計(jì)算機(jī)能做加、減、乘、除、比較、復(fù)制、請(qǐng)求輸入和輸出等操作。</p><p>　　又是什么使用計(jì)算機(jī)和計(jì)算器不同呢？</p><p>　　我們知道，要想用計(jì)算器求兩個(gè)數(shù)字之和，計(jì)算器要求每一步操作都有人直接干預(yù)。計(jì)算機(jī)不需要人干預(yù)而能自動(dòng)處理數(shù)

50、據(jù)。然而，計(jì)算機(jī)不是智能的，它不知道何時(shí)做加法或做減法，做比較或要求輸入。如果一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)能在無人直接控制下運(yùn)行，那么就必須給出一組指令引導(dǎo)它，使它逐步地通過一個(gè)處理過程，這組命令就叫程序。程序?qū)嶋H上存放在機(jī)器內(nèi)部，作為存儲(chǔ)程序。正是存儲(chǔ)程序，將計(jì)算機(jī)與計(jì)算器區(qū)別開來。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代的計(jì)算機(jī)，在規(guī)模上有些差異，有幾間房子那么大的計(jì)算機(jī)，也有含有硬幣般大小CPU的計(jì)算機(jī)?？偟恼f來，系統(tǒng)越大，處理速度越快，

51、存儲(chǔ)量越大。</p><p>　　規(guī)模最小的系統(tǒng)稱為微型機(jī)，其中央處理器是單片半導(dǎo)體裝置，稱為微處理器。隨著規(guī)模不斷增大，大型計(jì)算機(jī)比一般的微型機(jī)有更快的處理速度和更大的存儲(chǔ)容量。最后是超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)，它用于處理更復(fù)雜的科學(xué)問題，其規(guī)模最大，速度更快。</p><p>　　人們認(rèn)為計(jì)算機(jī)有很顯著的功能。過去一個(gè)復(fù)雜的計(jì)算需要花費(fèi)人們數(shù)年工作，而現(xiàn)在幾秒鐘內(nèi)即可完成。有很多多種負(fù)責(zé)的問題過去不能

52、解決，而在今天借助計(jì)算機(jī)已經(jīng)得到了解決。</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)是一種接收、存儲(chǔ)和處理數(shù)據(jù)，并能產(chǎn)生輸出結(jié)果的快速、精確的符號(hào)加工系統(tǒng)。這一系統(tǒng)是在存儲(chǔ)指令程序控制下工作的。</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)是受存儲(chǔ)程序控制的，因此使用計(jì)算機(jī)的第一步是把程序從軟盤或磁盤帶拷貝到內(nèi)存中，接著處理器就能開始執(zhí)行指令了。從鍵盤、軟盤或磁帶輸入的數(shù)據(jù)也被存在主存中，處理器加工數(shù)據(jù)，把結(jié)果送回主存，最

53、后輸出結(jié)果。</p><p>　　主存中的內(nèi)容很容易改變，因此，當(dāng)一組數(shù)據(jù)被處理完后，程序還可以重復(fù)使用，再次讀入和處理新的數(shù)據(jù)，并得到新的結(jié)果。如果數(shù)據(jù)能改變，程序也就能改變。當(dāng)一個(gè)程序運(yùn)行完后，另一個(gè)程序就占據(jù)了它在的主存中的位置，讓計(jì)算機(jī)出處理完全不同的數(shù)據(jù)。某一時(shí)刻計(jì)算機(jī)在工資管理程序的控制下，根據(jù)員工的數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生工資單；緊接著，這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)還可以在結(jié)帳程序的控制下，根據(jù)發(fā)票列出帳單；以后，在另一個(gè)程序的控制

54、下，仍然是這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)讀入統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)圖表，或者指示操縱桿的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向，操控一個(gè)假想的宇宙飛船在屏幕上的位置。</p><p>　　數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)可分為專用計(jì)算機(jī)和通用計(jì)算機(jī)。專用計(jì)算機(jī)是完成某一專門任務(wù)的計(jì)算機(jī)，其指令程序是固化或永久存儲(chǔ)在該機(jī)器上的。雖然它缺乏通用性，但它執(zhí)行單一任務(wù)時(shí)很快，效率很高。通用計(jì)算機(jī)是一種可存儲(chǔ)不同的程序，應(yīng)用范圍無可限量的計(jì)算機(jī)。你已經(jīng)看到了，一臺(tái)機(jī)器使用不同的指令，可在這一分鐘內(nèi)

55、計(jì)算工資單，在下一分鐘開出帳單，可以寫出新程序而更改或刪除舊程序。通用計(jì)算機(jī)的通用性只受人們創(chuàng)造力的限制。</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)的物理部件—處理器、存儲(chǔ)器、輸入設(shè)備和輸出設(shè)備是它的硬件。人們能看到它們，摸到它們，感覺到它們的存在。程序和數(shù)據(jù)則不同，它們僅作為電脈沖存在于存儲(chǔ)器中，軟件是程序的常用術(shù)語。</p><p><b>　　硬件與配置</b></p&

56、gt;<p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)硬件的主要部分包括輸入/輸出設(shè)備，中央處理器和存儲(chǔ)器。</p><p>　　輸入設(shè)備用來將數(shù)據(jù)輸入到計(jì)算機(jī)中。在一個(gè)實(shí)際的系統(tǒng)中，輸入通常是通過鍵盤進(jìn)行的。</p><p>　　處理結(jié)果的輸出標(biāo)志著信息處理的完成。計(jì)算機(jī)程序產(chǎn)生的是編碼的符號(hào)流。在多數(shù)情況下，輸出設(shè)備的任務(wù)就是將這些編碼符號(hào)解碼成易于人們使用或理解的信息，如文本，圖片，圖形或聲音。

57、</p><p>　　數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)在存儲(chǔ)器中——另一類計(jì)算機(jī)硬件，它用來存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)，也存放程序。當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)被讀進(jìn)或輸入后，處理器在該存儲(chǔ)程序的控制下進(jìn)行實(shí)際的計(jì)算工作，然后將結(jié)果存回存儲(chǔ)器。</p><p>　　處理器通常稱為中央處理器或主處理器。處理器是解釋并執(zhí)行指令的功能部件。指令由操作碼和操作數(shù)組成，處理器的工作就是從存儲(chǔ)器中找到指令和操作數(shù)并執(zhí)行每個(gè)操作，完成這些工作后通知存儲(chǔ)器送來下一條指

58、令。處理器由兩個(gè)功能部件和一組稱作寄存器的特殊工作空間組成。</p><p>　　控制部件是負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督整個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)操作的功能部件?？刂撇考拇鎯?chǔ)器中取出指令，并確定其類型或?qū)χM(jìn)行譯碼，然后將每條指令分解成一系列簡(jiǎn)單的，很小的步驟或動(dòng)作。這樣，就可控制整個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)一步一步地操作。</p><p>　　算邏部件是為計(jì)算機(jī)提供邏輯及計(jì)算能力的功能部件。控制部件將數(shù)據(jù)送到算邏部件中，然后由算邏