跨國(guó)公司的稅收籌劃外文翻譯

1、<p>　　中文3200字，2350單詞，12900英文字符</p><p>　　出處：William F.Yancey,1998.“A Framework for International Tax Planning for Manager ”.Auditing&Taxation.July,pp.252-272.</p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）</p&g

2、t;<p>　　外 文 翻 譯</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　A Framework for International Tax Planning for Managers</p><p>　　Creating a balance between minimizing all of the

3、applicable taxes subject to additional constraints requires a tax planning framework which recognizes the coordination of legal methods to minimize taxes. Leitch and Barrett (1992) assert that a multinational firm exists

4、 to exploit a variety of advantages which occur due to differentials in ownership, location, and internationalization factors across country boundaries. These same sorts of advantages can be considered related to tax min

5、imization. </p><p>　　Jurisdiction </p><p>　　In a regulatory sense, taxation exists to accomplish a variety of societal objectives. Consequently, these objectives are manifested in differing tax

6、rates and schemes among nations. Some nations offer a tax holiday to corporate entities to stimulate local investment and employment, while others offer no incentives. Similarly, allowable exclusions and deductions used

7、in determining taxable income may differ among countries. Global Co. must consider all of these elements when selecting countries </p><p>　　Time Periods</p><p>　　Since the multinational firm oft

8、en produces goods or services in a variety of places over different economic cycles, there are choices available which allow the firm to defer payment of tax or recognition of taxable income. The objective of this sort o

9、f planning is to allow income to be taxed at the lowest possible rate. For example, Global Co. might vary production schedules at locations in different countries to take advantage of differing tax rates. The cross-juris

10、dictional differences in eff</p><p>　　Choice of Entity</p><p>　　The multinational may select a variety of organizational forms with which to conduct transactions with distributed units in other

11、countries. This choice has legal as well as tax implications for the combined entity. If foreign units are organized as subsidiaries, the parent may be allowed to defer recognition of income from the subsidiary until div

12、idends are distributed to the parent. Organizing units as branches will result in the inclusion of all branch income in the worldwide income of the pa</p><p>　　Contractual Forms</p><p>　　Various

13、 contractual forms for the structure and workings of the entity can affect the tax situation of the multinational. One of the fundamental choices for Global Co. is how to finance the foreign entity. Sekely and Collins (1

14、988) show that the capital structure choice of a firm is influenced by the country location. Financing through debt or equity will have different tax effects related to the deductibility of interest expense and lack of d

15、eductibility for equity contributions. Similarly, int</p><p>　　Operational choices, such as whether to hire personnel as contractual employees or independent contractors, will also have different tax effects

16、 for Global Co. A similar situation exists with respect to owning or leasing various assets. Tax differentials among countries may exist requiring the multinational to balance these choices across foreign units.</p>

17、;<p>　　Corporate Activities</p><p>　　Perhaps the most logical, yet less direct, concern for tax planning involves an evaluation of the various activities undertaken by the multinational. Figure 1 prov

18、ides</p><p>　　a diagram of the activities of a U.S. parent corporation and its foreign subsidiary. For example, Global Co. might provide assistance to a foreign subsidiary in the form of research and develop

19、ment, financing, production, and marketing and distribution. When Global Co. (the parent) provides technology, the subsidiary pays the parent in the form of royalites or management fees which are taxable income to the pa

20、rent and deductible by the subsidiary. The parent may provide oversight to the subsidia</p><p>　　In terms of financing, the taxation situation for Global Co. depends upon whether debt or equity was used to a

21、ssist the subsidiary. Equity in foreign subsidiaries generates dividends or capital gains which are taxable to the parent by the full amount of the distribution.</p><p>　　To minimize taxes for the combined c

22、orporate entity, taxation and source of income issues must be considered in all phases of Global Co.‘s activities. Particular activities may be desirable from a business perspective, but create less than ideal tax implic

23、ations. For example, Global Co. may wish to exercise control over a subsidiary in the form of a significant equity interest, but may prefer merely to loan funds and generate taxable interest on the loan repayment in the

24、very distant future. The</p><p>　　The type of goods or services offered may influence the location of taxation of the transaction, and thus the eventual effective tax rate of the muItinational entity and any

25、 foreign subsidiaries. For example, if Global Co. exports inventory it purchased in the U.S. and title passes in Country X, then the income on that sale is classified as foreign-source income and any contract disputes wo

26、uld be determined under country X’s laws. To shift the sourcing of income on the sale of purchased inventor</p><p>　　Once Global Co. determines the appropriate tax strategy given an overall business strategy

27、, compliance is the next phase which confronts the manager with a set of choices. The results of a U.S.-based multinational firm’s efforts at tax minimization on a global scale are first apparent in calculations on the U

28、.S. income tax return. For foreign income taxes paid, the taxpayer may select each year either a deduction to reduce taxable income or a foreign tax credit that directly reduces the tax liab</p><p>　　While m

29、ultinationals attempt to create a tax policy which minimizes total taxes and maximizes after-tax cash flow, the governments who administer tax regulation also pursue their own goals. These governments try to maximize the

30、ir own social policy goals given a variety of constraints and external factors. Multinationals can improve their own tax planning by evaluating the position of foreign governments with respect to their own tax policy obj

31、ectives and future changes. Therefore, for planning p</p><p>　　In achieving their revenue goals, governments may adjust either the tax rate or the tax base, or attempt to stimulate total economic output thro

32、ugh incentives. Employment goals for the workforce provide incentives for firms to support job growth in particular regions, or to expand specific targeted industries. Govemments could also seek to create a neutral envir

33、onment which mitigates incentives for firms to adjust their business behavior solely in response to tax differences. This type of consid</p><p>　　Most countries employ a mix of several methods to execute the

34、ir tax policy. Taxable income can be calculated using worldwide or territorial income. The relative effects of such policies on a multinational depend upon specific calculations for income according to source. Non-reside

35、nt corporations may also be subject to a withholding tax on income earned.</p><p>　　For Global Co., an optimal international tax minimization strategy has involved the use of subsidiaries in tax haven countr

36、ies, FSCs, transfer pricing, income sourcing and characterization decisions affecting active and passive distinctions, and the creation of a financing subsidiary. All of these decisions were made in conjunction with the

37、overall global strategy of the company and the motivations for creating a multinational entity. Tax considerations outside of the U.S. were balanced with leg</p><p>　　The central theme of this paper is that

38、multinational firms can use a variety of techniques to reduce or defer payment of income taxes. In developing strategies to maximize after-tax cash flow, both tax and non-tax factors must be considered. Sometimes the tax

39、 benefits of implementing a particular tax-minimizing strategy are less than the non-tax costs. Previous sections of this paper have shown basic concepts and examples of the international tax implications of the choice o

40、f jurisdiction, timi</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p><b>　　跨國(guó)公司的稅收籌劃</b></p><p>　　在最少化所有的應(yīng)納稅款和他們的約束條件之間達(dá)到平衡，依靠一個(gè)合法的稅收籌劃框架，以減少稅收。　哈里斯和巴雷特指出跨國(guó)公司開發(fā)存在各種各樣優(yōu)勢(shì)的原因，是因?yàn)樗袡?quán)

41、和地理位置的獨(dú)特，以及國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)。這些優(yōu)勢(shì)與稅收最小化相關(guān)。跨國(guó)公司的管理者必須認(rèn)識(shí)到公司的稅收籌劃受到管轄權(quán)、時(shí)期、企業(yè)實(shí)體、合同形式、經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)這幾個(gè)方面的影響。</p><p><b>　　一、管轄權(quán)</b></p><p>　　從管理上說，稅收的存在時(shí)為了完成社會(huì)目標(biāo)。因此這些目標(biāo)被國(guó)家間不同的稅率和稅收計(jì)劃體現(xiàn)出來。一些國(guó)家通過設(shè)立免稅日來吸引企業(yè)，從而刺激本

42、國(guó)投資和就業(yè)的發(fā)展，而其他的國(guó)家則沒有提供什么優(yōu)惠政策。跨國(guó)企業(yè)在選擇國(guó)家進(jìn)行經(jīng)營(yíng)投資時(shí)應(yīng)該考慮這些因素?？鐕?guó)公司可以利用這些差異來達(dá)到合法避稅和使稅收負(fù)擔(dān)最小化。如果企業(yè)管理者脫離企業(yè)的整體經(jīng)營(yíng)需要制定稅收政策則會(huì)產(chǎn)生對(duì)企業(yè)不利的問題。最佳策略包括國(guó)際稅收政策結(jié)合業(yè)務(wù)戰(zhàn)略。如果全球公司經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)選擇國(guó)家稅收專為考量,那公司可能無法獲得更大的受益于多國(guó)化戰(zhàn)略,它致力于利用各種各樣的優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p><b

43、>　　二、經(jīng)營(yíng)時(shí)期</b></p><p>　　跨國(guó)公司經(jīng)常會(huì)在不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)周期和地方生產(chǎn)商品或提供服務(wù),所以存在允許公司延遲繳稅或重新確定應(yīng)納稅額的機(jī)會(huì)。這里的籌劃就是讓收入按可能的最低的稅率納稅，例如,全球公司會(huì)在不同國(guó)家制定生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃，目的就是為了使用各個(gè)國(guó)家不通的稅率。不同國(guó)家的實(shí)際稅率相對(duì)于跨國(guó)公司來說會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的變化而變化。在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)低落期，一個(gè)企業(yè)會(huì)產(chǎn)生營(yíng)業(yè)損失，從而使凈收益稅率為0。

44、假如企業(yè)不能直接應(yīng)用凈營(yíng)業(yè)損失，那么母公司的策略就是把收入轉(zhuǎn)移到子公司所在的國(guó)家，以此來獲得凈營(yíng)業(yè)損失帶來的稅收利益。母公司可以通過提高商品的轉(zhuǎn)移價(jià)格或者減少子公司支付給其他公司的特權(quán)使用費(fèi)來轉(zhuǎn)移收入。企業(yè)的應(yīng)納稅收入也是有利的假如企業(yè)所青睞的稅收優(yōu)惠將在下一年到期。</p><p>　　在企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)高峰期，跨國(guó)企業(yè)在高稅收的國(guó)家則試圖通過推遲納稅收入的確認(rèn)來減少應(yīng)納稅款。比如企業(yè)可以簽訂分期付款銷售合同來推遲

45、應(yīng)納稅款的確認(rèn)。這個(gè)銷售合同可以修改減少最初的購買價(jià)格，增加未來的維修和升級(jí)費(fèi)用。它們可以通過增加更多的當(dāng)前維修費(fèi)用而不是更新有很長(zhǎng)折舊年限的設(shè)備來加速費(fèi)用的確認(rèn)。</p><p><b>　　三、實(shí)體的選擇</b></p><p>　　跨國(guó)企業(yè)可以選擇不同的組織形式來管理分布在其他國(guó)家的子公司。這種選擇具有法律以及稅賦聯(lián)合實(shí)體。如果設(shè)在國(guó)外的是子公司，則母公司可以通

46、過子公司給母公司發(fā)放股利來推遲應(yīng)納稅收入的確認(rèn)。分公司的組織形式包含在世界各地全部分公司的收入。在一些國(guó)家，母公司通過構(gòu)建合作伙伴關(guān)系使任何的收入和損失不要征稅而直接流入母公司。這些不同的選擇會(huì)影響跨國(guó)公司收入的確認(rèn)或激起資本收益，每一個(gè)結(jié)果都產(chǎn)生不同德稅收結(jié)果。</p><p>　　在任何情況下，因不同組織形式的選擇而形成的稅收籌劃必須和企業(yè)的全面需要相平衡。稅收法規(guī)是相當(dāng)靈活的，跨國(guó)公司必須做好準(zhǔn)備,迎接日新

47、月異的變化情況。更重要的是一個(gè)外國(guó)企業(yè)的組織形式一旦確定了就很能改變?？鐕?guó)公司需要為一個(gè)有特別組織形式的企業(yè)確定經(jīng)營(yíng)宗旨來與稅務(wù)影響相聯(lián)系，從而從而確定最優(yōu)的安排。因?yàn)閷?duì)特定法律的考慮如此的激烈，跨國(guó)公司選擇形成一個(gè)類型的組織形式即使這樣做的結(jié)果會(huì)產(chǎn)生較少的稅收利益。</p><p><b>　　四、合同形式</b></p><p>　　對(duì)于企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和機(jī)制的各種合同形

48、式能夠影響跨國(guó)企業(yè)的稅收情況。其中一種基本的選擇是跨國(guó)企業(yè)如何向外國(guó)企業(yè)融資。斯克里和柯林斯(1988)認(rèn)為：企業(yè)資本結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇受國(guó)家地理位置的影響。通過股權(quán)和債務(wù)融資帶來的不同的稅收效應(yīng)與利息費(fèi)用和股利的可抵扣程度相關(guān)。同樣，利息收入被確認(rèn)為收入，而股利則不作為收入征稅?？鐕?guó)企業(yè)根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的情況來確定可轉(zhuǎn)換債券或混合債券被當(dāng)做是負(fù)債資金或權(quán)益資金。</p><p><b>　　五、經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)</b&

49、gt;</p><p>　　跨國(guó)公司從事多種復(fù)合邏輯的，但不直接的與稅收籌劃相關(guān)的活動(dòng)。例如，跨國(guó)公司會(huì)對(duì)海外子分公司在產(chǎn)品研究與開發(fā)、資金籌集、產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)、市場(chǎng)開拓與銷售上提供幫助?？鐕?guó)企業(yè)母公司向子公司提供技術(shù)時(shí)，子公司以特權(quán)使用費(fèi)或管理費(fèi)向母公司支付費(fèi)用，這些費(fèi)用對(duì)母公司來說是應(yīng)納稅收入，對(duì)子公司來說是可抵扣的費(fèi)用。母公司在不涉及納稅事項(xiàng)的情況中為子公司的生產(chǎn)決策提供監(jiān)督。不管以何種方式中轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)品和所銷售產(chǎn)品的

50、存貨地都會(huì)影響增值稅和關(guān)稅。</p><p>　　在融資方面，跨國(guó)公司的稅收環(huán)境取決于負(fù)債資金和權(quán)益資金是否用來協(xié)助子公司。母公司根據(jù)在國(guó)外子公司獲得的股利或資本收益的總數(shù)來納稅。</p><p>　　為了為混合制企業(yè)減少應(yīng)納所得稅，稅收繳納和收入的來源問題必須考慮到跨國(guó)公司在各個(gè)時(shí)期的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)。比如，跨國(guó)公司通過子公司以股權(quán)收益的形式進(jìn)行控制練習(xí)，但可能是在未來還款的貸款基金和形成應(yīng)納稅

51、收入。</p><p>　　商品和服務(wù)的類型可能會(huì)影響稅收的繳納，對(duì)于跨國(guó)企業(yè)和、國(guó)外任何子公司的實(shí)際稅率也是如此。比如，某跨國(guó)企業(yè)把它從英國(guó)購買的貨物全部出口到另外一個(gè)國(guó)家，那么這筆銷售收入則被定義為從國(guó)外獲得的收入，而且，關(guān)于合同的任何爭(zhēng)論都在貨物購買國(guó)的法律下決定。為了把收入來源從貨物購買國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)到英國(guó)，跨國(guó)公司會(huì)調(diào)整他們的銷售方式。當(dāng)一個(gè)公司生產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)品，然后銷往國(guó)外的分支結(jié)構(gòu)，取得的銷售收入必須在從英國(guó)取得的

52、收入和外國(guó)取得的收入之間分配。假如這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)讓價(jià)格可以估算，那么這個(gè)價(jià)格確定收入的來源；如果價(jià)格不能估算，那么總收入按照企業(yè)的產(chǎn)權(quán)和銷售收入在美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家的比率來分類為從美國(guó)取得的收入或外國(guó)取得的收入。</p><p>　　當(dāng)被動(dòng)投資收益（從不相關(guān)企業(yè)獲得利息收入和股利）轉(zhuǎn)移到國(guó)外時(shí)，它通常被認(rèn)為是一種形式的代扣所得稅。股權(quán)產(chǎn)生的資本收益通過這種股權(quán)征稅。有形資產(chǎn)收益在有形資產(chǎn)所在的國(guó)家征稅，而無形資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的收益是

53、在無形資產(chǎn)擁有者所在國(guó)征稅，所以跨國(guó)企業(yè)必須考慮任何國(guó)外企業(yè)所需的無形資產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)。</p><p>　　跨國(guó)企業(yè)嘗試創(chuàng)造一種使應(yīng)納稅款最小，稅后現(xiàn)金流最大的稅收政策，執(zhí)行稅收規(guī)則的政府也希望達(dá)到它們的目標(biāo)，在各種未來因素和條件的限制下，使政府的社會(huì)政策功能最大化。跨國(guó)企業(yè)可以通過對(duì)外國(guó)稅收政策的研究來提高稅收籌劃能力，所以出于稅收籌劃的目標(biāo)，跨國(guó)企業(yè)須明確外國(guó)政府的稅收目標(biāo)和征稅條例。</p>&

54、lt;p>　　為了實(shí)現(xiàn)財(cái)政收入目標(biāo)，政府可以調(diào)整稅率、稅基或通過獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)來刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量。為實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)目標(biāo)，對(duì)企業(yè)為特殊區(qū)域提供就業(yè)實(shí)施獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，或?qū)Πl(fā)展特殊很有提高獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。政府也力圖創(chuàng)造一個(gè)為了緩解企業(yè)為了政府提供的優(yōu)惠而調(diào)整經(jīng)營(yíng)行為的中立環(huán)境，這也反映在允許跨國(guó)企業(yè)在向國(guó)外繳稅是提高信用，以此來避免雙重征稅。國(guó)家間的合作為企業(yè)創(chuàng)造了多邊貿(mào)易條款和雙邊稅收條款，這些協(xié)定大大地減少了跨國(guó)公司的不確定性。其他會(huì)影響跨國(guó)公司稅收政策的因素是每個(gè)國(guó)家

55、的稅收管理程序。交易在美國(guó)具有企業(yè)規(guī)則的特征，而商業(yè)聚集地在荷蘭則更加的普遍。前蘇聯(lián)管理程序上的相對(duì)不穩(wěn)定性，讓跨國(guó)企業(yè)的稅收籌劃更為復(fù)雜。</p><p>　　大多數(shù)國(guó)家通過混合幾種方法的方式來執(zhí)行稅收政策。應(yīng)納稅收入可以使用國(guó)外和本地收入估算出，政策對(duì)跨國(guó)公司的影響依賴于依據(jù)收入來源的稅收估算方法，非本地注冊(cè)企業(yè)在取得收入是要代扣所得稅。全球公司的最佳稅收籌劃策略與子公司在避稅國(guó)的設(shè)立，金融服務(wù)補(bǔ)償計(jì)劃，轉(zhuǎn)讓

56、價(jià)格，收入來源，分公司財(cái)務(wù)的創(chuàng)造相關(guān)。所以的決定都與成立一個(gè)跨國(guó)企業(yè)這個(gè)全球戰(zhàn)略有關(guān)。超出美國(guó)范圍的稅收事項(xiàng)與法律、政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相平衡。全球公司在綜合這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境的評(píng)估上選擇一個(gè)最優(yōu)的企業(yè)組織形式。在對(duì)外經(jīng)營(yíng)中財(cái)務(wù)和經(jīng)營(yíng)上的決策，目的是使應(yīng)納稅款最少化，而不是對(duì)企業(yè)的全球化戰(zhàn)略產(chǎn)生不利影響。</p><p>　　本文的中心是跨國(guó)企業(yè)可以通過多種方法減少或遞延所得稅的繳納。在使稅后現(xiàn)金流最大化的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略下

57、，必須考慮應(yīng)納稅事項(xiàng)和不納稅事項(xiàng)。有時(shí)稅收籌劃帶來的節(jié)稅收益比非納稅成本小。文章的前面部分表述了基本概念和管理權(quán)、經(jīng)營(yíng)時(shí)期、企業(yè)組織形式、合同形式、經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的選擇對(duì)稅收影響的例子。雖然法律有些復(fù)雜，但所有跨國(guó)企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)者須對(duì)國(guó)際稅收的基本概念有所了解。表格8為跨國(guó)企業(yè)與國(guó)際稅收有關(guān)的經(jīng)營(yíng)和組織行為進(jìn)行了概括，關(guān)鍵是不同的與稅收相關(guān)的決策是如何影響企業(yè)的。 </p><p>　　出處: 威廉 G.彥西,《跨國(guó)企業(yè)稅