管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯 (3)

1、<p>　　在管理信息系統(tǒng)中我們的工作</p><p>　　有關(guān)信息系統(tǒng)的相關(guān)介紹：</p><p>　　什么是管理信息系統(tǒng)？</p><p>　　管理信息系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域的研究起始于上世紀(jì)80年代早期。那個時候在最終用戶和技術(shù)開發(fā)人員（比如：程序員）之間存在著溝通問題。管理信息系統(tǒng)主要考慮的是這樣三個關(guān)鍵詞（管理，信息和系統(tǒng)），這三個關(guān)鍵字之間存在著很強(qiáng)的牽連關(guān)

2、系。</p><p><b>　　管理：</b></p><p>　　管理信息中的管理資源包括人、機(jī)器（如技術(shù)和計算機(jī)）、資金和時間等等。</p><p>　　在管理信息系統(tǒng)中你必須把下面這三個管理要素聯(lián)系在一起來考慮，這三個要素是：效力、效率和收益性。</p><p>　　·效力-一個公司怎么才能更好的實(shí)現(xiàn)他

3、們所要達(dá)到的商業(yè)目的呢；有這樣一個例子：提供高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)水平可以被示為一個商業(yè)目標(biāo)，這個通常作為一個公司的使命來闡述的，此外還有目標(biāo)管理（MBO）等等。</p><p>　　·效率-也就是說把資源最好的利用起來，在公司中所有支出和所有收入相除得出的就是生產(chǎn)力。一般來說生產(chǎn)力是通過輸出對輸入的比例來衡量的。這里，輸出就象征著收入和市場共享等等。同樣輸入象征著勞動力、原始材料、行政的花費(fèi)、周轉(zhuǎn)的成本和

4、跟IT有關(guān)的花費(fèi)。</p><p>　　·收益性-在信息系統(tǒng)文學(xué)中經(jīng)驗(yàn)的學(xué)習(xí)被報道這對管理者的信心起著相反的作用，在這之前和之后，新開發(fā)的信息系統(tǒng)的執(zhí)行就利用率方面而言并沒有存在很大的不同。換句話說，就是新的信息系統(tǒng)不再對所有的增長產(chǎn)生很大的收益。一般來說，在商業(yè)中一般有著下劃線的文字就是收益的代表。如果不加強(qiáng)收益性的重要性，那么什么才是我們要去克服所有的困難去開發(fā)并完成一個新的信息系統(tǒng)的要點(diǎn)呢？使用I

5、T并不一定能夠解決好所有的商業(yè)情形。不管什么時候一個新的IT或者一個新的信息系統(tǒng)的被執(zhí)行的情況下、都會招致一些附加的花費(fèi)。這些花費(fèi)包括硬件花費(fèi)、軟件花費(fèi)、培訓(xùn)花費(fèi)、維護(hù)花費(fèi)等等。因此，對成本利益的分析應(yīng)該對于一個新系統(tǒng)的執(zhí)行處于一個優(yōu)先的地位。</p><p><b>　　信息：</b></p><p>　　信息跟計算機(jī)是相關(guān)聯(lián)的，同時也涉及到一門學(xué)科。對于信息來說數(shù)

6、據(jù)就是資源。如果這些數(shù)據(jù)在用一個特定的方法來處理的話，他們就成為了 “信息”在IT業(yè)這是能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)的。如果數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)過適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚淼脑挘畔⒛軌蚝苋菀椎耐ㄟ^計算機(jī)（IT）來提取。因此，在MIS中的第二個字母就象征著IT和COMPUTER。</p><p>　　當(dāng)然，信息也能夠通過簡單的方法來獲取，比如通過辦事員手工的資料排架的一些方法。在數(shù)據(jù)處理方面用計算機(jī)來進(jìn)行處理的確的要比過去的那些方法更有效。</p>

7、<p><b>　　系統(tǒng)：</b></p><p>　　如果開發(fā)了一個好的信息系統(tǒng)，通過系統(tǒng)的自我運(yùn)行能夠幫助人民減少一些必要的商業(yè)進(jìn)程。系統(tǒng)來自于系統(tǒng)理論，提升系統(tǒng)的重要性會更接近于問題的解決并用一個介質(zhì)化的方法去適應(yīng)和控制自動化。在系統(tǒng)開發(fā)進(jìn)程中電腦程序和軟件工程人員/開發(fā)人員已經(jīng)意識到這是唯一一種能夠在以后的開發(fā)過程中盡可能減少錯誤的方法。</p><p

8、>　　當(dāng)你開發(fā)出一個新的好的系統(tǒng)被用于正確的商業(yè)操作和決策處理，你不想要開發(fā)一個基于正確商業(yè)方法的電腦程序。你也可以在對當(dāng)前的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的分析以后來開發(fā)一個新的模型。所以為以后盡可能的避免錯誤/失誤的發(fā)生應(yīng)該保存好這些資源信息。因此，商業(yè)進(jìn)程的在處理就如同一個沒有一個聲音理解系統(tǒng)理論和觀念。</p><p>　　管理信息系統(tǒng)是一個科學(xué)的領(lǐng)域，它主要研究以下幾點(diǎn)內(nèi)容（1）這樣才能更好的管理技術(shù)（2）怎樣才能

9、更好的設(shè)計信息系統(tǒng)，以便能夠增強(qiáng)企業(yè)的效力、效率和收益性。</p><p>　　管理信息系統(tǒng)在過去10到15年作為一個新的學(xué)科產(chǎn)生了。這個思想一直被研究著，直到概念得到了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展。在這個類型的課題中由于一個老師的見解產(chǎn)生了一個很重要的影響。</p><p>　　管理信息系統(tǒng)中特定的分類</p><p><b>　　1 .系統(tǒng)計劃</b>&l

10、t;/p><p><b>　　2 .系統(tǒng)開發(fā)</b></p><p>　　3 .系統(tǒng)回顧和提高</p><p>　　4 .特殊的計算機(jī)應(yīng)用</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)計劃--簡單的計劃編制 ，分布式處理系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)的組織，管理和全體人員的開發(fā)和培訓(xùn)和一些新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)開發(fā)--系統(tǒng)

11、可行性研究學(xué)習(xí)和價值利益分析，系統(tǒng)詳細(xì)發(fā)展的說明書，設(shè)備的選擇和配置，軟件的獲取/技術(shù)上的規(guī)劃管理，幫助的執(zhí)行，文檔和用戶的培訓(xùn)。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)回顧和提高--信息處理要求的重新估計，完整計算機(jī)信息系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行效率的審查。硬件/軟件性能評估和微調(diào)，估價和應(yīng)用程序效率的提高，支柱生產(chǎn)力，數(shù)據(jù)處理的操作，系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的學(xué)習(xí)和測試程序的環(huán)境，安全性和可靠性。</p><p>　　特殊的計算機(jī)

12、應(yīng)用--生產(chǎn)計劃和時序安排，詳細(xì)目錄控制，資源模型，信息恢復(fù)和分析，進(jìn)程控制，科學(xué)和工程學(xué)的應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　接近管理信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計</p><p>　　所有的現(xiàn)代組織的特點(diǎn)在于對管理信息的需要。不管怎么說這個需要是可見的 ，在一個合理的成本的條件下從簡單的口頭報告系統(tǒng)到復(fù)雜的用計算機(jī)處理的系統(tǒng)，如果這個信息倘若是歸應(yīng)于有效的管理某些基本的原理必須要遵守。管理信息必須是適時的，精

13、確的并且符合一定的形式的，這有助于自身的決策的發(fā)展。就成本獲取的，在決策過程中它必須不能超過它自身的價值。</p><p>　　皇家陸軍學(xué)院認(rèn)為一個信息系統(tǒng)必須有計劃的去考慮客戶交易的本性，組織的結(jié)構(gòu)和系統(tǒng)用戶管理的風(fēng)格。一旦有唯一的數(shù)據(jù)，數(shù)據(jù)的處理應(yīng)該被獲取并且通過那些發(fā)起它和最熟知它的人是更合適的。這個意思就是說信息系統(tǒng)必須通過對微系統(tǒng)操作員的訓(xùn)練進(jìn)行簡單的連接，并且必須有助于對輸入錯誤的發(fā)現(xiàn)和修正。在信息系

14、統(tǒng)設(shè)計中我們的目標(biāo)是在最小的操作成本和執(zhí)行中斷時去提供最大的伸縮性和系統(tǒng)的能力的開發(fā)。</p><p><b>　　系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行審查</b></p><p>　　一旦已經(jīng)確定了，一個信息系統(tǒng)被定時性地審查是為了去確認(rèn)它，這就必須盡其可能地、高效率地和有效地執(zhí)行所有的任務(wù)。組織的成長，增加的營業(yè)額，在商業(yè)環(huán)境的變化情況下，技術(shù)的改進(jìn)和近期所設(shè)想的信息要求的增長要求存在一個信

15、息系統(tǒng)并且經(jīng)常根據(jù)一個特別的依據(jù)促使他們被修改或被擴(kuò)大。</p><p>　　我們的職員有專業(yè)的技能和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在現(xiàn)有的信息系統(tǒng)和設(shè)計，設(shè)備，軟件和規(guī)程上的推薦變化去執(zhí)行一次詳盡的審計，以便帶來最新的表現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　一個信息系統(tǒng)審計應(yīng)該每三年執(zhí)行一次，或者當(dāng)處理容量看上去被勞損和升級設(shè)施是被考慮在內(nèi)的。</p><p><b>　　典型的分配<

16、;/b></p><p>　　作為圭亞那健康區(qū)段政策和協(xié)會發(fā)展方案一部分由IADB 資助, RMC 設(shè)計了財政MIS/會計系統(tǒng)為醫(yī)療保健交付在國民地方水平和為主要深刻關(guān)心設(shè)施在喬治城。作為特立尼達(dá)& 多巴哥衛(wèi)生部IS/IT戰(zhàn)略上的打算回顧。IS/IT的評估是質(zhì)量管理董事會上的要求，并且一個被推薦的計劃談到多年來IADB用一千三百五十萬美元來資助的健康的區(qū)段來進(jìn)行改革，這導(dǎo)致一個全國健康情報中心的創(chuàng)立

17、并且使它成為在這個國家的主要醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)升級中心。</p><p>　　一位資深的校長在一年期間的臨時外調(diào)是也是辦公室管理的計劃，這樣一個小的系統(tǒng)是Ontario Ministry of Health的健康計劃。</p><p>　　PMO的宗旨是將設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施去交付于一個好的系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)；通過對技術(shù)的使用去建立未來的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和政策，推薦管理，財務(wù)和安全策略；這取決健康區(qū)段和技術(shù)的合作者的共同

18、努力，并且通過了衛(wèi)生部提出衛(wèi)生政策問題。在這個項(xiàng)目的開發(fā)大約有80個專家包括三個來自RMC的專家。</p><p>　　在RMC的技術(shù)中，作為到愛沙尼亞/ 世界銀行健康項(xiàng)目的顧問，幾個信息系統(tǒng)被開發(fā)并且在愛沙尼亞語部為項(xiàng)目協(xié)調(diào)單位實(shí)施了社會事務(wù)。這些有：</p><p>　　1.一個全面項(xiàng)目會計學(xué)系統(tǒng)，他能適用于所有的財政報告的要求。</p><p>　　2.一個項(xiàng)

19、目管理系統(tǒng)可以去促進(jìn)計劃，項(xiàng)目任務(wù)預(yù)定和實(shí)行進(jìn)展監(jiān)視。這個系統(tǒng)日程表和監(jiān)視器計劃作為獲取的行為表現(xiàn)，預(yù)定和成本控制。</p><p>　　3.公司附屬的數(shù)據(jù)庫外形對起初的指南作用對于開發(fā)一個全面的信息系統(tǒng)提供廣泛的信息要求并聯(lián)合了愛沙尼亞的未來健康財務(wù)系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　相似與愛沙尼亞項(xiàng)目，為喬治亞洲世界健康項(xiàng)目所管理；并且成為阿爾巴尼亞世界銀行健康項(xiàng)目。</p>&

20、lt;p>　　作為RMC的工作的一部分勸告波蘭在調(diào)整他們的衛(wèi)生業(yè)務(wù)，我們的專業(yè)人員協(xié)助衛(wèi)生部和社會保障開發(fā)信息系統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)略和確定適當(dāng)計算機(jī)硬件和軟件的要求。在全國和地方的水平，我們的工作范圍包括建立MIS，計劃和監(jiān)視衛(wèi)生業(yè)務(wù)的交付。在這個制度的水準(zhǔn)上，我們的工作包括為計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展獲取一個綜合規(guī)劃。</p><p>　　RMC為了UGANDAN衛(wèi)生部根據(jù)國民和區(qū)健康信息需求設(shè)計了一個用計算機(jī)處理的健康管理信息

21、系統(tǒng)的全面的公文包。這包括的系統(tǒng)會集合處理的數(shù)據(jù)資源并分析公共衛(wèi)生狀態(tài)和計劃綱要，服務(wù)和資源需求并實(shí)行有效率的監(jiān)測和醫(yī)療保健交付系統(tǒng)的費(fèi)用，并且支持研究與發(fā)展的主動性。一個綜合的醫(yī)療保健規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)和相關(guān)計劃模型的概念的設(shè)計如同這個項(xiàng)目的副產(chǎn)物也同樣被開發(fā)了。</p><p>　　RMC在交付巴哈馬的醫(yī)療保健服務(wù)后分析了現(xiàn)有的會計管理信息系統(tǒng)，然后設(shè)計和創(chuàng)始一個為衛(wèi)生部和二家醫(yī)院改良的，聯(lián)合的計算機(jī)化的會計管理信息系

22、統(tǒng)的執(zhí)行計劃。在修改反映的BAHAMIAN環(huán)境前，RMC為MIS開發(fā)了基于加拿大健康協(xié)會的生產(chǎn)力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的MIS指南，。</p><p>　　RMC與不列顛哥倫比亞省, 安大略和新四科舍通過計算機(jī)的協(xié)助計劃和亞伯大醫(yī)院就衛(wèi)生保健進(jìn)行了密切的合作。第一階段的可行性研究估計了范圍，準(zhǔn)備發(fā)展一個以計算機(jī)為主的工具來推動所有的初步設(shè)計和功能方案的涵義。第二階段包括軟件和硬件發(fā)展的需求。</p><p>

23、;　　附 件： 2.外文原文</p><p>　　Our Work In Management Information Systems</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION TO MIS</p><p>　　What is "Management Information Systems (MIS)"?</p><

24、p>　　Field Began in Early 80s MIS bridges the gap between end-users and technical staffs (e.g. programmers) ?Consider the three key words (management, information, & systems) that have significant implications:<

25、/p><p>　　Management:</p><p>　　Managing resources that include people, machinery (technology and computers),money, and time, etc. You have to consider three managerial factors together in MIS: effec

26、tiveness, efficiency and profitability.</p><p>　　Effectiveness – how well a firm is pursuing a goal or objective of its business; for instance, providing quality product/service can be a business goal that i

27、s usually stated in a firm's mission statement; Management by objective (MBO), etc.</p><p>　　Efficiency – best use of resources, a synonym is productivity = output divided by input. Productivity is measu

28、red in general by a ratio of OUTPUT to INPUT. Here, output indicates revenue, market share, etc., while input indicates labor, raw materials, administrative costs, operations costs, and IT related costs.</p><p

29、>　　Profitability - The empirical studies in the IS literature have reported that on the contrary to the management's belief, there exists no significant difference in the profitability between before and after the

30、 new IS implementation. In other words, the new IS does not make significant profitability increase whatsoever. In general, the bottom line in any business is the profitability. If it does not enhance the profitability,

31、then what is a point to go through all the trouble to develop/implemen</p><p>　　Information</p><p>　　Relates to the computer; refers to knowledge. Data are a source for the information. If the d

32、ata are processed in a meaningful way, they become "information." Here, IT can contribute. Information can be extracted easily through IT (e.g. computer) if data are properly processed.</p><p>　　Th

33、erefore, the second word in M.I.S. indicates IT or computer. Of course, information can be obtained by a primitive way such as manual sorting, etc. by a clerk. Using IT definitely outperform any other means in history, i

34、n terms of processing data.</p><p><b>　　Systems</b></p><p>　　If a nice system is made, it is self-running which leads to reducing the people necessary to the business process. System

35、s Theory, Systems approach Systematically doing business Systems comes from systems theory that stresses the importance of systems approach to problem solving and a structured way to control and adjust automatically. Com

36、puter programmers and software engineers/developers realized it was only way to reduce a possibility of encountering errors later in the systems development pr</p><p>　　MIS is a field of science that studies

37、 on (1) how better we can manage technologies (2) how better we can design information systems, in order to enhance a firm's effectiveness, efficiency and profitability.</p><p>　　MIS is a new subject in

38、the last ten to fifteen years. The idea is still being researched since the concept is being evolved. A teacher's bias has a large impact on this type of subject.</p><p>　　Classification of Specialties i

39、n MIS</p><p>　　Systems Planning </p><p>　　Systems Development </p><p>　　Systems Review and Enhancement </p><p>　　Special Computer Applications </p><p>　　Sy

40、stems Planning - facilities planning, distributed processing systems, systems organization, management and staff development and training, and application of new technologies. </p><p>　　Systems Development -

41、 feasibility study and cost benefit analysis, development of detailed system specifications, equipment selection and configuration, software procurement / technical supervision of programming, implementation assistance,

42、documentation and user training. </p><p>　　Systems Review and Enhancement - re-evaluation of information processing requirements, complete information system productivity audits, hard-ware/software performan

43、ce evaluation and fine tuning, assessment and improvement of application program efficiency, staff productivity, data processing operations, studies of system development and testing procedures, environment, security and

44、 reliability. </p><p>　　Special Computer Applications - production planning and scheduling, inventory control, re-source allocation, transportation and distribution logistics, least-cost formulation, personn

45、el planning and administration, project management/control, system simulation, corporate models, information retrieval and analysis, process control, scientific and engineering applications. </p><p>　　Our Ap

46、proach to MIS Design </p><p>　　All modern organizations are characterized by the need for management information. However this need is met, from the simplest verbal reporting system to the most sophisticated

47、 computerized system, certain basic principles must be observed if the information provided is to contribute to effective management, at a reasonable cost. Management information must be timely, accurate and in a format

48、that lends itself to decision making. The cost of obtaining it must not exceed its value in the decision</p><p>　　RMC believes that an information system must be designed to take account of the nature of the

49、 client's business, the structure of the organization and the managerial styles of the system users. Data to be processed should be captured once only - and preferably by those who originate it and are most familiar

50、with it. This means that the information system must be geared for simple yet efficient use by operators with minimal system training, and must facilitate input error detection and correction</p><p>　　System

51、 Performance Audit </p><p>　　Once established, an information system must be audited periodically to ensure that it is performing all the tasks required of it as efficiently and effectively as possible. Grow

52、th of the organization, increased volume of business, changes in the business environment, technological changes and newly conceived information requirements all place increased demands on existing information systems an

53、d often cause them to be modified or extended on an ad hoc basis. </p><p>　　Our staff has the specialized skills and experience to perform a thorough audit on existing information systems and to recommend ch

54、anges in design, equipment, software and procedures, to bring them up-to-date and to peak performance. </p><p>　　An information system audit should be performed every three years, or when processing capacity

55、 appears to be strained and upgrading of facilities is being considered. </p><p>　　Typical Assignments </p><p>　　As part of the Guyana Health Sector Policy and Institutional Development Program

56、funded by IADB, RMC designed a financial MIS/accounting system for health care delivery at the national/regional level and for the principal acute care facility in Georgetown. </p><p>　　IS/IT Strategic Plann

57、ing Review for the Trinidad & Tobago Ministry of Health. Assessment of the IS/IT requirements of the Directorate of Quality Management, and a recommended course of action with respect to the multi-year $135 million I

58、ADB funded Health Sector Reform Program leading to the establishment of a National Health Information Centre and the coordination of IS/IT upgrades for the principal medical sciences centre in the country. </p>&l

59、t;p>　　Secondment of a Senior Principal for a one year period to be the Director of the Project Management Office (PMO) of a Smart Systems for Health project of the Ontario Ministry of Health. The objectives for the PM

60、O was to design infrastructure to deliver Smart System products and services; establish standards and policy for the future use of the technology; recommend governance, financing and security policies; coordinate efforts

61、 of health sector and technology partners; and raise health policy is</p><p>　　In RMC's capacity as Advisors to the Estonia / World Bank Health Project, several information systems were developed and imp

62、lemented for the Project Coordination Unit (PCU) at the Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs. These included: </p><p>　　a comprehensive project accounting system to address all of the financial reporting requ

63、irements. </p><p>　　a project management system to facilitate the planning, scheduling and progress monitoring of project tasks. This system schedules and monitors project procurement activities for performa

64、nce, scheduling and cost control. </p><p>　　Corporate Subject Database Profiles to serve as the initial guide for developing a comprehensive information system to support the broad information requirements a

65、ssociated with Estonia's future health financing system. </p><p>　　Similar to the Estonia project, an assignment was conducted for the Republic of Georgia World Band Health Project; and for the Albania W

66、orld Bank Health Project. </p><p>　　As part of RMC's work advising Poland on restructuring its health services, our professional staff assisted the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare to develop an inf

67、ormation systems strategy and determine appropriate computer hardware and software requirements. At the national and regional levels, the scope of our work included establishing MIS for planning and monitoring the delive

68、ry of health services. At the institutional level, our work covered the development of a comprehensive program fo</p><p>　　RMC designed a comprehensive portfolio of computerized health management information

69、 systems for the Ugandan Ministry of Health to support national and district health information needs. This included systems to gather and manage data resources; analyze the public's health status; plan the program,

70、service and resource requirements; monitor the effectiveness, cost and efficiency of the health care delivery systems; and support research and development initiatives. Conceptual design of an integra</p><p>

71、;　　RMC analyzed the existing accounting and management information system for the delivery of health care services in the Bahamas, then designed and initiated an implementation program of an improved, integrated, compute

72、rized accounting and management information system for the Ministry of Health and the two hospitals. RMC also developed productivity standards for the MIS based on the Canadian Health Association's MIS guidelines, mo

73、dified to reflect the Bahamian environment. </p><p>　　RMC worked jointly with the provinces of British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia on computer assisted planning for Alberta Hospitals and Medical Care.

74、The Phase 1 feasibility study assessed extent, costs and implications of developing a computer-based tool to facilitate all pre-design and functional planning. Phase 2 included development of software and hardware requir