外文翻譯--刀具

1、<p><b>　　Tool</b></p><p><b>　　Purpose </b></p><p>　　Upon completion of this unit, students will be able to: </p><p>　　* Rough and explain the difference

2、 between finishing. </p><p>　　* Choose the appropriate tool for roughing or finishing of special materials and processing. </p><p>　　* Recognition Tool Cutting part of the standard elements and

3、perspective. </p><p>　　* The right to protect the cutter blade. </p><p>　　* List of three most widely used tool material. </p><p>　　* Description of each of the most widely used kni

4、ves made of the material and its processing of Applications. </p><p>　　* Space and inclination to understand the definition. </p><p>　　* Grinding different tools, plus the principle of space an

5、d inclination. </p><p>　　* To identify different forms of space and the inclination to choose the application of each form. </p><p>　　The main points of knowledge: </p><p>　　Rough-f

6、inished alloy steel casting material </p><p>　　Scattered surplus carbide ceramic materials (junction of the oxide) Tool </p><p>　　With a chip breaking the surface roughness of the D-cutter knive

7、s diamonds </p><p>　　After Kok flank behind the standard point of (former) angle off-chip </p><p>　　Side front-side appearance and the outline of the former Kok (I. Kok) </p><p>　　G

8、rinding carbon tool steel front-fast finishing horn of rigid steel </p><p>　　Double or multiple-side flank before the dip angle oblique angle </p><p>　　Surface-radius Slice root for curling <

9、/p><p>　　Rough and finishing tool </p><p>　　Cutting speed only in the surface roughness not required when it is not important. Rough the most important thing is to remove the excess material scatte

10、red. Only in surface roughness of the finishing time is important. Unlike rough, finishing the slow processing speed. Chip off with the D-knives, better than the standard point of knives, in Figure 9-10 A, is designed fo

11、r cutting depth and design, for example, a 5 / 16-inch box cutter blade of the maximum depth of cut 5 / 16 inches, and an 8 mm </p><p>　　And the standard tool of the Corner, compared with chip breaking tool

12、for the Corner is in its on and get grooving, Figure 9-10 B. This tool generally used to block the Corner of rough finishing. While this tool Corner blocks have sufficient strength to carry out deep cut, but the longer t

13、he chip will cut off the plane around after shedding a lot of accumulation. Chip is so because the tangles and sharp, and the operator is a dangerous, so this is a chip from the need to address the problem. Dou</p>

14、<p>　　Cutting Tools appearance </p><p>　　Appearance, sometimes called the contour of the floor plan is where you see the vision or the top down or look at the surface. Figure 9-11 illustrate some of t

15、he most common form, those who could be on the cutting tools and grinding out successfully be used. National Standards in its thread-cutting tool on a tiny plane can be as GB thread, the Anglo-American unity and internat

16、ional standards screw threads. A special tool to outline the thread of the plane is to be ground into the correct size. </p><p>　　Tools Corner fixed </p><p>　　Corner to a number of knives around

17、 the 15 degree angle while the other knives and cutting of the straight. When the mill in Figure 9-12 A and 9-12 B, for example by the space and the inclination, these must factor into consideration in the review. Figure

18、 9-12 B Tool Corner block the angle is zero, compared with 9-12 A map is a heavier cutting tools, and the 9-12 A map will take more heat. The same amount of space in front of the two cases are the same. </p><p

19、>　　Tool Corner block component and the angle </p><p>　　Figure 9-13 Tool Corner block an integral part of the name, and plans 9-14 point of the name, is the machinery industry standards. </p><p&

20、gt;　　Grinding Wheel Tool Corner Block </p><p>　　When the cutter is fixed in the middle of Dao, Tool Corner block can not be the grinding. Can not do so for the reasons: because of the large number of Dao and

21、 extra weight, making Corner together with the grinding is a clumsy and inefficient way. Too much pressure could be added to round on the sand. This can cause the wheel Benglie wheel or because of overheating and the rif

22、t on the Corner Tool damage. There are grinding to the possibility of Dao. </p><p><b>　　Grinding </b></p><p>　　A craftsman in his toolbox, should always be a small pocket lining grin

23、ding tool. Alumina lining a grinding tool as carbon tool steel and high speed steel tool tool. The silicon carbide lining grinding tool grinding carbide cutting tools. Cutting Tools should always maintain smooth and shar

24、p edge, so that the life expectancy of long knives and processing the surface smooth. </p><p>　　Cutting tool materials </p><p>　　Carbon tool steel cutter Corner block usually contains 1.3 percen

25、t to 0.9 percent of carbon. These make use of the cutting tool in their tempering temperature higher than about 400 degrees Fahrenheit (205 degrees Celsius) to 500 degrees Fahrenheit (260 degrees Celsius) remained hardne

26、ss, depending on the content of carbon. These temperature higher than that of carbon tool steel cutter will be changed soft, and it will be the cutting edge. Damaged. Grinding blades or cutting speed faster when usi</

27、p><p>　　Low-alloy steel cutting tool in the carbon steel tools added tungsten, cobalt, vanadium alloying elements such as the consequences. These elements and the hardness of high-carbon carbide. Increased tool

28、 wear resistance. Alloy tool steel that is to say there will be no hard and fast with hot red when the knife's edge can still continue to use it. Low-alloy steel cutting tool is relatively small for a modern processi

29、ng. </p><p>　　High-speed steel with tungsten of 14 percent to 22 percent, or Containing 1.5% to 6% of the W-Mo (molybdenum which accounted for 6 percent to 91 percent). From high-speed steel tool made of a r

30、igid heat, some high-speed steel also contains cobalt, which is formed of rigid factor. Cobalt containing high-speed steel tool can maintain hardness, more than 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit (or 540 degrees Celsius) blade wil

31、l become soft and easily damaged. After cooling, the tool will harden. When grinding, y</p><p>　　Zhucheng a variety of metal alloy materials have a special name called Carbide, such as containing tungsten ca

32、rbide cobalt chrome. In little or iron carbide. However, its high-speed steel cutting speed than the maximum cutting speed is higher 25 percent to 80 percent. Carbide Tool General for cutting force and the intermittent c

33、utting processing, such as processing Chilled Iron. </p><p>　　The past, Carbide Tool is mainly used for processing iron, but now carburizing tool for processing all the metal. </p><p>　　Carbide

34、Tool into the body than to the high-speed steel tool or casting - lighter alloy cutting tools, because tend to be used as a tool carbide cutting tools. Pure tungsten, carbon carburizing agent or as a dipping formation of

35、 the tungsten carbide, suitable for the cast iron, aluminum, non-iron alloy, plastic material and fiber of the machining. Add tantalum, titanium, molybdenum led to the carbon steel The hardness of higher tool, this tool

36、suitable for processing all types of steel. In manuf</p><p>　　These cutting tools in the temperature is higher than 1,660 degrees F (870 degrees C) can also be efficiently used. Carbide Tool hardware than hi

37、gh-speed steel tool, used as a tool for better wear resistance. Carbide Tool in a high-speed Gangdao nearly three times the maximum cutting speed of the cutting rate cutting. </p><p>　　Made from diamonds to

38、the cutting tool on the surface finish and dimensional accuracy of the high demand and carbide cutting tools can be competitive, but these tools processing the material was more difficult, and difficult to control. Metal

39、, hard rubber and plastic substances can be effective tool together with diamonds and annoyance to the final processing. </p><p>　　Ceramic tool (or mixed oxide) is mixed oxide. With 0-30 grade alumina mixtur

40、e to do, for example, contains about 89 percent to 90 percent of alumina and 10 percent to 11 percent of titanium dioxide. Other ceramic tool is used with the tiny amount of the second oxides Mixed together the cause of

41、pure alumina. </p><p>　　Ceramic tools in more than 2,000 degrees F (1095 degrees C) temperature of the work is to maintain strength and hardness. Cutting rates than high-carbon steel knives to 50 percent or

42、even hundreds of percentage. In addition to diamonds and titanium carbide, ceramic tool in the industry is now all the materials of the most hard cutting tool, especially at high temperatures. </p><p>　　Tao

43、structure easily broken in a specific situation, broken only carbon intensity of the half to two-thirds. Therefore, in cut, according to the proportion of cutting and milling would normally not be recommended. Ceramics c

44、utting machine breakdown of failure is not usually wear failure, as compared with other materials, their lack of ductility and lower tensile strength. </p><p>　　In short, the most widely used by the cutting

45、tool material is cut high-speed steel, low alloy materials and carbide. </p><p>　　Gap and dip </p><p>　　Space and inclination of the principle is the most easily to the truck bed lathe tool blad

46、ed knives to illustrate. Shape, size of the gap, and dip the type and size will change because of machining. Similarly a grinding tool Corner block is just like brushing your teeth. </p><p>　　Gap tool to sto

47、p the edge of friction with the workpiece. If there is no gap in Figure 9-15A in the small blades, knives and the side will wear will not be cutting. If there are gaps in Figure 9-15 B, will be a cutting tool. This basic

48、 fact apply to any type of tool. </p><p>　　Clearance was cutting the size depends on material and the cutting of the material deformation. For example, aluminum is soft and easy to slightly deformed or uplif

49、t, when the cutter Corner into space within the perspective and the perspective of the space under, the equivalent in steel mill and will very quickly broken. Table 9-1 (No. 340) that different materials grinding space a

50、nd perspective. </p><p>　　The correct amount of space will be properly protected edge. Too much space will cause the blade vibration (fibrillation), and may edge of total collapse. Tool Corner for the slab b

51、lock must have a backlash, behind (in front) gap, knife and cut-corner. The main cutting edge is almost as all the cutting work at the cutting edge of the cutting tool on the edge, on the left or right-lateral knives, or

52、 cutting tool in the end, cut off on a cutter. </p><p>　　Backlash angle for example, the role of a lathe tool Corner to the left block when it mobile. If there is no backlash Kok, Fig 9-16 A, with the only t

53、ool will be part of friction rather than cutting. If a suitable backlash Kok, Fig 9-16 B, will be cutting edge and will be well supported. If I have too many gaps, Fig 9-16 C, the edge will not support leading tool vibra

54、tion (fibrillation) and may be completely broken. </p><p>　　Tool gap to the front or rear of the role when it fixed to zero, as shown in Figure 9-17. If not in front of the Gap. Figure 9-17 A, the tool will

55、not only friction and cutting. If a suitable space in front, Fig 9-17 B, but also a good tool will be cutting edge will be well supported. If a big gap in front of Ms, Fig 9-17 C, the tool will lack support, will have a

56、vibrate, and cutting edge may be pressure ulcer. </p><p>　　Figure 9-18 illustrate the gap in front of a lathe tool, when it with a 15 degree angle when fixed. The same amount of space on the front fixed to z

57、ero, and around the cutter, but the tool is the relatively thin. So the heat away from the blade less. </p><p>　　Typically, front-side or front-not too big in Figure 9-19. It is usually from zero degrees to

58、20 degrees change, an average of about 15 degrees. There are clear advantages, according to the following: good cutting angle so that the cutting edge of the work was well, but relatively thin chips. Cutting Tools is the

59、 weakest part. By the former angle, the blade In the form of points around the workpiece. Cutting Edge shock will cause the entire tool vibration. When cutting the work nearly completed,</p><p>　　The followi

60、ng formula using triangulation to explain: </p><p>　　Kok cosine A = right-angle-B / C Xiebian </p><p>　　Or cosine of 30 degrees = b / c </p><p>　　0.886 = b/0.010 </p><p&g

61、t;　　b = 0.866 * 0.010 </p><p>　　b = 0.00866 (bladed too thin) </p><p>　　When the mobile tool, the purpose of front-to be processed to eliminate from the surface of the cut-cutting tools. This an

62、gle is usually from 8 degrees to 15 degrees, but in exceptional circumstances it as much as 20 degrees to 30 degrees. If there is no gap in Figure 9-20 A, cutting tools will be tied up, sharp beep, and the rivets may be

63、the first to die away. The appropriate space, in Figure 9-20 B, cutting tool will be cutting well. </p><p>　　A manufacturing plant or cut off the fast-cutter blade with three space, in a root-surface or surf

64、ace and the other in bilateral level, in Figure 9-21. If a tool Corner block from the date of the face, It can have up to five space, in Figure 9-22. Grooving tool sometimes known as area reduction tool used to cut a gro

65、ove in the shallow end of the thread. </p><p>　　Inclination is the top tool inclination or, in the Tool Corner block on the surface. Changes depending on the angle of the cutting material. Improvement of the

66、 cutting angle, the blade shape, and guidelines from the chip from the edge of the direction. Chip dip under the direction named. For example, if a chip from the edge cutter outflow, it is called anterior horn. If the ch

67、ip to the back of the outflow, that is, to the Dao, which is known as the horn. Some mechanical error and the staff horn </p><p>　　Single tool like Tool Corner block may be the only edge of the blade side ob

68、lique angle, or in the back, only to end on the edge of the horn, or they may have roots in the face or front surface of the main Cutting edge of the blade and cutting edge of the horn and a roll angle of the portfolio.

69、In the latter case, cut off most of the surface with a cutter and a chip to the point of view in the tool horn and roll angle in both directions has been moved out. </p><p>　　Two different roll angle in Figu

70、re 9-23 A and 9-23 B was an example. Angle depends on the size and type of material was processed. </p><p>　　9-24 A map in Figure 9-24 B and gives examples of zero to a fixed cutter after the two different a

71、ngle. In Figure 9-25 B and 9-25 A Tool to the regular 15-degree angle. Figure 9-26 tool to display a 15 degree angle fixed, but in this case a tool to roll angle after angle and the combination of form close to the workp

72、iece. Double or multiple chips to lead the inclination angle of a mobile or two away from the edge of the back and side to stay away from the cutter. </p><p>　　Comparison of various horn, shown in Figure 9-2

73、7, Corner of the horn of a negative point of view, and zero is the point of view. These dip in the Corner cutter on the manifestation of a decision in the hands of the processing needs of the pieces. After Kok was the si

74、ze of the type of materials processing, and knives in Dao fixed on the way. </p><p>　　The type of lateral oblique angle </p><p>　　Figure 9-28 examples of tools Corner blocks and four different t

75、ypes of lateral oblique angle of the cross-sectional. Figure 9-28 A, is zero lateral oblique angle, like some of the brass materials, some bronze and some brittle plastic material is particularly necessary. Standard side

76、 oblique angle, in Figure 9-28 B, is the most common one of the bevel side. In the ductile material on the deep cut, easy to chip in the tool around the accumulation of many, and this will cause danger to the operato<

77、/p><p>　　Chip laps volumes, Figure 9-28 C, is one of the best types of inclination, especially in the ductile material on the special deep cutting. Chip small crimp in close formation against the Dao of bladed

78、knives against the will of the rupture. The chip rolled up to maintain a narrow trough of the chip will guarantee that the width of closely Lane Vol. The chip is very easy to handle. Volume circle with a chip is not a cu

79、t-chip. </p><p>　　Chip cut off, in Figure 9-28 D, leading to chip in the corner was cut off, and then to small chips fell after the chip. The need to cut off a chip provides up to 25 percent of the force. Th

80、is inclination of the stickiness of the steel is good. </p><p><b>　　Gap Kok </b></p><p>　　When cutting any material time, the gap should always be the smallest size, but the gap shou

81、ld never angle than the required minimum angle small space. The gap is too small knives Kok will lead to friction with the workpiece. Choice of space at the corner to observe the following points: </p><p>　　

82、1. When processing hardness, stickiness of the material, the use of high-speed steel tool cutting angle should be in the space of 6 to 8 degrees, and the use of carbon tool steel cutter at the corner of the gap in size s

83、hould be 5 degrees to 7 degrees. </p><p>　　2. When the processing of carbon steel, low carbon steel, cast iron when the gap angle should be the size of high-speed steel tool 8 degrees to 12 degrees, and carb

84、on tool steel cutter 5 degrees to 10 degrees. </p><p>　　3. Scalability when processing materials such as copper, brass, bronze, aluminum, iron, etc. Zhanxing materials, space Kok should be the size of high-s

85、peed steel tool 12 degrees to 16 degrees, carbon steel knives 8 degrees to 14 , Mainly because of the plastic deformation of these metals. This means that, when the cutter and around them, the soft metal to some minor de

86、formation or protruding, and this tool will be friction. At this time, we must have a tool on the additional space.</p><p><b>　　刀 具</b></p><p><b>　　目的</b></p><

87、p>　　在完成這一個(gè)單元之后，學(xué)生將會(huì)能夠:</p><p>　　* 解釋粗加工和精加工之間的差別。</p><p>　　* 選擇適當(dāng)?shù)牡毒哌M(jìn)行粗加工或精加工和對(duì)特殊材料的加工。</p><p>　　* 識(shí)別刀具切削部分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組成要素和角度。</p><p>　　* 正確地保護(hù)刀具的刀刃。</p><p>　　*

88、 列出三種使用最廣泛刀具材料。</p><p>　　* 描述利用每種最廣泛使用過的材料做成的刀具的特性及其在加工中的應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　* 了解間隙和傾角的定義。</p><p>　　* 修磨不同刀具的時(shí)，加間隙和傾角的原則。</p><p>　　* 識(shí)別不同形式的間隙和傾角而選擇每種形式的應(yīng)用范圍。</p><p

89、><b>　　主要的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：</b></p><p>　　粗加工 高速鋼 精加工 合金鑄造材料</p><p>　　零散的過剩材料 硬質(zhì)合金 陶瓷 ( 接合了氧化物 ) 刀具</p><p>　　表面粗糙度 帶有斷屑器的右旋刀具 金鋼石刀具 </p><p>　　后角 后刀面 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的角

90、度 背后（前）角 斷屑器 </p><p>　　側(cè)前角 外形和輪廓 側(cè)前角 ( 導(dǎo)角)</p><p>　　研磨 碳素工具鋼 前角 快速精加工鋼 后角 熱硬性</p><p>　　雙重的或復(fù)式的傾角 前刀面 側(cè)角 斜角度</p><p>　　基面 根

91、面半徑 薄片卷邊器</p><p>　　粗加工和精加工的刀具</p><p>　　切削速度只有在對(duì)表面粗糙度不做要求的時(shí)候才不重要。粗加工最主要的是盡快地去除過剩的零散材料。表面粗糙度只有在精加工的時(shí)候才是重要。不像粗加工 ,精加工的加工速度慢。帶斷屑器的右旋刀具 , 勝于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)角度的刀具 , 如圖 9-10 A, 是專為深度切削而設(shè)計(jì) , 舉例來說 , 一 個(gè)5/16英寸的方形刀具刀刃

92、最多只能切深 5/16英寸,而且一個(gè) 8 毫米方形刀具刀尖塊將會(huì)切削到8 毫米深處, 這一個(gè)刀具刀尖塊將會(huì)非?？烨谐嘤嗟慕饘?。薄片處理的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是 , 在小的緊密刀片中被細(xì)化。這種刀具也是一個(gè)很好的精加工刀具。但請(qǐng)不要混淆了薄片刀具和帶斷屑器的刀具。一個(gè)斷屑器實(shí)際上是切斷對(duì)刀具反作用的切屑薄片。</p><p>　　與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的刀具的刀尖相比較，帶斷屑器的刀具的刀尖是在其上開槽而得到的,圖 9-10 B。這一個(gè)刀具的刀

93、尖塊普遍用于粗精加工當(dāng)中。雖然這種刀具刀尖塊有足夠的強(qiáng)度來進(jìn)行深削 , 但是較長(zhǎng)的切屑會(huì)在切斷機(jī)的周圍積聚很多后才脫落。因?yàn)榍行际侨绱说谋焕p結(jié)和鋒利，并且對(duì)操作員是一種危險(xiǎn)，所以這是切屑引起一個(gè)需處理問題。雙倍，或者三倍之速的進(jìn)給將會(huì)幫助解決, 但這必然會(huì)需要更大的馬力并切屑仍然容易很長(zhǎng)。因?yàn)槁俚募庸? 然而，這一個(gè)刀具將會(huì)動(dòng)作得好而且由于小的根面半徑將會(huì)使加工表面光滑。特別是加工灰口鑄鐵時(shí)更是如此。</p><p

94、><b>　　切削刀具的外形</b></p><p>　　外形 , 有時(shí)叫做輪廓是你所在平面圖中見到視野的或往下看頂端或表面。圖 9-11 舉例說明一些常見的外形，那些能在刀具上被磨出來的而且成功地被使用的。國(guó)標(biāo)的螺紋切削刀具在其端上有微小平面能作為國(guó)標(biāo)螺紋，英美統(tǒng)一螺紋和國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)螺紋。刀具對(duì)于一個(gè)特別輪廓的螺紋的平面是要被磨成的正確尺寸。</p><p>&l

95、t;b>　　工具刀尖的固定</b></p><p>　　一些刀具刀尖以一個(gè)大約的 15個(gè)度的角而其他的刀具把平直地切削的。當(dāng)磨如 圖9-12A和9-12B所舉例的間隙和傾角的時(shí)候，這些因數(shù)一定進(jìn)入考慮之內(nèi)。圖 9-12B 的刀具刀尖塊是零度的角，與圖9-12A相比，是一種較重的切削刀具，而且圖9-12A的會(huì)帶走更多熱。相同量的前面間隙對(duì)兩者情況是一樣的。</p><p>

96、　　刀具刀尖塊的組成部分和角度</p><p>　　圖9-13 刀具刀尖塊組成部分名字的，和圖9-14 角度的名字,是機(jī)械行業(yè)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p><b>　　砂輪磨的刀具刀尖塊</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)?shù)毒吖潭ㄔ谡栋阎袝r(shí)，刀具刀尖塊是不能被修磨的。不能這么做作的理由:由于刀把的大量和額外重量，使得刀尖與其一起修磨是個(gè)笨拙的和無效率

97、的方法。太多壓力可能被加到沙輪上。這能造成砂輪的崩裂或由于過熱和砂輪的裂痕對(duì)刀具的刀尖損壞。也有磨到了刀把的可能性。</p><p><b>　　研磨</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)工匠在他的工具箱里應(yīng)該總是有小口袋搪磨工具。一個(gè)氧化鋁搪磨工具作為碳素工具鋼和高速鋼刀具的工具。而碳化矽搪磨工具可修磨碳化物刀具。切削刀具應(yīng)該時(shí)常保持刃口光滑的和鋒利的 ,使刀具的使用壽

98、命長(zhǎng)和加工的工件表面光滑。</p><p><b>　　切削刀具的材料</b></p><p>　　碳素工具鋼刀具刀尖塊通常含有 1.3% 到 0.9% 的碳。用這些鋼做成的切削刀具能在高于他們回火溫度大約華氏400 度 (攝氏205度) 到華氏500 度 (攝氏260 度)時(shí)仍然保持硬度，這要取決于碳的含量的。高于這些溫度碳素工具鋼刀具將會(huì)變?nèi)彳?，而且它的刃口將?huì)。

99、破損。修磨刀刃或切削速度快時(shí)用碳素工具鋼制成的刀具就會(huì)發(fā)藍(lán)，此時(shí)就會(huì)發(fā)生上述的想象。刀具必然會(huì)被再次硬化和再次被回火。因此在現(xiàn)代加工中幾乎不用碳素工具鋼作為刀刃。</p><p>　　低合金刃具鋼是在碳素工具鋼中加入了鎢、鈷、釩等合金元素所構(gòu)成的。這些元素與碳形成高硬度的碳化物。提高了刀具的耐磨性。合金工具鋼不會(huì)有熱硬性也就是說具有在刀刃發(fā)紅時(shí)仍可以繼續(xù)使用。低合金刃具鋼也比較少用于現(xiàn)代加工中。</p>

100、;<p>　　高速鋼含鎢量為14%~22%或含有1.5%~6%的鎢鉬（其中鉬占6%~91%）。由高速鋼制成的刀具有熱硬性，一些高速鋼中還含有鈷，這也是形成熱硬性的因素。含鈷的高速鋼刀具還能保持硬度，高于華氏1000度（或攝氏540度）刀刃會(huì)變軟且容易破損。冷卻后，刀具又會(huì)變硬。當(dāng)修磨時(shí)就得小心，因?yàn)檫^熱和驟冷使外廓崩裂</p><p>　　多種金屬材料鑄成的合金有個(gè)專用的名稱叫做硬質(zhì)合金，比如含有鎢