包裝機(jī)械外文翻譯-論藥品包裝機(jī)械的概念設(shè)計(jì)

1、<p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　論藥品包裝機(jī)械的概念設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　近年來(lái)，由于我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的持續(xù)高漲和國(guó)家對(duì)制藥行業(yè)強(qiáng)制性推行GMP(藥品生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量規(guī)范)認(rèn)證制度，藥品包裝機(jī)械取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。新產(chǎn)品日益增多，技術(shù)水平有了很大的改進(jìn)。但與國(guó)際水平相比還存在著很大的差距，近60%的產(chǎn)品達(dá)不到發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家上世紀(jì)80年代的水平，先進(jìn)大型

2、的設(shè)備主要依賴進(jìn)口。我國(guó)藥品包裝機(jī)械的低技術(shù)水平在很大程度上是由我國(guó)企業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)人員低水平設(shè)計(jì)引起的。</p><p>　　一、我國(guó)藥品包裝機(jī)械現(xiàn)狀分析</p><p>　　我國(guó)藥品包裝機(jī)械與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平相比尚有較大的差距.國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)上主要存在以下幾點(diǎn)不足：</p><p>　　1) 機(jī)械性能落后，國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械大多精度低、速度慢、平穩(wěn)性差。包裝機(jī)械運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程

3、包含大量復(fù)雜的間歇式運(yùn)動(dòng)，主要由凸輪、連桿來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。然而許多設(shè)計(jì)人員不會(huì)根據(jù)工作循環(huán)圖和精度要求獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算凸輪連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)，只是簡(jiǎn)單的把國(guó)外樣機(jī)的凸輪連桿零件拆卸下來(lái)進(jìn)行逐點(diǎn)測(cè)繪，造成執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)誤差很大。國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械大多運(yùn)行速度較低，如鋁塑泡罩包裝機(jī)的沖裁頻率一般為100～300個(gè)/min，全自動(dòng)藥盒包裝機(jī)的裝盒速度50～200盒/min，而國(guó)際上先進(jìn)的鋁塑泡罩包裝機(jī)的沖裁頻率能夠達(dá)到600個(gè)/min，全自動(dòng)藥盒包裝機(jī)

4、的裝盒速度能夠達(dá)到600~ 800盒/min。國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械不僅運(yùn)行速度慢，而且還伴有較大的噪音。</p><p>　　2) 控制水平落后。國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械大多控制水平低、自動(dòng)性差、故障率高。國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械(主要指盒裝和灌裝機(jī)械)大多采用PLC作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制，而國(guó)外先進(jìn)的藥品包裝機(jī)械大多由計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)監(jiān)控，控制水平相對(duì)落后。大多數(shù)國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械自動(dòng)性較差。一是普遍采用單機(jī)生產(chǎn)模式，全自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線少。二是做不到全

5、自動(dòng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，需要人工加料，手動(dòng)裝箱。如一些紙盒包裝機(jī)中，藥板、說(shuō)明書(shū)紙頁(yè)、紙盒都需要手動(dòng)加料，且需專(zhuān)人隨時(shí)注意說(shuō)明書(shū)、藥板、紙盒是否已經(jīng)用完，以免造成機(jī)器空轉(zhuǎn)或造成缺說(shuō)明書(shū)、藥板、藥盒現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。另外，國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械故障率較高?？刂圃骷?如繼電器、電磁閥、接觸器、斷路器等)等經(jīng)常容易損壞，死機(jī)故障也時(shí)有發(fā)生。</p><p>　　3)功能單一、可擴(kuò)展性差。藥品包裝機(jī)械是針對(duì)特定的包裝形式設(shè)計(jì)的。一般在規(guī)定的規(guī)格

6、范圍內(nèi)可調(diào)。而我國(guó)許多藥品包裝機(jī)械在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)考慮不充分，沒(méi)有為進(jìn)一步的改造留出足夠的空間，致使設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械只能適應(yīng)于幾種簡(jiǎn)單的模板，不適應(yīng)包裝材料或模板尺寸的變化，即使適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)的包裝成品質(zhì)量也不佳。</p><p>　　4）綜合考慮不足，資源沒(méi)有充分利用。我國(guó)藥品包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)存在著混亂現(xiàn)象，許多機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員對(duì)電機(jī)拖動(dòng)同步技術(shù)、伺服傳動(dòng)技術(shù)不了解，可用簡(jiǎn)單的電器設(shè)備解決的問(wèn)題卻用復(fù)雜的機(jī)械裝置來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，有的雖然采用了同步

7、電機(jī)等裝置來(lái)控制機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)行，但選取不當(dāng)。這些情況不僅造成了資源的極大浪費(fèi)，而且使設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械的性能低下。</p><p>　　5)造型死板。我國(guó)的藥品包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)很少考慮機(jī)械的造型，很多廠家生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械造型不美觀，甚至沒(méi)有造型，給人感覺(jué)僵硬、死板、沒(méi)有活力。一些藥盒包裝機(jī)中，螺釘螺母都安裝在機(jī)器的外面板上，而一些潤(rùn)滑用的油杯和油嘴也隨處可見(jiàn)，加油時(shí)容易使機(jī)器到處沾滿油污，給人印象粗糙，不美觀。</p>

8、<p>　　二、藥品包裝機(jī)械概念設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容</p><p>　　人們經(jīng)過(guò)多年的研究，將概念設(shè)計(jì)定義為：“在確定了任務(wù)后，通過(guò)抽象化擬定功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求適當(dāng)?shù)淖饔迷砑捌浣M合等，確定出基本求解途徑，得出求解方案。這一部分設(shè)計(jì)工作叫做概念設(shè)計(jì)”概念設(shè)計(jì)指明確設(shè)計(jì)目的和現(xiàn)有條件后，設(shè)計(jì)者搜索多方面的知識(shí)，分析提煉后生成框架式的廣泛意義上的解。藥品包裝機(jī)械的概念設(shè)計(jì)要求根據(jù)產(chǎn)品生命周期各個(gè)階段，進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品功能創(chuàng)造、

9、功能分解以及功能和子功能的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，進(jìn)行滿足功能和結(jié)構(gòu)要求的工作原理求解和進(jìn)行實(shí)現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的工作原理載體方案的構(gòu)思和系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)概念設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程是一個(gè)求解實(shí)現(xiàn)功能的、滿足各種技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)的、可能存在的各種方案并最終確定綜合最優(yōu)方案的過(guò)程。概念設(shè)計(jì)的作用主要體現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的早期階段。總設(shè)計(jì)師根據(jù)產(chǎn)品功能的需求而萌發(fā)出來(lái)的原始構(gòu)思和沖動(dòng)形成產(chǎn)品的主體框架，及它應(yīng)包括的各主要模塊和組件，以完成整體布局和外型初步設(shè)計(jì)。然后進(jìn)行評(píng)估和優(yōu)化，確定整體

10、設(shè)計(jì)方案。再由各部分設(shè)計(jì)人員把總設(shè)計(jì)師的設(shè)計(jì)思想落實(shí)到具體設(shè)計(jì)中去，實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)。實(shí)施藥品包裝機(jī)械的概念設(shè)計(jì)首先要求設(shè)計(jì)人員加強(qiáng)對(duì)藥品包裝的認(rèn)識(shí)，深化理解藥品包裝的內(nèi)涵，引進(jìn)現(xiàn)代包裝理念，積極與國(guó)際接軌?，F(xiàn)代包裝不僅是</p><p>　　1)明確設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，做好可行性分析。設(shè)計(jì)者在進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)工作初始階段時(shí)應(yīng)充分考慮產(chǎn)品的可行性。一方面是市場(chǎng)的考慮，包括產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售、產(chǎn)品原料、制造費(fèi)用的考慮；另一方面是產(chǎn)品加工的考慮，包

11、括現(xiàn)有加工能力、加工工藝、加工性能及周邊配套行業(yè)的考慮。周邊配套環(huán)境的考慮主要指當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)加工能力、加工水平、熱處理工藝及基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)等。</p><p>　　2)功能設(shè)計(jì)。我國(guó)大多數(shù)藥品包裝機(jī)械是對(duì)國(guó)外同類(lèi)機(jī)型的仿制。但由于我國(guó)存在的特殊國(guó)情，須對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母脑?，以滿足我國(guó)的要求。而不是一味的照抄照搬。設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械除需要滿足盒裝、灌裝功能外，我們還須考慮包裝機(jī)械的附加功能，如包裝盒中應(yīng)加入量杯、藥勺等工具，以

12、方便用戶使用。在機(jī)種的開(kāi)發(fā)方面可以設(shè)計(jì)較為先進(jìn)的機(jī)械，如無(wú)菌包裝機(jī)械、保鮮包裝機(jī)械等。還可以開(kāi)發(fā)藥品包裝前處理成套設(shè)備和后處理配套設(shè)備。 </p><p>　　3)功能分解。藥品包裝機(jī)械屬于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)全面考慮各功能。一般而言，藥品包裝機(jī)械功能大致可分為機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)、監(jiān)測(cè)傳感、信息處理及控制功能3大部分。機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能按不同機(jī)種又可細(xì)分，如鋁塑泡罩包裝機(jī)可分為成型、熱封、壓痕、沖裁4大功能，而紙盒包裝機(jī)

13、械可分為折紙、下紙、藥板推送、紙盒打開(kāi)、紙盒傳輸、折舌、插舌、壓平和打批號(hào)等功能。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中還要考慮機(jī)械潤(rùn)滑、機(jī)械安全運(yùn)行、包裝衛(wèi)生等功能。這要求設(shè)計(jì)人員充分考慮檢測(cè)技術(shù)，光、機(jī)、電一體化技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù).氣動(dòng)技術(shù)、物流技術(shù)之間的交叉聯(lián)系。 </p><p>　　4)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。為實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)定的功能，我們需要使用不同的機(jī)構(gòu)。這一過(guò)程中需綜合考慮整機(jī)的各個(gè)部分，使設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品在滿足使用要求的同時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、實(shí)用。藥

14、品包裝機(jī)械機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇和組合適當(dāng)?shù)臋C(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)原理，充分考慮實(shí)現(xiàn)特定運(yùn)動(dòng)所需機(jī)構(gòu)，如凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)，連桿機(jī)構(gòu)，凸輪連桿機(jī)構(gòu)。同時(shí)還應(yīng)運(yùn)用分離傳動(dòng)技術(shù)，綜合考慮傳動(dòng)軸(如花鍵軸和階梯軸等)和傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題。設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中應(yīng)盡量減少不確定性因素造成的影響，使機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)。設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)還應(yīng)對(duì)機(jī)械進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)分析，以提升機(jī)械運(yùn)行速度和平穩(wěn)性。另外還應(yīng)考慮包裝機(jī)械的多樣、可調(diào)、容錯(cuò)、可擴(kuò)展、平穩(wěn)性以及美觀化，追求機(jī)械輕巧但穩(wěn)定。設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程可參考各類(lèi)包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)

15、的長(zhǎng)處，同時(shí)借鑒別的機(jī)械(如塑料機(jī)械、印刷機(jī)械)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。除進(jìn)行機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)外.還應(yīng)考慮各功能另外的實(shí)現(xiàn)途徑，如真空、電器控制等，以期最優(yōu)組合該產(chǎn)品。 </p><p>　　5)系統(tǒng)控制方案的設(shè)計(jì)。藥品包裝機(jī)械中一個(gè)很重要的部分就是對(duì)各機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)補(bǔ)償，以保證設(shè)備運(yùn)行順暢?，F(xiàn)在很多機(jī)械產(chǎn)品選用了大量的光電開(kāi)關(guān)作為檢測(cè)元件，有的機(jī)械上還裝備有諸如微機(jī)檢測(cè)泡罩系統(tǒng)之類(lèi)的系統(tǒng)。這都需要精心設(shè)計(jì)和整個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)連為一體。&

16、lt;/p><p><b>　　三、結(jié)語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　將概念設(shè)計(jì)的思想融入藥品包裝機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)可以減少設(shè)計(jì)失誤，縮短設(shè)計(jì)周期，加快產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)，使設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品更合理、更具有親和力、更適合人機(jī)工程。同時(shí)它也是降低成本和提高企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的主要手段。為了改善藥品包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)落后、缺乏競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的被動(dòng)局面，以適應(yīng)“后GMP時(shí)代”帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須重視產(chǎn)品概念設(shè)計(jì)，深化理

17、解概念設(shè)計(jì)的重要性。</p><p><b>　　中英文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design</p><p

18、>　　In recent years, Carry out GMP (medicines and chemical reagents produces specifications of quality) attestation system because of sustained our country economic situation rise and country to pharmacy industry manda

19、tory. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery has got quite great progress. The new product increases by gradually. Engineering level has had very big improvement. But be returning very big gaps back to existen

20、ce compared with international standards. Level being close to 60%</p><p>　　One, our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery current situation analyses</p><p>　　Our country med

21、icines and chemical reagents package machinery still has bigger gap compared with advanced international level. What time is insufficient on domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design under main ex

22、istence</p><p>　　1) Backward domestic mechanical performance medicines and chemical reagents package machinery mostly, accuracy low velocity, is slow, stationarity dispatches package machinery travel process

23、 to contain large amount of dyadic complicated intermittence motion. Come to come true mainly from the cam, the connecting rod. But, many design that the personnel is unable to require that the independence designs the p

24、arameter calculating cam bar linkage kinematics and dynamics according to job cycle pictur</p><p>　　2) Is under the control of horizontal backward. Domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery

25、controls low, automation of level difference mostly , the malfunction leads height. (Main package machinery finger box dress controls domestic medicines and chemical reagents with drinking wine holding machinery with) ad

26、opt PLC to do a scene mostly. But, advanced medicines and chemical reagents package machinery realizes supervisory control abroad mostly from computer system. Under the cont</p><p>　　3) Functions are unitary

27、, expansion sex is bad. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is that the form designs that specifically for specially appointed package. The general specification range inner in regulation is adjustable. But

28、, a lot of our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery considers insufficiency when designing that. Be not that reforming going a step further sets apart sufficient space. Cause the machinery designing

29、that to be able to only adapt to the</p><p>　　4) Considers deficiency synthetically. Resource does not fully utilize. Our country medicines and chemical reagents there exists the chaos phenomenon in package

30、machinery design. A lot of machinery designs that the personnel drags to the electric motor moving the synchrony technology, the servo drive technology do not knows. The problem simple electrical equipment available is r

31、esolved uses complicated mechanism to come to come true but. Some though the control organ works to come having adopt t</p><p>　　5) Model is inflexible. Model seldom considering machinery time medicines and

32、chemical reagents of our country package machinery design. Many machine molding that the manufacturer produces is not beautiful do not have model even. Give person feeling to rigid, to inflexible, not to have vigor. A fe

33、w medicine box packers are middle. The nut all assembles screw on the machine outside board. But, the oil cup and flow nipple that a little lubrication uses also can be seen everywhere. Be stained fully</p><p&

34、gt;　　Two, medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design content</p><p>　　People long-term study passes. Define conceptual design being: "Have been ascertaining the mission queen. P

35、ass abstract-relation. Design the function structure. Explore appropriate effect principle and their combination waiting. Ascertain out basic finding the solution approach. Reach find the solution scheme. This part of th

36、e conceptual design designing that the job is called conceptual design is referred to make the queen who designs purpose and now has condition clear. The designer searches f</p><p>　　1) Makes the design miss

37、ion clear. Be ready for feasibility analysis. The designer designs initial stage working in being in progress. Respond to the feasibility considering a product sufficiently. One aspect is the marketplace thinking. Includ

38、e the production marketing, product raw material, the fabricating cost thinking: Another aspect is thinking that the product processes. Include thinking now having a working ability, processing handicraft, processing the

39、 function and periphery supporting i</p><p>　　2) Function design. Great majority our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is the same kind model copying to abroad. But peculiar national

40、conditions because of our country existence. Must carry out appropriate reforming on the product. To satisfy request of our country. But fault blindly copy blindly. The machinery designing that is packed in, irrigates th

41、e dress function outside except needing to satisfy a box. We must consider the additional function packing machinery. I</p><p>　　3) Functions decomposition. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery

42、belongs to the integration of machinery with electronics product. Should consider every function all round time design. Sort Er Yan. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery function may divide 3 major parts

43、 being that organization moves, monitors biography feel, the information processing and controlling a function basically. The function subdivides organization motion according to may not kind with machi</p><p&

44、gt;　　4) Organization is designed. Be to realize the predetermined function. We need to use different organization. This needs the part synthesizing each considering a complete machine among one process. Use the product d

45、esigning that while satisfying the usage request. Structure is simple, pragmatic. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery organization designs time. Respond to the principle choosing appropriate organization mo

46、tion and constituting. Think sufficiently to realize what special</p><p>　　5) System under the control of schemes design. In medicines and chemical reagents package machinery, a very important part is that r

47、eal time detecting is back-off to every organization. To ensure that equipment operation is smooth. Now many machinery products has selected and used large amount of photo electricity switch being the detecting component

48、. Equipment has such as PC detecting bubble cover system on some machinery and the like system. This need all designs that meticulously. And, the ge</p><p>　　Three, concluding remarks</p><p>　　T

49、he thought a concept is designed melts to enter medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design being able to fall off designing a fault. Shorten a design cycle. Accelerate the product exploitation. Make the pro

50、duct designing that more rational, have affinity, more suitable man-machine project more. It is also that the main means costing down and improving enterprise competition is short of passive competition aspect backward f