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1、<p><b>  目錄</b></p><p><b>  1冷軋綜述2</b></p><p><b>  1.1冷軋概念2</b></p><p>  1.2冷軋產品及用途4</p><p><b>  2工藝及規(guī)格5</b><

2、;/p><p>  2.1冷軋板帶鋼生產工藝流程 5</p><p><b>  2.2規(guī)格6</b></p><p><b>  3軋制規(guī)程制定7</b></p><p>  3.1壓下規(guī)程的制定7</p><p>  3.2計算軋制力8</p><

3、;p>  3.3軋輥轉速的確定13</p><p><b>  4設備校核14</b></p><p>  4.1軋輥各部分尺寸確定14</p><p>  4.2支撐輥強度校核16</p><p>  4.3工作輥強度校核17</p><p>  4.4支撐輥與工作輥接觸應力校核

4、19</p><p>  4.5咬入能力校核20</p><p>  4.6電機能力校核21</p><p><b>  5結束語23</b></p><p><b>  參考文獻23</b></p><p><b>  1冷軋綜述</b>&l

5、t;/p><p><b>  1.1冷軋概念</b></p><p>  冷軋是金屬在再結晶溫度以下的軋制過程。冷軋時金屬不會發(fā)生再結晶,但會發(fā)生加工硬化現象。加工硬化是金屬在軋制過程中強度、硬度增加,而韌性、塑性下降的現象。</p><p><b>  冷軋工藝特點:</b></p><p> ?。?

6、)加工溫度低,鋼在軋制過程中產生加工硬化:</p><p>  1)變形抗力增大,使軋制力加大。</p><p>  2)塑性降低,易發(fā)生脆裂。</p><p> ?。?)冷軋中采用工藝冷卻與潤滑(工藝冷潤):</p><p>  1)工藝冷卻:冷軋過程中的變形熱和摩擦熱使軋件和軋輥溫度升高,須采用有效的人工冷卻。</p>&l

7、t;p><b>  2)工藝潤滑:</b></p><p><b>  工藝潤滑的作用:</b></p><p> ?、贉p少金屬的變形抗力(實現大壓下和軋制更薄板材);</p><p><b> ?、诶鋮s軋輥;</b></p><p><b> ?、鄯乐拐齿仭?

8、lt;/b></p><p>  天然油脂(動、植物油脂)潤滑效果優(yōu)于礦物油。</p><p>  常用冷潤液-乳化液:通過乳化劑的作用把少量的油劑和大量的水混合起來,制成乳狀的冷潤液。乳化液的冷卻能力介于水和油之間,一般為水的40~80%,隨著乳化液濃度的增加,其冷卻能力下降。</p><p> ?。?)冷軋中采用張力軋制:</p><p

9、>  張力軋制—軋件在軋輥中的輾軋變形是在有一定的前張力和后張力作用下實現的。</p><p><b>  張力的作用:</b></p><p>  ①防止帶鋼在軋制過程中跑偏(保證正確對中軋制);</p><p>  ②使所軋帶鋼保持平直(包括在軋制過程中保持板形平直以及軋后板形良好);</p><p> ?、劢?/p>

10、低軋件的變形抗力,便于軋制更薄的產品;</p><p>  ④起適當調整冷軋機主電機負荷的作用。</p><p><b>  冷軋帶鋼的優(yōu)勢:</b></p><p>  1)可生產厚度更小的薄板。</p><p>  2)帶材沿寬度和長度方向能獲得均勻的厚度,板形更好。</p><p>  3)

11、冷軋時采用的軋輥表面光潔硬度大,可得到表面質量好,表面光潔的產品。冷軋是金屬在再結晶溫度以下的軋制過程。冷軋時金屬不會發(fā)生再結晶,但會發(fā)生加工硬化現象。</p><p>  4)帶材經冷軋后,進行不同的熱處理,可以得到不同機械性能的產品。</p><p>  1.2冷軋產品及用途</p><p>  冷軋產品主要有超低碳、超深沖IF鋼系列、鏈條用鋼系列、低碳低硅冷板

12、系列、搪瓷鋼系列、自行車用鋼系列、烘烤硬化鋼系列、含磷鋼系列、客車車廂用鋼板系列、家用電器鋼板系列、低合金鋼系列等。</p><p>  產品主要用于建筑、橋梁、機車車輛、汽車、壓力容器、鍋爐、電器等。隨著經濟發(fā)展,冷軋鋼板已被稱為現代社會必須的材料。</p><p><b>  2工藝及規(guī)格</b></p><p>  2.1冷軋板帶鋼生產工

13、藝流程 </p><p>  圖2-1 冷軋板帶鋼工藝流程</p><p><b>  2.2規(guī)格</b></p><p>  根據鞍鋼冷軋一號線1700連軋機組進行設計。</p><p>  1、采用四輥軋機五機架連軋</p><p> ?。?)工作輥直徑:(520~600)mm ,選600 m

14、m ;</p><p>  (2)支承輥直徑:(1400~1526)mm ,選1500 mm 。</p><p><b>  2、成品尺寸:</b></p><p>  1.6mm*1450 mm</p><p><b>  3、原料規(guī)格:</b></p><p> ?。?)

15、選取鋼種:B280/440DP</p><p>  表1-1原料成分及性能</p><p> ?。?)根據經驗資料,選取原料尺寸為4.0mm*1450mm的熱軋板卷。</p><p><b>  3軋制規(guī)程制定</b></p><p>  3.1壓下規(guī)程的制定</p><p>  根據經驗采用分配

16、壓下系數表3-1,令軋制中的總壓下量為∑Δh,各道的壓下量為:</p><p>  式中:bi-壓下分配系數。</p><p>  表3-1 各種冷連軋機壓下分配系數</p><p>  根據表中的bi計算出各道次壓下量為:</p><p>  △h1=0.72 △h2=0.6 △h3=0.6 △h4=0.36 △h5=0.12&

17、lt;/p><p>  在確定各架壓下分配系數,亦確定各架壓下量或軋后厚度的同時,還需根據經驗分析選定各機架之間的單位張力。</p><p>  冷軋薄板在軋制時的張力范圍為(0.1~0.6),初步制定壓下量及前、后張力如表3-2所示:</p><p>  表3-2 產品壓下量及前、后張力</p><p><b>  3.2計算軋制

18、力</b></p><p>  各機架摩擦系數的選?。阂虻谝坏来我WC順利咬入,不噴油,</p><p>  本設計采用M.D.Stone公式計算平均單位壓力: </p><p><b>  上式中:;;</b></p><p>  ——考慮軋輥彈性壓扁的變形區(qū)長度;</p><p>

19、  ——平面變形抗力,;</p><p>  ——前后張力平均值; ()</p><p><b>  計算步驟如下:</b></p><p><b>  (1)確定變形抗力</b></p><p>  由于在變形區(qū)內各斷面處變形程度不等,因此,通常根據加工硬化曲線取本道次平均總壓下率所對應的變

20、形抗力值。平均總壓下率按下式計算:</p><p>  = </p><p>  式中:——本道次軋前的預變形量;</p><p>  ——本道次軋后的總變形量;</p><p>  ——冷軋前軋件的厚度;</p><p>  ——本道次軋前軋件的厚度;<

21、/p><p>  ——本道次軋后軋件的厚度。</p><p>  圖3-1 B280/440DP鋼種加工硬化曲線1-縱向;2-橫向</p><p>  根據B280/440DP典型產品的含碳量,由加工硬化曲線查出對應于的值,然后計算平面變形抗力:。</p><p>  由求出平均單位張力,則可得到的值。</p><p>

22、<b>  (2)求的值</b></p><p>  的值根據軋輥壓扁時平均單位壓力圖解(斯通圖解法)得到。先根據具體軋制條件計算出參數和的值:</p><p>  式中:——摩擦系數,用棕櫚油乳化液潤滑f=0.06~0.08;</p><p>  ——接觸弧長,,—工作輥半徑。</p><p><b>  式

23、中:</b></p><p>  ——泊松比,取0.25;E——彈性模量,取E=210GPa,代入計算得:</p><p>  圖3-2 確定f/之圖表</p><p>  然后在斯通圖解中尺和尺上分別找出對應其值的兩點,連成一條直線,此直線與S形曲線的交點即為的值。根據值查表便可得的值。</p><p>  (3)求平均單位壓力

24、及總壓力</p><p>  將的值和的值代入即可算出平均單位壓力。</p><p><b>  總壓力為: </b></p><p>  式中:——由 計算得到;</p><p>  ——軋件寬度, B=1450mm</p><p>  對各道次依次按上述步驟進行計算,計算結果如表3-2所示。

25、</p><p>  表3-3 各道次計算結果</p><p>  3.3軋輥轉速的確定</p><p>  根據經驗值,軋件由末架軋機軋制完成后的出口速度一般為19~25,選取末架軋機軋件的出口速度為20,根據秒流量體積條件:</p><p>  求出軋件在各架軋機的出口速度。</p><p>  利用前滑值計算

26、軋輥的轉速:</p><p><b>  計算步驟如下:</b></p><p> ?。?)先計算出咬入角:</p><p>  (2)利用咬入角計算出中性角:</p><p> ?。?)通過中性角求出前滑值:</p><p> ?。?)計算軋輥線速度:</p><p> 

27、 (5)計算軋輥轉速:*60</p><p>  對各道次依次按上述步驟進行計算,計算結果如表3-3所示:</p><p>  表3-4各機架計算結果</p><p><b>  4設備校核</b></p><p>  4.1軋輥各部分尺寸確定</p><p>  軋輥直接承受軋制力和轉動軋輥的傳

28、動力矩,屬于消耗性零件,就軋機整體而言,軋輥安全系數最小,軋輥強度往往決定整個軋機負荷能力,因此,要對軋輥進行校核。 </p><p>  表4-1 軋輥材質及許用應力值</p><p>  軋輥各部分尺寸分別為:</p><p>  工作輥:輥身直徑=600mm,輥身長度=1700mm;</p><p>  工作輥輥頸直徑: ;<

29、/p><p><b>  工作輥輥頸長度:;</b></p><p>  工作輥壓下螺絲間的中心距: mm;</p><p>  支撐輥:輥身直徑=1500mm,輥身長度=1700mm ;</p><p><b>  支撐輥輥頸直徑:;</b></p><p><b&g

30、t;  支撐輥輥頸長度:;</b></p><p>  支撐輥壓下螺絲間的中心距:=2443mm。</p><p>  輥頭均采用扁頭萬向接軸輥頭,電機功率N=5500KW</p><p>  表4-2 五機架連軋機各機架數據</p><p>  由上表可看出,第三架軋機的總壓力最大,所以以第三架軋機為例進行校核:</p

31、><p>  四輥軋機支撐輥與工作輥承受的彎矩之比等于直徑比的四次方,其彎曲力的分配也和彎矩一樣,即</p><p>  4.2支撐輥強度校核</p><p>  6859.46KN·m</p><p>  圖4-1 支撐輥彎矩圖</p><p>  (1) 輥身中央處承受最大彎矩:</p><

32、;p>  輥身中央處產生的最大彎曲應力</p><p><b> ?。?240MPa</b></p><p>  因此,支承輥的輥身強度滿足要求。</p><p>  (2)支撐輥輥頸強度校核</p><p>  輥頸的危險斷面在輥頸與輥身接觸處,該處彎矩為:</p><p>  所以支承輥

33、輥頸強度滿足要求。</p><p>  4.3工作輥強度校核</p><p> ?。?)工作輥輥身強度校核</p><p>  圖4-2 工作輥彎矩圖</p><p>  工作輥輥身中心處承受的垂直彎矩為</p><p>  (2)工作輥輥頭強度校核</p><p>  利用前滑值計算軋輥的轉速

34、</p><p><b>  D</b></p><p><b>  A</b></p><p>  圖4-3 工作輥輥頭圖</p><p>  因此,工作輥輥頭強度滿足要求。</p><p>  (3)工作輥輥頸強度校核</p><p>  因此,

35、工作輥輥頸強度滿足要求。</p><p>  4.4支撐輥與工作輥接觸應力校核</p><p>  工作輥與支撐輥表面接觸產生接觸應力,它將影響軋輥的軋制壽命,應加以校核。計算接觸應力使用赫茲公式:</p><p>  式中:——接觸表面單位長度上的負荷;</p><p>  ——相互接觸兩個軋輥的半徑;</p><p&g

36、t;  ——與軋輥材料有關的系數,</p><p>  已知mm,mm ,E =200GPa</p><p>  軋輥材料相同,=0.3,得到:</p><p>  所以,軋輥滿足強度要求。</p><p>  根據以上結果,軋輥各部分均滿足強度要求。</p><p><b>  4.5咬入能力校核</

37、b></p><p>  軋機要能夠順利進行軋制,必須保證咬入符合軋制規(guī)律,所以要對咬入條件進行校核。</p><p>  式中: ——工作輥直徑;</p><p><b>  ——軋件的壓下量;</b></p><p><b>  ——咬入角;</b></p><p>

38、;<b>  ——摩擦角。</b></p><p>  原料在第一架軋機咬入比較困難,所以對第一架進行咬入能力的校核。校核如下:</p><p><b>  已知,,,所以:</b></p><p><b>  而,得到:</b></p><p>  由于,因此,第一架軋機可以

39、實現帶鋼順利咬入。</p><p><b>  4.6電機能力校核</b></p><p>  以第三架為例進行校核:</p><p><b>  傳動力矩計算:</b></p><p><b>  (1)軋制力矩</b></p><p>  式中:——

40、軋輥與金屬軋件的接觸弧長;</p><p>  ——力臂系數,冷軋時?。?.2~0.4;</p><p><b>  ——工作輥軋制力;</b></p><p><b>  (2)摩擦力矩</b></p><p>  軋輥軸承中的附加摩擦力矩:</p><p>  式中:——

41、軋輥輥頸直徑;</p><p>  ——軋輥軸承摩擦系數,,取0.05;</p><p>  傳動機構中的摩擦力矩:</p><p>  式中:——軋輥與電機間的傳動比,取1.7856;</p><p>  ——傳動機構粘性系數0.97;</p><p>  換算到主電機軸上的附加摩擦力矩為:</p>&

42、lt;p><b>  (3)空轉力矩 </b></p><p>  式中:——電機額定轉矩,</p><p><b>  因此傳動力矩為:</b></p><p>  所以第三架電機功率滿足要求。</p><p>  因此其它各機架電機功率也均滿足要求。</p><p>

43、;<b>  5結束語</b></p><p>  首先,感謝王斌斌老師在三周的專業(yè)課程設計中對我們的細心指導和教育,使我學習到了很多關于冷軋板帶鋼實際生產的知識,解決了許多平時積累沒有及時解決的問題。</p><p>  在課程設計過程中,我通過查閱很多書本和網上資料,并經常與同學探討所遇到的問題,把課堂上所學到的理論知識與實際的設計工作相結合,使得這些知識得到了鞏

44、固加深,而且提高了我的自學能力和團隊協(xié)作能力。</p><p>  通過此次課程設計,我也發(fā)現了自身的許多不足,不僅在本專業(yè)還有很多知識要學習,還要努力學習其他相關專業(yè)的知識。要善于發(fā)現問題,并善于查閱資料,勤于思考,團結合作,最終解決問題。</p><p><b>  參考文獻</b></p><p>  [1] 康永林 軋鋼工程學[M].

45、北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,2004.6</p><p>  [2] 王廷溥 金屬塑性加工學[M].北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,1997.210</p><p>  [3] 王平主編 金屬塑性成形力學[M].北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,2006.8.</p><p>  [4] 劉寶珩 軋鋼機械設備[M].北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,2008.5</p><p>

46、;  [5] 趙志業(yè) 金屬塑性變形與軋制理論[M].北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,2011.2</p><p>  g an employment tribunal claim</p><p>  Employment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.</p><p>  Y

47、ou may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if:</p><p>  you don't agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you</p><p>  your employer dismisses you and y

48、ou think that you have been dismissed unfairly.</p><p>  For more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal.</p><p>  You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, e

49、ven if you haven't appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your fa

50、ilure to appeal.</p><p>  Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your applica

51、tion is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.</p><p>  If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed under

52、0;Further help.</p><p>  Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.</p><p>  Mo

53、st people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed under F

54、urther help.</p><p>  If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as

55、 a damages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can't charge you more than 35% of your compensation  if you win the case.</p><p>  If you are thinking about signing up for 

56、0;a damages-based agreement, you should make sure you're clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau.  To find you

57、r nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click on nearest CAB.</p><p>  For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see Employment tribunals.</p>&

58、lt;p>  The (lack of) air up there </p><p>  Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations a

59、nd will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.</p><p>  "I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport.</p><p>  

60、"For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."</p><p>  Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the &quo

61、t;racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.</p><p>  Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the refer

62、ee's actions.</p><p>  CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA."

63、;</p><p>  Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the par

64、anoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, sudde

65、nly feel something, do it.</p><p>  一字開頭的年齡已經到了尾聲?;蛟S是愧疚于自己似乎把轉瞬即逝的很多個不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子;或許是追溯過去,對自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟,這些天以來,思緒一直很凌亂,在腦海中不斷糾纏??傆X得自己自己似乎應該去做點什么,或者寫點什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺,突然就感覺到有些事情,非做不可了。</p><p>

66、;  The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?</p><p>  而窮盡我們的一生,又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可?</p><p>  During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as

67、 the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alu

68、mni in peace, suddenly found that isn't really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think don't want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school chil</p><p>

69、  童年時,覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備,但是隨著年齡的推進,會越來越發(fā)現,那些東西根本就可有可無;初中時,以為要有一場暗戀才意味著真正的成長,但三年過去后,自己心平氣和的寫同學錄的時候,突然就發(fā)現是不是真正的成長了,好像并沒有那么重要了;然后到了高中,覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個句點,但畢業(yè)晚會的時候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉,后來再次站在他曾經揮汗如雨的球場,看著他投過籃球的球框時,突然間發(fā)現自己已經想不起

70、他的容顏。</p><p>  Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.</p><p>  原來,這個世界上,對某個事件能產生化學反應的,除了非做不可的堅決,還有,時間。</p>&

71、lt;p>  A person's time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last.

72、 Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteo

73、us spiritual.</p><p>  一個人的時候,自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的,不想要的,界限明確,好像沒有什么可以撼動自己。也曾經好像已經下定了決心去做某件事,但更多的時候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦,最終卻發(fā)現有很多緣分,有很多錯過,好像冥冥之中真的已經注定。那些曾經所謂的非做不可,只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強心劑,或者說,是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。</p>&

74、lt;p>  At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep fri

75、endship; Have declared the end of the encounter that haven't start planning... Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.</p><p>  此刻,天空是陰暗的,空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍格子襯衫;那些

76、被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙;那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼;還有那場還沒有開始就宣告了終結的邂逅計劃……那些年那些天的非做不可,終于和青春一樣,都將在我們的人生中謝幕。</p><p>  Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the groun

77、d, conditions have to be very calm -- winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposp

78、here) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising al</p><p>  The supersonic descent could happe

79、n as early as Sunda.</p><p>  The weatheThe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (</p><p>  Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an O

80、lympic diving platform.</p><p>  Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it wi

81、ll not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end. </p><p>  Skydiver preps for the big jump</p><p>  When he jumps, he is expected to reach th

82、e speed of sound -- 690 mph (1,110 kph) -- in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him c

83、ompletely.</p><p>  If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 27

84、0-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).</p><p>  In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a r

85、eserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.</p><p>  Even if everything goes as planned, it won't. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause

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