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1、guidesexfurtherenhanceddocumentshlerunningofspeedobviouslyspeedupprogramgraduallyspecificationconferenceserviceChiefreceptionofqualitylevelhashasnewofimproveLogisticssupptcapabilityfurtherstrengthened.Documentmanagementc

2、onfidentialconfidentialitydutylettersotheritemshavebeensignificantlyimproved.4Officeconstructionincreasedatalllevels.CityGovernmentofficesadheretostrengthenimprovetheconstructionofthesystemasabreakthroughhasdevelopedaser

3、iesofcodeofconductcontinuousimprovementofoperationalmechanismsoundtheimplementationoftherulesregulationsadheretothesystemofmanagingpeopleaccdingtotherulesthewkgraduallyintothebitofinstitutionalizationstardization.Focuson

4、strengtheningideologicalpoliticalconstructionofthecontingentofcadresactivelycarriedoutvariousbusinesstrainingknowledgeoftheOfficeteamstructurehasbeenoptimizedtobroadentherangeofknowledgeoperationalcapacitygrowsnurturedap

5、oliticalfirmsharpprofessionalinnovativestaffcreatedsolidaritystrivingfthetoppragmaticdedicationgoodimage.HoweverwiththeStateCounciltheprovincialGovernmentofthenationaltheprovincesSecretaryGeneralmeetingofgovernmentoffice

6、sunderthenewsituationthefunctionspriitiescomparedtotherequirementsofourgapisstillverybig.MainisdailyinthepassivemeetofmeactiveresearchoflessservicealsohasnottimelynotinplaceofproblemwkinthemeetYutraditionalofprogramofofw

7、kwaydevelopinnovationspiritserviceinnovationcapacitynotstrongsupervisioninfmationwkpromoteddecisionimplementationofcontactenoughclosefeedbacksituationnotactiveresearchresourcesofusingenoughfullresearchresultsofintodegree

8、nothighsomesectdocumentsrunningnotspecificationMunicipalGovernmentOfficeontheCounty(district)municipalgovernmentsectOfficewkofguideenoughNorealfminteractionclosecollabationpromotetheimplementationofthewk.Theseproblemswem

9、usteffectivelybeaddressedinthefuturewk.SecondservetheoverallsituationcarryouttheirdutiesimprovequalitystrivetocreateanewsituationofsystemofgovernmentofficesinthecitysincelastseasonmeetingtheSecretaryGeneraloftheStateCoun

10、ciltheprovincialgovernmenthasheldagovernmentsystemfromaglobalstrategicheightscientificallyanalyzedthenewsituationthenewTasksonthesystemofgovernmentofficesbringnewsituationsnewproblemsnewchallengesprofoundlyexpoundedthewk

11、ofgovernmentdepartmentsatalllevelsinthenewerashouldbeputinthesituationtoundersttograsptodeployatanytimeunderanycircumstancesshouldalwaysfocusonthebigpicturefirmlygrasptheoverallsituationincreasingintheoverallimplementing

12、inearnestthewkofspontaneityinitiativeSecondlyweshouldstrengthentheteam.Aunitisateaminvarioussectionsoftheunitinsideisalsoasmallteam.Aunitwithateamspiritfmedateamresponsibilitycohesioncompetitiveness.YouwanttomakeaunitaDe

13、partmentwkimprovementmustbemeltinginsideafeelingofsolidaritymutualhelpfacommongoaldeterminedtoachievethespiritcultivatingastrongcollectivespiritteamresponsibilitysenseofhon.Therefeweneedtostartimprovingofficewkenhancethe

14、efficiencyofOfficewkstrivetobuildaconcerted...Fault.Inaccdancewiththerequirementsofmodernmanagementscienceestablishingstrictresponsibilitysystemofmanagementbyobjectives.Awkwhoisingewhoisingewhoisresponsiblewhatrightdothe

15、sepeoplehavewhatresponsibilityhastotruthfullyclearlyunderstood.DepartmentsatalllevelsshouldstrictlyimplementthecheckintheOfficeofpartyCommitteeevaluationsignificantaccountabilityrewardincentivesystempaycloseattentiontodu

16、tycashmakingunityrightsresponsibilitiestoinspireeachofcadresspiritmaleSupercourage.Investeeinsistsisadeeptopicisarealproblemisabigissue.TodayIjustcombinedthisyearthecitysCommunistPartyCommitteeOfficehadsomeroughtalkunder

17、stingwemuststrengthenresearchexchangesinthisregardinthefuture.InvesteeinthenewyearwemustholdhighthebannerofDengXiaopingtheythe“threerepresents“theythegreatbannerofunderthecrectleadershipoftheCPCadheretothepeopleientedins

18、istontruthadherefirsttoexcellenceefftstodoOfficewktoanewlevel.SpeechattheConferenceonthesystemofgovernmentofficesinthecityaroundthedevelopmentofservicefunctiontocreateanewsituationinthewkoftheOfficeofthecityssystemofGove

19、rnmentspeechattheConferenceonthesystemofgovernmentofficesinthecityThissystemofgovernmentofficeswkinginthecitysmaintaskistostudyGovernmentsystemsofadministrativesupervisionadministrativeinfmationadministrativereceptioninf

20、mationtechnologyissues.FthemeetingtheCityMayMahasmadeimptantinstructionstheMunicipalGovernmentOfficefullypreparedbrewingcombinedwithpracticalwktodevelopthenoticeonfurtherstrengtheningthesupervisionwktheXXChiefInfmationin

21、terimmeasuresf2005thecityssystemofGovernmentAdministrationinfmatizationconstructiontaskstatementotherdocuments.BefetheGeneralAssemblyganizationofcounties(districts)ofthescenetoobservetheGovernmentOfficeachievethepurposeo

22、fexchangesofwkthought.TodaytheTangMayalsoattendedthemeetingdeliveredanimptantspeechinthesthopegoodgraspofimplementation.NextIwouldliketomakeafewremarks.AaroundCenterlooksatdevelopmentstrengthenedservicecitygovernmentsyst

23、emOfficewkrenderingatmosphereinrecentyearscitygovernmentsystemOfficetosteadfastness.explicitlyputfwardthe“surroundingsituationpayattentiontoimplementation“istheceofgovernmentofficesrequiringgovernmentdepartmentsatallleve

24、lscannotbe“Gramophone““mailroom““theMessenger“isnotconfinedtopapercommunicationsyinglaisongwanguploadissue.MusttohasstronglyofimplementationconsciousnessthisisGovernmentOfficesectfirstbitoftasktofirstisdutyboundinsistedr

25、eptedtruthtoldtruthoutconfessdofactspragmaticeffectputwkoftopointsrealputtoresearchsolutionrefmdevelopmentstableintheofmajproblemShangputtoresearchsolutionmassesproductionlifeintheofurgentproblemShangputtoresearchsolutio

26、nwkintheexistsofhighlightproblemShangputanendtotoConferenceimplementConferencetofileimplementationfilenevercanmakessuperiofdecisiondeploymentina“implementation“Lostinthesound.SystemOfficeoftheGovernmentsectmusttakethelea

27、dinpartyGovernmentpoliciesthedeploymentcarryoutspecifictargetsintheimplementationefftsfexampleontheimplementationontheimplementationofaperfmance.CityGovernmentSystemOfficetoseriouslyimplementimplementationnationalProvinc

28、eGovernmentsystemSecretaryGeneralOfficeDirectConferencespiritaccdingtoaroundoverallgraspimplementationthisageneralrequirementsinsistedrefminnovationfurtherchangemanagementconceptmanagementfunctionsmanagementsystemmanagem

29、entmethodinsistedqualityfirstensurefledfgrassrootsfmassesprovidesqualityefficientserviceinsistedstrictlyrulepoliticalefftsconstructionasupptpoliticalfirmbusinessmasterservicepoliticalcleanstyleexcellentofOfficeteam.Concr

30、etewkmustdealwith“threerelationships“:oneistohlewelltherelationshipbetweenpassiveadaptationactiveservice.Officeservicefunctionstothepassiveaspectofitswkwhichrequiresustohostleadwhenactionmustbestrictlyinaccdancewiththein

31、tentionsrequirementsfleadershipwkwithinthelimitsofdelegatedauthitynotoffsideparticipationintheinterventionnotdecisionmakingcodinationisnotcontemplated.MeanwhileOfficewkmustbecomemeconsciousgivefullplaytotheinitiativewkto

32、somefeseeablebeproactivepreparedthinkingaheadprovidinginfmationactiveleadershipreflectthesituationaheadofgoodresearchreferencepointinkeyplacestopromoteoverallefficiency.Secondtohletherelationshipbetweenadministrativeserv

33、icestransactionservices.AdministrativeservicesServicesOfficeservicescomplementthetwoaspectsofthejob.Administrativeservicesistheceserviceisguaranteed.NotethatcombinesbothadheretogovernmentserviceasthemainlinetheChiefturns

34、aroundtheoverallsituationturnsaroundthedistrict.Ononehwillattachthreearepresentative“imptantthoughtfguideefftsadaptednewsituationnewtasknewrequirementstightlyaroundcityrefmdevelopmentofoverallfurtherchangefunctionsstreng

35、thenedservicedeterminedtoinnovationGovernmentSystemOfficeoverallwkofqualitylevelhashasnewofimprovefcityeconomicsocialdevelopmentmadehasdueofcontribution.1staffassistantffurtherstrengthening.Aroundthefocusofleadershipserv

36、icesactivelycarryoutresearchstudiesfalllevelsofGovernmentontheeventgrabglobalproposedanumberofsolutionswithahigherreferencevaluerecommendationsprovideabasisfimprovinggovernmentleadership.Aboutdevelopmentadjustmentofinter

37、estdifficultypeoplethefocusoftheproblemgivefullplaytotheofficesthatareinterlinkeddredgeaboutcontactcodinationoffunctionsindertoreduceconflicttoavoidomissionsfmajointfcepromotingtheGovernmenttoplayanactiveroleinthewkasawh

38、ole.WkingaroundGovernmentCenterimplementationsupervisionintensifiedbroadenedimprovedefficiencydocheckthefruitfruitassistingtheGovernmentinimplementationoftheAssistantroletoplayapowerfulimpetustotherealizationoftheobjecti

39、vesoftheGovernment.2theserviceareastofurtherexp.Thefullimplementationoftheopengovernmentpilotprojectstrengtheningcarrierconstructioninnovativefmsofpublicdeepeningpubliccontentextendstheopenrangeregulatepublicprocedureses

40、tablishmentofacityCountyTownshipvillageleveladministrationsystemtomeetthepeoplesrighttoknowcreatesconditionsftheeffectiveexerciseofsupervision.DevelopmentissuedtheXXmattersofsignificantpublicpolicyimplementationmeasuress

41、uchasthequestionofhearing6systemopenGovernmentcontinuestopromoteindepth.Establishedopenedthecity(County)longpublicphonessolvinganumberofconcernpeoplesimmediateinterestsproducehotspotsdifficultproblemsinlifebyallsectsofth

42、ecommunityalike.UniversalChiefwasbuiltstartingatthecitycountylevelsHallmassesservethecommunityftheGovernmenttoplayabetterWindowstie.WiththesystemofGovernmentOfficefhubconnectingtheCounty(district)thedepartmentsofmunicipa

43、lgovernmentWebsitesOfficedecisionmakingservicesystemhasbeenbuiltinthecityGovernmentOfficelocalareawkestablishedsignificantlyacceleratethepaceofofficeautomationinfmationwk.3improvedqualityproductivitywithnewwk.CitylevelsG

44、overnmentOfficeputpursuitqualityefficiencyasmeasureOfficeoverallwklevelofimptantstardpenduluminhighlightlocationaroundserviceoverallpaycloseattentiontotheimplementationthiscentralrightprocessinginheritedinnovationfullfoc

45、usonShangserviceonXiaserviceofrelationshipboldinnovationfocusedoneffectivenesspresentationofpolicysextargeted2013年分子生物學(xué)(分子遺傳學(xué))碩士生復(fù)習(xí)題1闡述你對(duì)基因概念的理解和詮釋。基因是編碼蛋白質(zhì)或RNA等具有特定功能產(chǎn)物的遺傳信息的基本單位,是染色體或基因組的一段DNA序列(對(duì)以RNA作為遺傳信息載體的RNA病毒而言則是

46、RNA),包活編碼序列(外顯子)、編碼區(qū)前后對(duì)于基因表達(dá)具有調(diào)控功能的序列和單個(gè)編碼序列間的間隔序列(內(nèi)含子)。基因是生物體傳遞和表達(dá)遺傳信息的基本單位,基因通過(guò)復(fù)制把遺傳信息傳遞給下一代,使后代出現(xiàn)與親代相似的性狀。1)染色體水平上的基因概念:孟德爾的豌豆雜交試驗(yàn)總結(jié)出生物的遺傳性狀是由遺傳因子控制的,肯定遺傳的物質(zhì)性。基因一詞由丹麥生物學(xué)家約翰遜提出。著名遺傳學(xué)家摩爾根對(duì)基因做出定義:基因在染色體上呈直線排列,基因是遺傳物質(zhì)的基因單

47、位和突變單位,基因是控制性狀的功能單位,它能產(chǎn)生對(duì)立的表現(xiàn)型,這意味基因是染色體上的一個(gè)特定區(qū)域。2)代謝水平上的基因概念:比德爾和塔特姆提出“一個(gè)基因一個(gè)酶”學(xué)說(shuō),只適用于同源多聚體構(gòu)成的酶類。本柔進(jìn)行了經(jīng)典的基因精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)分析,將比德爾提出的學(xué)說(shuō)發(fā)展為“一個(gè)基因一條多肽鏈”的概念,把遺傳功能單位稱為順?lè)醋印?)DNA分子水平的基因概念:Avery的細(xì)菌轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)驗(yàn)中指出:攜帶遺傳信息的是DNA而非蛋白質(zhì),Hershey和Chase對(duì)T4噬

48、菌體感染大腸桿菌證實(shí)遺傳的分子基礎(chǔ)是核酸,Waltson和Crick提出DNA雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)模型,從分子水平揭示了基因的結(jié)構(gòu)。Blake進(jìn)一步提出可能每一個(gè)外顯子相當(dāng)于蛋白質(zhì)的一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)單位,“一個(gè)外顯子,一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域”的精細(xì)表達(dá)。分子生物學(xué)的發(fā)展進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展了基因的概念,證明了基因不僅可以重疊,而且可被分離,有的基因并不被轉(zhuǎn)錄或不完全轉(zhuǎn)錄,而作為一個(gè)單位轉(zhuǎn)錄的也往往不是一個(gè)基因。以前認(rèn)為基因是在染色體上成直線排列的獨(dú)立單元,現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)一些相關(guān)的基

49、因在染色體上的排列并不是隨意的,而是由相關(guān)功能的基因構(gòu)成一個(gè)小的“家族”或基因群。隨分子水平上基因結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)了移動(dòng)基因、斷裂基因、假基因、重疊基因等。DNA分子上有遺傳效應(yīng)的節(jié)段可以分兩類:一類能轉(zhuǎn)錄,產(chǎn)生RNA分子,稱為轉(zhuǎn)錄基因;另一類不能轉(zhuǎn)錄,但對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)錄能起調(diào)節(jié)控制作用,稱為操縱基因。轉(zhuǎn)錄基因有mRNA基因、tRNA基因、rRNA基因和調(diào)節(jié)基因。其中mRNA基因通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯,能產(chǎn)生對(duì)應(yīng)的蛋白質(zhì),這種蛋白是細(xì)胞中重要的結(jié)構(gòu)

50、和功能物質(zhì),mRNA基因稱為結(jié)構(gòu)基因。調(diào)節(jié)基因通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯也能產(chǎn)生對(duì)應(yīng)蛋白,對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)錄基因有調(diào)節(jié)作用。tRNA基因、rRNA基因能轉(zhuǎn)錄,但不能翻譯成對(duì)應(yīng)的蛋白,只能在合成蛋白的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮特定作用,如果沒(méi)有tRNA基因、rRNA基因,蛋白質(zhì)的合成是不能進(jìn)行的。啟動(dòng)基因是RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄酶識(shí)別盒結(jié)合的序列,操縱基因是阻遏蛋白結(jié)合的序列,他們雖不能轉(zhuǎn)錄、翻譯成多肽,但這兩種特定的核苷酸序列發(fā)生改變,就會(huì)改變相應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)極影的活性,就此意義上講,他們也具有

51、特定的遺傳效應(yīng),所以也稱為基因。2舉例解釋蛋白質(zhì)二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)、超二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)(MOTIF)、三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)、DOMAIN和四級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)。蛋白質(zhì)二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)(secondarystructureofprotein)指它的多肽鏈中有規(guī)則重復(fù)的構(gòu)象,限于主鏈原子的局部空間排列,不包括與肽鏈其他區(qū)段的相互關(guān)系及側(cè)鏈構(gòu)象。二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)主要有α螺旋、β折疊、β轉(zhuǎn)角。常見(jiàn)的二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)有α螺旋和β折疊。二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)是通過(guò)骨架上的羰基和酰胺基團(tuán)之間形成的氫鍵維持的,氫鍵是穩(wěn)定二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的

52、主要作用力。α螺旋(αhelix):蛋白質(zhì)中常見(jiàn)的一種二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),肽鏈主鏈繞假想的中心軸盤繞成螺旋狀,一般都是右手螺旋結(jié)構(gòu),螺旋是靠鏈內(nèi)氫鍵維持的。每個(gè)氨基酸殘基(第n個(gè))的羰基氧與多肽鏈C端方向的第4個(gè)殘基(第n4個(gè))的酰胺氮形成氫鍵。在典型的右手α螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)中,螺距為0.54nm,每一圈含有3.6個(gè)氨基酸殘基,每個(gè)殘基沿著螺旋的長(zhǎng)軸上升0.15nm。螺旋的半徑為0.23nm。β折疊(βsheet)是蛋白質(zhì)中的常見(jiàn)的二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),是由伸展的多

53、肽鏈組成的。折疊片的構(gòu)象是通過(guò)一個(gè)肽鍵的羰基氧和位于同一個(gè)肽鏈或相鄰肽鏈的另一個(gè)酰胺氫之間形成的氫鍵維持的。氫鍵幾乎都垂直伸展的肽鏈,這些肽鏈可以是平行排列(走向都是由N到C方向);或者是反平行排列(肽鏈反向排列)。超二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)也稱之基元(motif)。是指在球狀蛋白質(zhì)分子的一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上,相鄰的二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)單位(α螺旋β折疊等)在三維折疊中相互靠近,彼此作用,在局部形成規(guī)則的二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)組合體,這種組合體就是超二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)。αα組合形式:若干二級(jí)

54、結(jié)構(gòu)可以特殊的幾何組合出現(xiàn)在蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)中,這些組合起來(lái)的結(jié)構(gòu)單元稱作超二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)或花樣。超二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)可與某些特殊的生物功能相聯(lián)系,也可僅作為結(jié)構(gòu)的組裝塊。α環(huán)α花樣是含有兩個(gè)α螺旋,并以一個(gè)環(huán)區(qū)域相連接的具有特殊功能的超二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)。在已知的蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)中觀察到兩種這樣的花樣,一種是DNA結(jié)合花樣,另一種是鈣結(jié)合花樣又稱EF手,每種都有自己的幾何形狀和所需的氨基酸殘基序列。EF手出現(xiàn)在來(lái)自肌肉的蛋白Parvalbumin,troponin以及ca

55、lmodulin等結(jié)構(gòu)中,它們通過(guò)結(jié)合鈣來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞功能的變化。EF手提供了一個(gè)維持鈣配基的支架用于結(jié)合和釋放鈣,這是人們?cè)诘鞍踪|(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)中首先認(rèn)識(shí)的功能花樣之一。ββ組合形式:發(fā)夾β或β環(huán)β花樣是兩條反平行的β鏈,通過(guò)一個(gè)環(huán)相連接構(gòu)成的超二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),在蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)中頻繁出現(xiàn)。Β回折中相鄰近的兩條β鏈易形成這種發(fā)夾β花樣。兩條β鏈之間的環(huán)的長(zhǎng)度不等,一般為25個(gè)殘基。與α環(huán)α花樣不同的是,發(fā)夾β花樣無(wú)特殊的功能。蛋白質(zhì)的三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)是指球狀蛋白質(zhì)的多

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