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1、外文資料翻譯HighRiseBuildingsIntroductionItisdifficulttodefineahighrisebuilding.Onemaysaythatalowrisebuildingrangesfrom1to2sties.Amediumrisebuildingprobablyrangesbetween34stiesupto1020stiesme.Althoughthebasicprinciplesofvertic
2、alhizontalsubsystemdesignremainthesameflowmediumhighrisebuildingswhenabuildinggetshightheverticalsubsystemsbecomeacontrollingproblemftworeasons.Higherverticalloadswillrequirelargercolumnswallsshafts.Butmesignificantlythe
3、overturningmomentthesheardeflectionsproducedbylateralfcesaremuchlargermustbecarefullyprovidedf.Theverticalsubsystemsinahighrisebuildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityloadfromstytostythusrequiringlargercolumnwallsectionstosupp
4、tsuchloading.Inadditionthesesameverticalsubsystemsmusttransmitlateralloadssuchaswindseismicloadstothefoundations.Howeverincontrasttoverticalloadlateralloadeffectsonbuildingsarenotlinearincreaserapidlywithincreaseinheight
5、.Fexampleunderwindloadtheoverturningmomentatthebaseofbuildingsvariesapproximatelyasthesquareofabuildingsmayvaryasthefourthpowerofbuildingsheightotherthingsbeingequal.Earthquakeproducesanevenmepronouncedeffect.Whenthestru
6、cturefalowmediumrisebuildingisdesignedfdeadliveloaditisalmostaninherentpropertythatthecolumnswallsstairelevatshaftscancarrymostofthehizontalfces.Theproblemisprimarilyoneofshearresistance.Moderateadditionbracingfrigidfram
7、esin“sht”buildingscaneasilybeprovidedbyfillingcertainpanels(evenallpanels)withoutincreasingthesizesofthecolumnsgirdersotherwiserequiredfverticalloads.Unftunatelythisisnotisfhighrisebuildingsbecausetheproblemisprimarilyre
8、sistancetomomentdeflectionratherthanshearalone.Specialstructuralarrangementswilloftenhavetobemadeadditionalstructuralmaterialisalwaysrequiredfthecolumnsgirderswallsslabsindertomadeahighrisebuildingssufficientlyresistantt
9、omuchhigherlateraldefmations.Aspreviouslymentionedthequantityofstructuralmaterialrequiredpersquarefootoffloofahighrisebuildingsisinexcessofthatrequiredflowrisebuildings.Theverticalcomponentscarryingthegravityloadsuchaswa
10、llscolumnsshaftswillneedtobestrengthenedoverthefullheightofthebuildings.Butquantityofmaterialrequiredfresistinglateralfcesisevenmesignificant.Withreinfcedconcretethequantityofmaterialalsoincreasesasthenumbersectionsinthe
11、following.ShearWallSystemsWhenshearwallsarecompatiblewithotherfunctionalrequirementstheycanbeeconomicallyutilizedtoresistlateralfcesinhighrisebuildings.Fexampleapartmentbuildingsnaturallyrequiremanyseparationwalls.Whenso
12、meofthesearedesignedtobesolidtheycanactasshearwallstoresistlateralfcestocarrytheverticalloadaswell.Fbuildingsuptosome20stisetheuseofshearwallsiscommon.Ifgivensufficientlengthsuchwallscaneconomicallyresistlateralfcesupto3
13、0to40stiesme.Howevershearwallscanresistlateralloadonlytheplaneofthewalls(i.e.notinadiretionperpendiculartothem).Therefeitisalwaysnecessarytoprovideshearwallsintwoperpendiculardirectionscanbeatleastinsufficientientationso
14、thatlateralfceinanydirectioncanberesisted.Inadditionthatwalllayoutshouldreflectconsiderationofanytsionaleffect.IndesignprogresstwomeshearwallscanbeconnectedtofromLshapedchannelshapedsubsystems.Indeedinternalshearwallscan
15、beconnectedtofromarectangularshaftthatwillresistlateralfcesveryefficiently.IfallexternalshearwallsarecontinuouslyconnectedthenthewholebuildingsactsastubeconnectedthenthewholebuildingsactsasatubeisexcellentShearWallSeyste
16、msresistinglateralloadstsion.Whereasconcreteshearwallsaregenerallyofsolidtypewithopeningswhennecessarysteelshearwallsareusuallymadeoftrusses.Thesetrussescanhavesinglediagonals“X”diagonals“K”arrangements.Atrussedwallwillh
17、aveitsmembersactessentiallyindirecttensioncompressionundertheactionofviewtheyoffersomeopptunitydeflectionlimitationpointofviewtheyoffersomeopptunityfperationbetweenmembers.Ofcoursetheinclinedmembersoftrussesmustbesuitabl
18、eplacedsoasnottointerferewithrequirementsfwiondowsfcirculationserviceperationsthoughthesewalls.Asstatedabovethewallsofelevatstaircaseutilityshaftsfmnaturaltubesarecommonlyemployedtoresistbothverticallateralfces.Sincethes
19、eshaftsarenmallyrectangularcircularincrosssectiontheycanofferanefficientmeansfresistingmomentsshearinalldirectionsduetotubestructuralaction.Butaprobleminthedesignoftheseshaftsisprovidedsufficientstrengtharounddoopeningso
20、therperationsthroughtheseelements.Freinfcedconcreteconstructionspecialsteelreinfcementsareplacedaroundsuchopening.Insteelconstructionheaviermerigidconnectionsarerequiredtoresistrackingattheopenings.Inmanyhighrisebuilding
21、sacombinationofwallsshaftscanofferexcellentresistancetolateralfceswhentheyaresuitablylocatedantconnectedtooneanother.Itisalsodesirablethatthestiffnessofferedthesesubsystemsbemelesssymmertricalinalldirections.RigidFrameSy
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