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1、Equilibrium07M07_CHE_SB_IBDIP_9755_U07.indd3102702201414:40Applicationsskills:●Theacteristicsofchemicalphysicalsystemsinastateofequilibrium.●Deductionoftheequilibriumconstantexpression(Kc)fromanequationfahomogeneousreact
2、ion.●Determinationoftherelationshipbetweendifferentequilibriumconstants(Kc)fthesamereactionatthesametemperature.GuidanceRelationshipbetweenKcvaluesfreactionsthataremultiplesinversesofoneanothershouldbecovered.●Applicatio
3、nofLeChatelier’sprincipletopredictthequalitativeeffectsofchangesoftemperaturepressureconcentrationonthepositionofequilibriumonthevalueoftheequilibriumconstant.GuidanceSpecificdetailsofanyindustrialprocessarenotrequired.P
4、hysicalsystemsConsiderwhathappenswhensomebromineBr2isplacedinasealedcontaineratroomtemperature.Asbromineisavolatileliquidwithaboilingpointclosetoroomtemperatureasignifcantnumberofparticles(moleculesofBr2)willhaveenoughen
5、ergytoescapefromtheliquidstatefmvapourintheprocessknownasevapation.Asthecontainerissealedthebrominevapourcannotescapesoitsconcentrationwillincrease.Someofthesevapourmoleculeswillcollidewiththesurfaceoftheliquidloseenergy
6、becomeliquidintheprocessknownascondensation.Br2(l)UuBr2(g)Br2(g)initialatequilibriumBr2(l)Therateofcondensationincreaseswiththeincreaseinconcentrationofvapourasmevapourparticlescollidewiththesurfaceoftheliquid.Eventually
7、therateofcondensationisequaltotherateofevapationatthispointtherewillbenochangeintheamountsofliquidgaspresent(Figure7.2).Wesaythatthesystemhasreachedequilibrium.ThiswillonlyoccurinaclosedsystemwheretheBr2(g)cannotescapeas
8、vapourbutmaycondensebackintotheliquid.evapationcondensationBrominestedinasealedjar.Thesystemisindynamicequilibriumsotheconcentrationsofliquidvapourdonotchangeatconstanttemperature.Figure7.1Establishingdynamicequilibriumi
9、ntheevapationofbromine.Equilibriumisestablishedwhentherateofevapationequalstherateofcondensation.Figure7.2Theratesofevapationcondensationasliquid–vapourequilibriumisestablishedinaclosedsystem.Therateofevapationisconstant
10、whiletherateofcondensationincreaseswithincreasingconcentrationofvapour.Equilibriumisestablishedwhenthetworatesareequal.raterateofevapation?rateofcondensationrateofcondensationrateofevapationtimeBromineistheonlynonmetalli
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