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1、AnalysisofsteeringinhizontaldirectionaldrillinginstallationsusingdownholemotsA.C.DRoyalaT.J.RiggallbD.N.ChapmanaaSchoolofCivilEngineeringUniversityofBirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB152TTUKbRiggallshapedjetcuttingbitsbitsmo
2、untedonbentsubsdrivenbymudmotsthefmerbeingutilisedinweakgroundconditionsthelatterinstrongerfmations.ThispaperanalysesadatasetofsurveydatafrompilotbesffiftyfourHDDinstallationsthatusedmudmotstoinvestigatetheparametersthat
3、impactuponthecontrolofthepositionofthedrillingbit.Thedrivesarebrokendownintosectionsofrotaryslidedrilledbepaththeseareinvestigatedseparately.Drillingpracticedrillingequipmentlengthofdrivethegeologyinwhichthebeisbeingesta
4、blishedwillhaveaneffectupontheabilitytocontrolthepositionofthedrillingbit.?2010ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionHizontaldirectionaldrilling(HDD)isaversatiletechniqueadaptedfromoilfieldtechnologythatisincreasin
5、glybeingusedtoinstallcablespipesunderriversinfrastructure.HDDtraditionallyusestwocuttingtoolsshapedblades(thatjetcutwithdrillingmud)fsoftsoilsdownholedrillbitspoweredbymudmotsfstrongerfmations.Thispaperfocusesuponthecont
6、rolofsteeringHDDpilotbescreatedusingdownholemudmots.FiftyfourHDDinstallationscomprising86drivesover42kmwereinvestigatedusingsiteinvestigationsurveydataHDDoperats’steeringrecds(developedpritoinstallationtoensurethatthedes
7、iredbepathisachieved)recdeddrillingdatatoanalysetheperfmanceofHDDinvariousgroundconditions.Theinstallationsinvestigatedusedtriconeroller(TCR)bitswithoutstabilisingelementswithinthedownholeassembly.Thoseinstallationsusing
8、polycrystallinediamondcompact(PDC)bitsstabiliserswereidentifiedasbeingundertakenin‘problematic’groundconditionswerenotinvestigated.Thedatafeachdrivewasganisedintosectionsdescribingeachlengthofrotarydrillingslidedrillingu
9、sedtoestablishthebepath.TheratioofactualsteeringperfmanceagainstpredictedperfmancewasidentifiedfeachofthesectionstodeterminethefactsthatimpactuponsteeringcontrolinHDDinstallations(followingtheapproachbyLessoetal.1999Stud
10、eretal.2007).ThestudyidentifiedanumberoffactsthatimpactupontheabilitytocontrolsteeringinHDDincludingthelengthofslidedrilledsectionsthedistancefromthedrillingrigtothedownholeassemblythedrillbittypebendangleofthebentsubthe
11、geologyinwhichtheinstallationtakesplace.PritothepresentationoftheresultsfromtheinvestigationofthesefactsabriefsummaryontheuseofdownholeassembliesinHDDinstallationstheneedtocontrolsteeringinHDDisgiven.2.Controlofsteeringi
12、nHDDinstallationsusingdownholemotsPositivedisplacementdownholemotsareincpatedintodrillstringswithbentsubstopowerrotarydrillbitsthatare08867798$seefrontmatter?2010ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016j.tust.2010.06.00
13、4Abbreviations:BURbuilduprate(?m)DBRdrillingbuildrate(?m)DTRdrillingturnrate(?m)HDDhizontaldirectionaldrilling(dimensionless)MTmilltooth(TCRbit)(dimensionless)PDCpolycrystallinediamondcompact(dimensionless)ROPrateofperat
14、ion(mmin)SBEslidingbuildeffectiveness(dimensionless)STEslidingturneffectiveness(dimensionless)SBRslidingbuildrate(?m)STRslidingturnrate(?m)TCRtriconeroller(dimensionless)TCItungstencarbide(TCRbit)(dimensionless)WOBweight
15、onbit(kN).Crespondingauth.Tel.:44(0)1214145141fax:44(0)1214143675.Emailaddress:(A.C.DRoyal).TunnellingUndergroundSpaceTechnology25(2010)754–765ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectTunnellingUndergroundSpaceTechnologyjour
16、nalhomepage:locatetustchangeinsurveystrategyisneededi.e.toincreasesurveyfrequencymovetowardscontinuoussurveyingtoimprovethecontrolofbitpositioning.TheauthsofthispaperbelievethatwhilstthesurveyingdistanceinHDDislessthanin
17、theoilfieldindustry(10mintervalsinsteadofevery30m)continuoussurveyingtiedintostaticsurveysevery10m(attheinstallationofanewdrillrodintothedrillstring)wouldbeequallyapplicabletoHDDinstallationswouldprovideincreasedcertaint
18、yinthepositionalcontrolofthedownholeassembly.6.FactsidentifiedinoilfielddrillingthatimpactuponthecontrolofsteeringPreviousresearchundertakeninpositionalcontrolofdownholeassembliestendstorefertooilfieldapplicationsfocusup
19、ontheuseofPDCbitswhichisnotfelttobedirectlyrelevanttotheHDDindustry.HoweveranumberoffactshavebeenidentifiedthatmayberelevanttoHDDinstallationsincludethecompressivestrengthoftherock(Lessoetal.1999Hareletal.2000)changesinr
20、ockstrength(bothlaminationsinterbeddingwithinthestrataBouallegetal.2006)thedipofthefmation(StockhausenLesso2003b)thetypeofdownholeassemblyused(Lessoetal.1999Studeretal.2007)theROP(Ernstetal.2007Lessoetal.1999)theWOB(Less
21、oetal.1999Studeretal.2007)bitwalk(LiuShi2002)toolfaceangle(Lessoetal.1999Studeretal.2007)stabilisers(thatamplifythesizeofdoglegscreatedbymigrationawayfromlinelevel).Lessoetal.(1999)Studeretal.(2007)bothdevelopedapproache
22、stoinvestigatetherelationshipbetweentheapparatusused(withintheoilfieldindustry)steeringresponse.Lessoetal.(1999)investigated4600drivesbyaveragingthesteeringperfmancefthedrivethenundertakingaclusteranalysis.Finiteelementm
23、odelswerecreatedtopredictthebehaviourof‘typical’downholeassemblies(basedontheresultsoftheclusteranalysis)themodelswereusedtoundertakeaparametricstudytoidentifyimptantparametersonsteeringresponse(asdescribedabove).Studere
24、tal.(2007)developedaprogramthatcanbeusedinpostanalysistoinvestigatedrillingperfmance.Themodelbreaksadriveintosegmentscomparespredictedperfmance(derivedfromusersuppliedvariables)withactualperfmance.Inlightofthepreviousres
25、earchundertakenonsteeringcontrolinoilfielddrillingtheanalysisofcontrolofsteeringinHDDinstallationsreptedinthispaperbroadlyfollowtheapproachundertakenbyLessoetal.(1999)Studeretal.(2007).Thedatasetswerebrokendownintosectio
26、nsthesurveyedvalueswerecomparedtotheeticalvalues.ThemodifieddatasetswerethenusedinaparametricstudytoassesstherelativeimptanceofvariousfactsonthecontrolthepositionofHDDdownholeassemblies.Theparametricstudyincludedthelengt
27、hofslidedrilledsectionsthedistancefromthedrillingrigtothedownholeassemblythedrillbittypethestatedperfmanceofthedownholeassemblythebendangleofthebentsub.Themethodologyusedtocreatethemodelleddatatheoutcomesoftheparametrics
28、tudyarereptedinthefollowingsectionsofthepaper.7.AnalysisofsteeringHDDpilotbesThedatausedinthisstudycomprisedthreefmatsdrillinginfmation(locationdrillingconditionsdrillingmudpressuresflowratesdownholeassemblyusedbittosens
29、lengthetc.)steeringinfmation(fmaliseddeionofoperat’sproceduresthroughouttheinstallation)thesurveyeddata.Thedataspansa10yearperioddescribesHDDinstallationsbeingundertakenin13countriesby20companies.Itisunderstoodthatin10ye
30、arschangesintechnologypracticecouldhaveaneffectupontheanalysis.HoweverthedatawasincludedasasignificantdatasetwasrequiredtoinvestigatewhichparametershaveaneffectonthecontrolofsteeringitwasfeltthatHDDsteeringtechnologyhadn
31、otchangedsignificantlywithinthisperiod.8.PreparationofthedatasetfuseinthestudyThemajityofbitsusedinthisstudywereTCRwithoutstabilisers.TherefedatasetsbasedonPDCdragbitstabiliseddownholeassemblieswereremovedfromthedatasetu
32、sedinthestudy.Datawasalsoremovediftheinfmationprovidedwasinsufficientftheneedsoftheproject.Occasionallythedrillingrecdswouldstatethatconditionsencounteredwere‘difficult’‘problematic’althoughfurtherinfmationprovidinginsig
33、htastowhythismaybethecasewerenotsupplied.Intheseinstancesthedrillingrecdswerealsorejectedfromthedatasetbecauseitwasnotpossibletoquantifywhythegroundwas‘problematic’nhow‘difficult’groundimpacteduponsteeringcontrolitwasfel
34、tthatitwouldbeinappropriatetoincludesuchdatawithintheanalysis.Itisunderstoodthat‘difficult’groundconditionswouldbeofinteresttoanyinvestigationthatconsideredthecontrolofHDDsteeringassuchcasescouldresultinextremedeviations
35、fromdesiredbepath.‘Difficult’groundisatermoftenusedtodescribewhencavitiesfracturesfaultsboulderscobbleswereencountered.Deviationscausedbythesestructuresaredifficulttoestimatewithoutpriknowledgeoftheirientationrelativetot
36、hedrillalignment.Predictionofdeviationsindifficultgroundisbelievedtobeimpracticalwithoutdetailedmappingofthegeologicalstructuresinwhichthebepathisbeingdrilled.Apotentialmethodtocompilesuchinfmationwouldbetopullgeophysica
37、lloggingequipmentthroughthecompletedbepathsomethingtheauthsareunawareofbeingundertakeninHDDcertainlyhadnotbeenundertakenintheinstallationsinvestigatedherein.Intotalapproximately16installationswereremovedasnotbeingsuitabl
38、efthisstudy(72installationswith130driveswereinitiallyinvestigated).TheHDDprojectlocationnumberofdrivesundertakenduringtheinstallationapproximatemaximumdrivelengthwithintheinstallationcanbefoundinTable1.Fthepurposesofanal
39、ysistheinstallationdatawastabulateddividedintosectionsdescribingchangesinthedrillingsliding(infmedbythedriller’slogs)duringinstallation.Thesurveydata(azimuthinclinationdata)combinestofmthe3Dbepathcreatedduringtheinstalla
40、tionalthoughfthepurposesofthisstudythedatawasanalysedintwoplanes(hizontalverticaltermedturnbuildrespectivelyFig.2).Thesignconventionfbuildturnisdefinedhereinas:buildispositivewhenmovingtowardsthehighsidenegativetowardsth
41、elowsideturnispositiveturningtotherightsidenegativetowardstheleftside.Therateofcurvature(?m)wascalculatedinbothplanes(Table2)feachsectionofdrilling(drillingturnratedrillingbuildrateDTRDBRrespectively)sliding(slidingturnr
42、ateslidingbuildrateSTRSBRrespectively).ThemeasureddistanceinTable2referstothedistancetravelledduringeachphaseofdrillingsliding(calculatedfromthechangeindistancefromdrillingrigtobit).Theabilitytoachievethedesiredcurvature
43、duringthedrivewasassessedbydividingthecurveratesachievedineachsection(STRSBR)bythepredictedcurverateofthedownholeassemblyintheturnbuildplanes.Thepredictedbuildturnratesinitiallyusedthemanufacturer’srateofcurvaturequotedi
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