[雙語翻譯]--外文翻譯--論混凝土開裂的概率模型——從局部到整體（原文）

1、ORIGINAL ARTICLEFrom local to global probabilistic modeling of concrete crackingJ.-L. Tailhan ? S. Dal Pont ? P. RossiReceived: 10 November 2009 / Accepted: 5 March 2010 / Published online: 2 April 2010 ? Springer-Verlag

2、 2010Abstract The description of cracks in concrete is crucial when dealing with life expectancy of structures such as dams, nuclear power plants vessels, waste (nuclear or not) storage structures, tunnels, etc. The main

3、 objective is not only to describe the growth of a preexisting flaw, but also to predict the genesis and formation of cracks in an initially flaw-free structure (at least at the macroscopic level) sub- jected to tension.

4、 The presented paper provides a macro- scopic model for tensile cracking (i.e., a model adequate for describing the behavior at the structure level), capable at the same time of providing information on the local respons

5、e (i.e., cracks). The model takes into account scale effects as well as the heterogeneous nature of concrete via appropriate, experimentally validated, size effect laws and via a statistical distribution of mechanical pr

6、operties. Results are provided and validated via a 2D comparison with an original experimental test.1 IntroductionCracks form a barrier for heat conduction and create preferential flow paths for fluids, gas and pollutant

7、s, i.e., their description is crucial in predicting the life expectancy of structures such as dams, nuclear power plants vessels, waste (nuclear or not) storage structures, tunnels, etc. A critical point is to predict th

8、e genesis and formation of cracks in an initially flaw-free structure (at least at the macroscopic level) and not only describing the growth of apreexisting flaw. In the literature a number of approaches for describing t

9、he nucleation/evolution of cracks can be found: however, results are rarely predictive [1], especially when crack openings and spacings are concerned. The experimental analyses held at LCPC since more than 20 years [2, 3

10、, 4, 5, 6, 7] have lead to the observation that these phenomena can be correctly described by explicitly taking into account concrete heterogeneity (which is at the origin of volume effects) in the frame of a probabilist

11、ic approach. An original model based on these concepts has been first proposed by [8, 9] and more recently by [10]. The final objective of the research held at LCPC on concrete cracking mechanisms is to develop a macrosc

12、opic continuum 3D model, integrating heterogeneity and vol- ume effects via a probabilistic approach, adapted for the cracking analysis of full-scale civil engineering structures. In such structural analyses, 3D modeling

13、 turns out to be necessary [7]. However, as a first step, the proposed approach has been developed in 2D (plane stresses) and has been validated on a simple but significative experimental test in order to evaluate the pe

14、rtinence of the proposed analysis. The choice in favor of a continuum approach is justified for different reasons. Firstly, the objective is to develop a model which is suitable for real structures. Macroscopic continuum

15、 models are often preferred by engineers due to the existence of a well-established theoretical framework (thermodynamics of irreversible processes) and the possi- bility to use measurable macroscopic parameters/variable

16、s and evolution laws. Moreover, the numerical implementa- tion in the context of the finite element method is quite natural and robust solving algorithms are widely available. A continuum model has also some advantages o

17、ver discrete models such as interface models [8, 4] and lattice models [11]. Indeed, continuum approaches are less demanding asJ.-L. Tailhan (Fig. 1 Tensile strength mean value/dispersion evolutions: experimental data an