[雙語翻譯]停車場外文翻譯--美國雜亂無序停車場的環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)成本

1、5200 英文單詞， 英文單詞，2.7 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 8600 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Davis A Y, Pijanowski B C, Robinson K, et al. The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States[J]. Land Use Policy, 2010, 27(2): 2

2、55-261.The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United StatesAmélie Y. Davis, Bryan C. Pijanowski, Kimberly Robinson, Bernard EngelAbstractUrban sprawl is considered by most environmenta

3、l scientists and urban planners to be a serious environ- mental problem. However, public perception about parking availability often forces planning offices to recommend parking lot sizes that exceed daily demands. The r

4、ecent trend of increasing the size of stores, churches and even schools comes with increasing the size of parking lots that service these buildings. The objective of this paper is to analyze space allocation of parking l

5、ots in a typical mid-western county and to estimate the supply of parking spaces to potential demand. We also estimate the loss of ecosystem services represented by the area of parking lots in this county. We found that

6、parking lots cover 5.65 km2 (1 397 acres) of Tippecanoe County, Indiana which implies that 0.44% of the county area is devoted to parking lots. Our results show that there are approximately 2.2 parking spaces per registe

7、red vehicle, that parking lots make up more than 6.57% of the total urban footprint in this county, that the area of park- ing lots exceeded the area of parks in the city limits by a factor of three and that parking lot

8、runoff and pollutants are significant compared to runoff and pollutants from these areas prior to their conversion to parking lots. As other authors have done before us we lament the poor use of land in urban regions of

9、the United States, and encourage planners to think creatively about the use of land for parking.Keywords: Parking ;Automobile ;Parking lots; Parking spaces; Environmental impacts; Economic costs; Impervious surface ;Runo

10、ff; Heat islandsIntroductionAmerica’s love affair with the automobile is well known (Alvord, 2000). However, little is reported on the amount of space devoted to parking our vehicles as we shop, work, worship, or attend

11、school. Paved parking surfaces, also known as parking lots, are an insidious partner of increased urbanization particularly in regions experiencing rapid development. The national estimate of urban coverage is between 2%

12、 and 5%, and it is increasing rapidly (Jin and Zhang, 2002; Imhoff et al., 2000). Frequently cited culprits of urban sprawl have been residential development and shopping malls (Squires, 2002), but the proportion of the

13、urban landscape dedicated solely to parking lots has not been systematically documented.Parking lots are considered unattractive and hostile (Gibbons, 1999); they can increase congestion and lower land values (Wilson, 19

14、95), undermine walkability, are generally oversupplied (Mukhija and Shoup, 2006) and are a subtle subsidy to the automotive industry. Indeed we spend an inordinate amount of money and land to park our cars (Manville and

15、Shoup, 2005) at the expense of the environment, and the expansion of public transportation.Several decision making factors contribute toward large parking lots. First, most businesses when applying for a building permit

16、determine the number of spaces they will need for the day of metrics;(4) several perspective metrics, which relate the parking lot area to more meaningful comparative (or easily relatable) values; (5) impact of parking l

17、ots to the distribution of parking spaces by land use category for a high density urban cover portion of the study area, and (6) estimate the impact of parking lots in the county to ecological services and the amount of

18、runoff produced by the imperviousness of the parking lots. Finally our discussion attempts to describe economic ramifications of excessive numbers of parking spaces and discusses how planning impacts parking lot size.Mea

19、suring parking lots and calculating parking spacesWe used geographical information systems (GIS) to delineate parking lots from high resolution aerial photography for Tippecanoe County, which is located in western Indian