[雙語翻譯]城市治理外文翻譯--中國城市環(huán)境治理的創(chuàng)新

1、英文 英文 1900 單詞， 單詞，11900 英文單詞，中文 英文單詞，中文 3350 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Mol A P. Urban environmental governance innovations in China[J]. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2009, 1(1):96-100.Urban environmental governance

2、innovations in ChinaArthur PJ MolChina’s system of environmental governance is changing rapidly, resulting in new environmental institutions and practices. State authorities rule increasingly via laws and decentralise en

3、vironmental policymaking and implementation. Non-state actors – both private companies and (organised) citizens – are given and taking more responsibilities and tasks in environmental governance. This results in new rela

4、tions between state, market and civil society in environmental governance, with more emphasis on efficiency, accountability and legitimacy. The diffusion of these governance innovations throughout China as well as their

5、environmental effectiveness will be focal points for future research.IntroductionWhile national systems of environmental governance in most OECD countries have shown a considerable degree of stability over the past two d

6、ecades, in China environ- mental governance is in flux [1]. Between 1991 and 2007, the staff of state environmental authorities increased from 70 000 to well over 170 000 and governmental environ- mental investments incr

7、eased from RMB 10 billion to RMB 340 billion (and from 0.6% of GDP to 1.36% of GDP). Equally astonishing is the – still ongoing – trans- formation in environmental governance institutions, the subject of this review. The

8、 reasons behind these dynamics in environmental governance are manifold. A period with unprecedented economic growth and a massive increase in urbanisation have accelerated natural resource use and environmental pollutio

9、n dramatically, certainly over the past decade. Secondly, both new state– market relations following the transition of the former centrally planned economy and inadequate state environ- mental authorities called for new

10、modes of – and new actors in – environmental governance. Third, higher living standards of especially the urban population and a less rigid authoritarian state provided room for more civil expressions of environmental di

11、scontent. This further pushed reforms in environmental policy-making. And lastly, the rapid integration in the world economy and polity increased international and national demands for new state policies [2]. This articl

12、e reviews some of the most important recent innovations in urban environmental governance in China.Transitions within the environmental state systemInternally, the system of environmental state organisations in China is

13、showing remarkable changes since the turn of the millennium, of which four deserve mentioning.First, the content of environmental policy-making is rapidly modernised and updated. New environmental laws, such as the Clean

14、er Production Promotion Law (of 2002) [3], the Environmental Information Disclosure Decree (of 2008), and the Law on Promoting Circular Economy (of 2009), and new environmental policy instruments, such as voluntary agree

15、ments [4] and emission trading [5], point at a harmonisation of China’s environmental policy with that of OECD countries. But operationalisation and implementation of these modern environmental strategies keep some of th

16、eir Chinese characteristics: low fines, an emphasis on promotion rather than regulation, and a complicated division of responsibilities between horizontal and vertical lines. Regardless the strong international influence

17、 and cooperation, some typically Chinese including opinion surveys, consultations, seminars, debates, and hearings [15]. Through public hearings citizens also become more involved, for instance in setting prices for wate

18、r and wastewater treatment at the city level [16]. Citizens are also actively engaged in monitoring and are (financially) stimulated to file environmental complaints on environ- mental misbehaviour of companies and on im

19、plementation failures by lower-level environmental authorities [17,18](see Figure 1).Using markets and pricesCentrally planned economies did a poor job in setting the right price signals for a sustainable use of natural

20、resources and a minimisation of environmental pollution. With a turn to a social market economy this is changing. In China, environmental protection slowly becomes part of markets, prices and competition, in four ways.Fi

21、rst, subsidies on natural resources (such as water and energy) are rapidly being abandoned, turning natural resource prices towards cost prices. For instance, water prices for citizens, industries and farmers, for instan

22、ce, have increased sharply over the past decade, often with 10% or more per year [19,20]. Energy prices have also lost part of their subsidies. Higher energy prices contributed to higher energy efficiencies [21]. Sometim

23、es, lower income groups are financially compensated for steep price increases. But natural resource prices seldom reflect all costs for repair of damage and environmental externalities.Second, economic incentives, fees a

24、nd taxes are increasingly used, to influence (economic) decision-making of polluters. In particular, discharge fees (related to the amount of pollution, or the amount of pollution in excess of standards) are common. In 2

25、007 environmental authorities received around 174 billion RMB waste dis- charge fees, and this amount has been increasing over the past five years with 20–30% annually. Between 2000 and 2008, the average wastewater treat

26、ment charge per m3 in the 36 largest cities increased with almost 300%. (China Statistical Yearbook on Environment, various editions). Fees are higher in heavily polluted and economically developed areas. Many small and

27、rural industries still managed to escape payment owing to lack of enforcement. In addition to these fees, a growing number of pilot projects on payments for environmental services can be witnessed, where resource consume

28、rs are financially compensated for less resource use (or less pollution) [22].Third, private companies are increasingly becoming involved in executing public tasks and services on the environment. Urban service provision

29、ing in drinking and wastewater [23], energy [24], and solid waste management experiences all kinds of new public–private partner- ship models. Private (inter)national capital is included to remove financial shortages, po

30、or service quality and inefficient operation. Environmental service functions of provincial environmental authorities are also partly privatised and commercialised (such as monitoring, education and information dissemina

31、tion; [25]).Fourth, in the wake of China’s accession to the WTO, market demand increasingly triggers transparency, information disclosure [26] and greening of products and production processes. Supply chains start to art

32、iculate environmental interests [27]. In China, a significant number of domestic labelling programs for green, organic, and healthy products have started, among others, in the field of food products, energy conservation,

33、 water conservation, and building materials [28,18]. Although a domestic market does exist for green labels, most of the organic food production is for the international market. While company social responsibility report