[雙語翻譯]外文翻譯--滑坡和洪水對公路網(wǎng)的經(jīng)濟影響

1、3600 英文單詞， 英文單詞，1.9 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 5900 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Winter M G, Shearer B, Palmer D, et al. The economic impact of landslides and floods on the road network[J]. Procedia engineering, 2016, 143: 1425-1434.The Economic

2、Impact of Landslides and Floods on the Road NetworkMike G Winter, Barbara Shearer, Derek Palmer, David Peeling, Clare Harmer and Jonathan SharpeAbstractEven in the absence of serious injuries and fatalities, landslide an

3、d flood events can have significant socio-economic impacts. These include the severance of access to and from relatively remote communities for services and markets for goods; employment, health and educational opportuni

4、ties; and social activities. The economic impacts can be classified as: direct economic impacts, direct consequential economic impacts, and indirect consequential economic impacts. In addition, the vulnerability shadow c

5、ast can be extensive and its geographical extent can be determined by the transport network rather than the relatively small footprint of the event itself. Using a number of debris flow events and a flood event in Scotla

6、nd this paper places values on the economic impacts of landslides and floods. It also demonstrates the widespread impact of the events by means of the vulnerability shadow that is cast..Keywords: Landslides, debris flow,

7、 roads, economics, management; mitigation1. IntroductionIn Scotland in August 2004 a series of debris flows was associated with monthly average rainfall substantially in excess of the norm. Critically, some of the result

8、ing landslides affected important parts of the trunk (strategic) road network, linking not only cities but also smaller, remote communities. Notable events occurred at the A83 between Glen Kinglas and to the north of Cai

9、rndow (9 August), the A9 to the north of Dunkeld (11 August), and the A85 at Glen Ogle (18 August). While there were no major injuries, the most dramatic events occurred at the A85 Glen Ogle, where 57 people had to be ai

10、rlifted to safety when they became trapped between two major debris flows.The A83 Rest and be Thankful site, while not affected in August 2004, has been extremely active in recent years with multiple debris flow events a

11、nd associated closures; events in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2014 had an adverse effect on the travelling public. This has meant that the area has become the focus of not only concern but also of extensive landslid

12、e management and mitigation activity. This culminated in a study being commissioned to assess and make recommendations on potential landslide remediation actions (Anon., 2013a; Winter employment, health and educational

13、opportunities; and social activities.The A83, carrying up to 5,000 vehicles per day (all vehicles two-way, 24 hour annual average daily traffic, AADT) was closed for slightly in excess of a day, the A9 (carrying 13,500 v

14、ehicles per day) was closed for two days prior to reopening, initially with single lane working under convoy, and the A85 (carrying 5,600 vehicles per day) was closed for four days. The traffic flow figures are for the m

15、ost highly trafficked month of the year (July or August). Minimum flows occur in either January or February and are roughly half those of the maxima reflecting the ongoing viability of, local business? Manufacturing and

16、agriculture (e.g. forestry in western Scotland and coffee production in Jamaica) are a concern as access to markets is constrained, the costs of access are increased and business profits are affected and short-term to lo

17、ng-term viability may be adversely affected. Perhaps of even more concern are the impacts on tourist (and other service economy) businesses. It is important to understand how the reluctance of visitors to travel to and

18、within 'landslide areas' is affected after an event that has received publicity and/or caused casualties and how a period of inaccessibility (reduced or complete) affects the short- and long-term travel patterns

19、 to an area for tourist services. Such costs form a fundamental element of the overall economic impact on society of such events. They are thus important to governments as they should affect the case for the assignation

20、of budgets to landslide risk mitigation and remediation activities. However, these are also the most difficult costs to determine as they are generally widely dispersed both geographically and socially. Additionally, in

21、an environment in which compensation might be anticipated, albeit often erroneously, those that have the best data, the businesses affected by such events, are also those that anticipate such compensatory events.The vuln

22、erability shadow cast can be extensive and its geographical extent can be determined by the transport network, including closures and diversionary routes, rather than the relatively small footprint of the event itself (W

23、inter the vulnerability shadow can be estimated to be of the order of 2,800km2 (Figure 1) which is, for the purpose of comparison, approximately two-and-a-half times the total land area of Hong Kong SAR.The economic imp

24、act and the vulnerability shadow are concepts that apply equally to other discrete climate driven events that have the potential to close parts of the road network such as flood events. Like landslides such flood events

25、are generally thought to be likely to increase in frequency as a result of climate change (Galbraith et al., 2005; Anon., 2011; Winter et al., 2010; Winer the vulnerability shadow that was cast (bounded in red) was exte