[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]汽車保險(xiǎn)外文翻譯--手機(jī)禁令如何影響汽車保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)（英文）

1、HOW CELLPHONE BANS AFFECT AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE MARKETSJ. Bradley Karl Charles NyceABSTRACTIn this article, we examine the effect of laws prohibiting the hand-held use of a cellphone while driving on the automobile insura

2、nce market. Our research is motivated by prior studies that present evidence that the enactment of such laws alters drivers’ behaviors in ways that reduce the risk of automobile accidents. We posit that that, by extensio

3、n, these laws should also lead to reductions in the amount of losses paid by private passenger automobile physical damage insurers. Our analysis indicates that the enactment of a ban on the hand-held use of a cellphone w

4、hile driving reduces the incurred losses and incurred loss ratios of automobile insurers by approximately 3 percent, suggesting that these bans have important economic consequences not previously documented in the litera

5、ture. Additional analysis suggests that hand-held cellphone bans eventually lead to incremental reductions in premiums, but we do not observe these reductions in premiums until a couple of years following the enactment o

6、f a ban. Our analysis of automobile insurance losses also represents a departure from most prior studies of cellphone bans and therefore contributes to the ongoing debate in the public health literature regarding the ext

7、ent to which hand-held cellphone bans have implications for traffic safety.INTRODUCTIONThe safety of individuals operating automobiles is a paramount public health concern. Automobile crashes are a leading cause of death

8、 in the United States, and each year, millions of motorists are given emergency treatments for injuries arising out of automobile accidents (Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, 2015). In response, policymakers ha

9、ve enacted a variety of measures aimed at reducing the frequency and/or severity of automobile accidents, the most recent of which involves restricting the use of cellphones while driving. Proponents of these laws argue

10、that the use of a cellphone while driving distracts the driver, thereby increasing the likelihood that a traffic accident will occur. As a result, it is suggested that policies banning the use of cellphones while driving

11、 alter the behavior of drivers in a way thatJ. Bradley Karl is at East Carolina University. Karl can be contacted via e-mail: karlj@ecu.edu. Charles Nyce is at the Florida State University. Nyce an be contacted via e-mai

12、l: cnyce@fsu.edu.© 2017 The Journal of Risk and Insurance. Vol. 9999, No. 9999, 1–27 (2017). DOI: 10.1111/jori.122241Our empirical analysis suggests that hand-held cellphone bans lead to reductions in incurred losse

13、s and improvements in underwriting performance for private passenger automobile physical damage insurers. More specifically, our results suggest that the average automobile insurer in our sample experiences approximately

14、 a 3 percent reduction in the amount of losses incurred in a given state following the enactment of a law banning the hand-held use of cellphones while driving. Our analysis also suggests that incurred loss ratios declin

15、e by approximately 2.6 percent in states that enact a cellphone ban. While we do not find evidence that premiums are immediately reduced as a result of the enactment of a hand-held cellphone ban, we present evidence of m

16、arginal reductions in premiums beginning 2 years after a ban is enacted, suggesting that the loss-reducing effects of hand-held cellphone bans are eventually reflected in premiums. Overall, our evidence is consistent wit

17、h the notion that by improving traffic safety outcomes, laws banning the hand-held use of cellphones while driving have a meaningful economic effect on the private passenger automobile physical damage insurance marketpla

18、ce.Our article proceeds as follows. We first provide background on the effects of hand- held cellphone bans and their potential impact on the automobile insurance market. We then discuss the sample we use to examine the

19、hypothesized relation between hand-held cellphone bans and automobile insurers’ losses, loss ratios, and premiums. After that, we discuss our empirical methods and results. A final section provides concluding remarks tha

20、t highlight the economic significance of our findings and the associated contribution to the existing literature.BACKGROUNDDuring the past three decades, cellphone ownership grew dramatically among Americans and it is es

21、timated that over 90 percent of individuals owned a cellphone in 2014. As a result, researchers began to consider how the proliferation of cellphones in the United States affected driving performance and several studies

22、identified a positive correlation between the hand-held use of a cellphone while driving and the risk of an automobile accident.1 Motivated by the apparent link between hand-held cellphone use and accident risk, many pol

23、icymakers began considering enacting laws that would prohibit drivers from using cellphones while operating a motor vehicle. These policymakers recognized the empirical evidence indicating other laws, unrelated to cellph

24、one use, had significantly changed drivers’ behaviors in ways that reduced the risk of an accident by, for example, increasing seat-belt use or decreasing drunk driving (e.g., Wells, Preusser, and Williams, 1992; Dinh-Za

25、rr et al., 2001; Farmer and Williams, 2005). Laws banning the hand-held use of a cellphone while driving were expected to have similar,1For example, Redelmeier and Tibshirani (1997) and McEvoy et al. (2005) both find evi

26、dence indicating that the hand-held use of a cellphone increases the risk of an automobile crash by a factor of four. Other researchers, using a variety of study designs and data sources, provide additional evidence that

27、 the use of a cellphone while driving significantly increases the likelihood of an automobile accident (e.g., Klauer et al., 2006; McCartt, Hellinga, and Braitman, 2006; Klauer et al., 2014).CELLPHONE BANS AND AUTOMOBILE