[雙語翻譯]綠色稅收外文翻譯--基于環(huán)境稅的可持續(xù)環(huán)境保護方法的綜合建模（英文）

1、Qayum et al. Environ Syst Res (2016) 5:23 DOI 10.1186/s40068-016-0074-1RESEARCHEnvironmental taxation based integrated modeling towards sustainable environmental conservation approachAbdul Qayum1, Anjana Gupta2, Akan

2、ksha Gupta3* and Rakesh Arya4Abstract Background: Globalization and rapid industrialization was inevitable during late nineteenth century considering the demand–supply deficit and requirements of evolving societies. Ho

3、wever, at later stage these factors were mapped to be major reasons for the environmental pollution. Further, at the cost of environment degradation, development and economic growth cannot be achieved. The objective of

4、 the work is to design a green taxation policy to mitigate haz- ardous environmental impacts of various sectors and to visualize the benefits which can bridge the socio-economic divide prevalent, especially in developin

5、g nations. The approach is amalgamation of EIA based approach on the energy research institute criteria and environment-energy, economy.Results: Integrated model is based on the principle that the tax rate has to be com

6、mensurate with the environmen- tal damages which any project causes and it was found that both economic growth and environmental pollution are synchronous. Growth and development related projects cannot be compromised b

7、ecause of increased demands. Therefore, there has to be fine balance between development and conservation.Conclusions: The policies may be designed on the model discussed to bring out optimal contribution of industry s

8、ector towards generating resources for economic growth and to bridge socio-economic divide. Green taxation proves to be deterrent tool towards environmental degradation and optimal energy utilization.Keywords: De novo a

9、pproach, Energy-economy-environment, Environmental conservation, Environmental impact assessment, Green taxation, Socio-economic growth© 2016 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the Creati

10、ve Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the

11、original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.Background It is widely argued that there is huge economic devel- opment pressure among developing nat

12、ions to address increased need of the people, where resources are scarce (Narula and Dunning 2000). Scarcity compounds the pressure on environment due to maximal utilization of natural resources. And, India is not an

13、 exception as it is second most populous country in the world. As per an estimate, it is very likely to overpass China by 2040 to occupy the apex position in the population pyramid (McDevitt 1996). It is argued that

14、energy consump- tion varies directly with population increase (John and Paul 1974). India will be under tremendous pressure to increase its energy demand to meet its overriding social and economic obligations due to bu

15、rgeoning population. Therefore, environmental conservation by mitigating effects of various effluents and pollutants becomes inevi- table. Taxation proved to be a deterrent towards reduc- ing the energy demand by impro

16、ving energy intensity. In Europe, fuel demand would have been twice if it had not followed the policy of high fuel taxation (Sterner 2007). In European Union (EU), it was found that industries that reduce pollution in

17、crease its resource productivity and switch to renewable sources is highly encouraged. In Turkey, a second dividend of environmental taxation, that is economic benefits in addition to environmental improvements, show

18、s potential when imported fuels are primary source of pollutant (Gurkan 2003). The concept Open Access*Correspondence: akanks11_isj@jnu.ac.in 3 Centre for West Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi,

19、India Full list of author information is available at the end of the articlePage 3 of 10 Qayum et al. Environ Syst Res (2016) 5:23 while, producer is nerve center of the model incorporat- ing numerous inflows and bidire

20、ctional flows from both consumer and the government epicenters. In the mean process, imposition of indirect green taxes comes into the picture from which TERI-based model evolves. The energy research institute criteri

21、a are point based (total-106 and mandatory-30) and some are optional in nature. There is additional score (bonus) for covering these aspects of environmental conservation (Table 1). A schematic flowchart (Fig. 2) was

22、 developed for the taxa- tion methodology and is derived from ENVEEM model (Fig. 1) which triggers The introduction of GT to stabilize the dynamic equilibrium of producer with the govern- ment while TERI-Model describe

23、s the detailed method of taxation for a particular industry. For a project, EIA is done using TERI criteria and it is evaluated against the environment damages it has caused or causes during and post construction pha

24、se. Percentage adherence of a pro- ject to the listed criteria is also estimated using a factor ‘x’ which was calculated as % compliance of the project with TERI criteria of green building. Based on ‘x’; tax incen- ti

25、ves are granted as per the schematic flowchart (Fig. 2). Revenue generated from additional GT (penalty) shall go to the socio-economic development and revenue from GT shall go to the ‘Green Climate fund’ for long term

26、 goals. This will collectively lead to better governance, sus- tainable growth targets, and will catalyze the endeavors for bridging the expanding socio-economic divides.How CGE model is applicable for India? The envir

27、onment and climate change issues are not restricted to any geographical territory; rather it’s a global issue. Moreover, Turkish economy is not much dif- ferent from the Indian counterpart. Considering the issue to be

28、 global and without any specific Turkish economy parameters used in the CGE model, it can be extended to India as well without loss of any generality.How ENVEEM (CGM) model is connected with de?novo (TERI?based) approa

29、ch? The model deals with the dynamic equilibrium of ENVEEM triads. Economic benefits are accrued because of adoption of efficient energy which leads to environ- ment improvements. Prima facie, the blind industriali- za

30、tion at the cost of environmental damage contributes good economic benefit. It may be true in short term but this model fails miserably in long run and as post-indus- trialization ill effects are bigger dividends. The

31、dynamic equilibrium must be accounted by considering long term sustainable environmental goals. Under this circum- stance, green taxation shall be introduced as external var- iable to control indiscriminate use of natu

32、ral resources for longer eco-viable benefits. It acts as a catalyst for producer-government equilibrium which in turn affects producer–consumer equilibrium, simultaneously. And, GT is also a key binding element for t

33、hese two models towards developing the integrated approach.Supply of commoditySupply of CommodityImposition of indirect GTProducersGovernmentConsumerImported Goods I/O MatrixEnergyTechnology MatrixIntermediate GoodsSup