[雙語翻譯]空氣污染外文翻譯--通過社會實踐的經(jīng)驗感知城市空氣污染

1、7400 英文單詞， 英文單詞，3.9 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 12500 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Hodgson A, Hitchings R. Urban air pollution perception through the experience of social practices: Talking about breathing with recreational runners in London[J]. H

2、ealth Recreational running ;Social practice theory ;Qualitative interviewing; Embodied exercise;Public health promotion1. IntroductionIn line with its continued growth in international popularity (Scheerder et al., 2015)

3、, recreational running has become one of the most common forms of exercise in the UK (Sport England, 2017). Running can take place in a variety of environments, can be done alone or in a group, is comparatively low-cost,

4、 and requires little specialist knowledge or experience to get started (Shipway and Holloway, 2010; England Athletics, 2013). All this makes running an easily accessible form of exercise, particularly when finding the ti

5、me to exercise in modern societies means working around what are often felt to be increasingly busy schedules (Hitchings and Latham, 2016; England Athletics, 2017). From a public health perspective, this is a positive tr

6、end, since the health and wellbeing benefits of regular aerobic exercise are numerous. They include reduced risk of chronic health conditions such as coronary heart disease, obesity, diabetes and stroke, as well as impro

7、ving mental health by enhancing mood, self-esteem and reducing fatigue (Department of Health, 2011).Yet the environments in which people run are not always conducive to health. Urban air quality is of particular concern

8、in this regard due to the effects of emissions from vehicles, buildings and industry. So, though running is encouraged in terms of public health, those who run in cities, and who will likely be running at traffic level,

9、are defined as an ‘at risk’ group, due to their increased exposure to vehicular pollution, which in many cities is the main source of air pollution (Carlisle and Sharp, 2001; Greater London Authority, 2017a). Those focus

10、ed on athletic impact therefore advise exercising away from the roadside wherever possible when running in quality of their photographs than any personal health impacts. Others have focused on cyclists and their experien

11、ce of traffic related pollution (de Hartog et al., 2010; Zuurbier et al., 2010). This work considers the cost-benefit health playoff of cycling through polluted air but does not examine the detail of the experience. So,

12、whilst there is certainly mention in the air pollution perception literature (e.g. Saksena, 2011) of how certain ‘lifestyle factors’, such as the amount of time spent during activities outside buildings, may influence po

13、llution perceptions, few have looked in-depth at how the experience of taking part in particular activities plays into this process.Were we to attempt to address this oversight, outdoor exercisers represent an excellent

14、group with which to start because exercise puts them at particular risk (Sharman et al., 2004). As a person's average daily dose of air pollution can be understood as a product of average pollutant concentration and

15、ventilation rate, the dose received will vary depending on the level of activity being undertaken as well as the environment in which it takes place (Pope et al., 2011). However, the enhancement of the respiratory proces

16、s associated with exercise none- theless generally entails the increased deposition of pollutants in the lungs due to increased ventilation (breathing more deeply and frequently), the inflammation of airway cells, and th

17、e impairment of nasal clearance (Carlisle and Sharp, 2001; Sharman et al., 2004; Rundell, 2012; Cavalcante de Sá et al., 2016). Smaller particles, such as those commonly found in the fresh exhaust fumes that will l

18、ikely be inhaled when in close proximity to road traffic are also thought especially problematic for exercisers because their size allows them to infiltrate the lungs more deeply (Rundell, 2012). As a result of all this,

19、 air pollution has been argued both to decrease athletic performance in the short term and contribute to health problems in the longer term due to stress on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems (WHO, 2016; Rundell,

20、 2012). However, most studies on this topic have focused on physiological impact by collecting data on matters such as blood gas concentrations, lung function and athletic performance (Sharman et al., 2004; Rundell, 2012

21、; Helou et al., 2012). Less has been said here about how outdoor exercisers themselves relate to air pollution.The project on which this paper draws sought to respond to this situation through a focus on outdoor recreat

22、ional runners in London. London is a city where the health impacts of air pollution are a growing concern. The size and scale of the city's road network, along with building emissions, make London one of the most hig

23、hly polluted areas in the UK (London Air Quality Network, 2018). Cleaning up London's air has therefore become a priority for the Mayor of London and forms a significant part of London's newly proposed Environmen

24、t Strategy (Greater London Authority, 2017b). Strategies within that currently centre on cutting emissions from the most polluting vehicles with an emphasis on diesel, via the proposed Ultra Low Emission Zones and Toxici

25、ty Charge which form part of future plans to secure better air for London (Greater London Authority, 2017a). This is in addition to antiidling campaigns and strategies to promote fresh air squares, green walls and tree p

26、lanting that have already been implemented by local authorities (Greater London Authority, 2016). Though the pollution levels seen in this city may be lower than those found in others around the world, the health implica

27、tions of London's air quality for those who live, work and play in this city have become a topic of considerable concern.2.2. How recreational runners relate to their environmentsAs lifestyles have become more and mo

28、re sedentary in many countries, encouraging regular physical exercise in order to improve the health of populations has become an increasingly important focus of public health research (McKenna and Riddoch, 2003). With t