外文翻譯--關于用旋轉生物接觸器系統處理灰水的效率的研究（英文）

1、ORIGINAL ARTICLEStudying the efficiency of grey water treatment by using rotating biological contactors systemAmr M. Abdel-Kader *Faculty of Engineering, Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia Faculty of Engineering, A

2、lexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptReceived 4 August 2011; accepted 9 May 2012 Available online 15 May 2012KEYWORDSGrey water treatment; Rotating biological contac- tors; GPS-X; Wastewater reuse; Biological treatment

3、Abstract The need for water is growing with increasing population and the adverse impacts of cli- mate change especially in the Mediterranean basin. Innovative concepts and technologies are urgently needed to close the l

4、oop for water. Among the options for innovative water resources, seg- regation of grey water and reuse is receiving crucial attention for decentralized areas as a sustain- able approach. Grey water represents substantial

5、 portion of household water consumption in volume. Treated grey water to a level complying reuse rules and regulations can be reused for sev- eral purposes including agriculture, landscaping and toilet flush. The mathema

6、tical model was used to investigate the performance and treatment capability of Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) to treat the grey water. The GPS-X (version 5.0) simulation program was used in this study to sim- ulat

7、e the proposed RBC plant. The proposed Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) plant is com- posed of three parts, first is the RBC tank unit, second is the settling tank unit and third is the disinfection tank unit. After

8、the model optimization, three different concentrations of the grey water were used to run the proposed mathematical model. Low, medium and high concentrations of the grey water were used to run the model. The proposed mo

9、del was verified by using data from RBC experimental pilot plant. The results of this study showed that, the treatment efficiency of the RBC system based on BOD removal was ranged between about 93.0% and 96.0%, and based

10、 on TSS removal was ranged between about 84.0% and 95.0 % for all concentrations of influent grey water. Also, the proposed model results indicated that grey water can be properly treated by RBC system and can be reused

11、for many purposes after disinfection and sand filtration. ª 2012 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.* Address: Faculty of Engineering, Northern Border University, Saudi

12、 Arabia. E-mail address: amr_abdel_kader@yahoo.com.Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.Production and hosting by ElsevierJournal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2013) 25, 89–95King Sa

13、ud UniversityJournal of King Saud University – Engineering Scienceswww.ksu.edu.sawww.sciencedirect.com1018-3639 ª 2012 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi

14、.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2012.05.003model. Low, medium and high concentrations of the grey water were used to run the model. The grey water characteristics were based on the study done at Environment Institute at Tubitak ci

15、ty, Turkey (Baban et al., 2009). The grey water was collected from lodging buildings whereas the plumbing system was segregated as black water and grey water. A wide range of concentrations of grey water were monitored d

16、uring the experimental study. Low, medium and high concentrations of the grey water were used to run the model. Also, an experimental Rotating Biological Contac- tors (RBC) pilot plant was operated during this study. The

17、 re- sults of the experimental pilot plant were used in the calibration and verification for the proposed model. The operation conditions of both RBC pilot plant and RBC model were as follows:- Average influent flow rate

18、 = 400 d?1. - RBC liquid volume = 0.2 m3. - RBC discs area = 16.2 m2. - Submerged fraction of biofilm = 40%. - Maximum biofilm thickness = 0.001 m. - Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) = 2800 mg/l. - Clarifier surface

19、area = 0.5 m2, clarifier water depth = 0.40 m. - Sludge waste (from sedimentation tank) = 2 l/m3/d, sludge age = 4.0 ± 0.5 days. - Hydraulic Load Rate, HLR = 0.03 m3/m2 d. - Disinfection tank volume = 30 l, chlorine

20、 dosage= 1.0 mg/l.The kinetic parameters for the RBC model were as follows:(a) Active heterotrophic biomass: - Heterotrophic maximum specific growth rate = 3.2 d?1. - Readily biodegradable substrate half saturation coeff

21、i- cient = 5.0 gCOD/m3. - Aerobic oxygen half saturation coefficient = 0.2 gO2/ m3. - Anoxic oxygen half saturation coefficient = 0.2 gO2/ m3. - Heterotrophic decay rate = 0.62 d?1. (b) Active autotrophic biomass: - Auto

22、trophic maximum specific growth rate = 0.75 d?1. - Ammonia (as substrate) half saturation coeffi- cient = 1.0 gN/m3. - Oxygen half saturation coefficient = 0.2 gO2/m3. - Oxygen half saturation coefficient = 0.04 d?1.(c)

23、Hydrolysis: - Maximum specific hydrolysis rate = 2.81 d?1. - Slowly biodegradable substrate half saturation coeffi- cient = 0.15 gCOD/gCOD. - Anoxic hydrolysis factor = 0.372.1.2. Rotating biological contactors (RBC) exp

24、erimental pilot plant systemThe grey water used in this study, was collected from lodging buildings whereas the plumbing system was segregated as black water and grey water streams in advance. Kitchen waste- water was in

25、cluded in the grey water system. Fig. 2 shows the schematic illustration of the RBC experimental system. Grey water passed through first a coarse screen (1 cm pore opening) and an equalization basin equipped with 3 mm ma

26、sh size screen before being fed to the RBC unit. The RBC tank in- cluded total of 36 discs with 16.2 m2 total disc areas. The RBC unit experiments were carried out for a period of 10 months. Low, medium and high grey wat

27、er concentrations were used as influent wastewater for the RBC pilot plant along the operation period. Peristaltic pumps were utilized to pump the screened grey water to the inlet RBC tank. The flow rate of 400 l/d was a

28、pplied for the RBC unit. The treated effluent from the RBC unit has been further subjected to UV disinfection process (Baban et al., 2009). Activated sludge taken from an MBR operated with grey water, was added to the RB

29、C reactor to the reactor to acclima- tize and accelerate biofilm growth on the discs at the initial stage of the operation. Parameters, related to the biofilm growth (biofilm weight per unit area and BOD5, TSS, TKN, tota

30、l coliform and turbidity) were monitored to appraise the reusability of the effluent on weekly basis. Furthermore, NHþ 4 ; NO? 3 , T.P were monitored for the process control pur- pose. The analysis of the monitored

31、parameters was conducted in accordance with the standard methods (APHA, 2005). According to the EPA, suggested guidelines for reuse, espe- cially for the purpose of urban reuse, for all kinds of irrigation, toilet flushi

32、ng, the concentration of BOD5 should not exceed 10 mg/l, for TSS 5 mg/l, faecal coliform should not be detected in 100 ml sample, and pH should be in the range of 6–9 (EPA, 2004). The other guidelines, such as WHO guidel

33、ines for grey water reuse have higher limits for the relevant parameters (WHO, 2006). Hence, EPA, suggested guidelines were basi- cally taken into account for the assessment of compliance with the reuse criteria througho

34、ut the experimental study. Also, the results obtained throughout the study were compared to the WHO water reuse standards as well. The influent grey water concentrations for the RBC system were ranged from low,Figure 2 S