外文翻譯--帶有只讀存儲器的單片機(jī)集成電路

1、<p>　　Microcontroller Integrated Circuit with Read Only Memory</p><p>　　Microcontroller integrated circuit comprises a processor core which exchanges data with at least one data processing and storage d

2、evice. The integrated circuit comprises a mask-programmed read only memory containing a generic program such as a test program which can be executed by the microcontroller. The genetic program includes a basic function f

3、or writing data into the data progressing or storage device or devices. The write function is used to load a downloading program. Because a downloadin</p><p>　　To be more precise, the invention concerns a mi

4、crocontroller integrated circuit. A microcontroller is usually a VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) integrated circuit containing all or most of the components of a "computer". Its function is not predefined b

5、ut depends on the program that it executes.</p><p>　　A microcontroller necessarily comprises a processor core including a command sequencer (which is a device distributing various control signals to the inst

6、ructions of a program), an arithmetic and logic unit (for processing the data) and registers (which are specialized memory units). </p><p>　　The other components of the "computer" can be either int

7、ernal or external to the microcontroller, however. In other words, the other components are integrated into either the microcontroller or auxiliary circuits.</p><p>　　These other components of the "comp

8、uter" are data processing and storage devices, for example read only or random access memory containing the program to be executed, clocks and interfaces (serial or parallel).</p><p>　　As a general rule

9、, a system based on a microcontroller therefore comprises a microchip containing the microcontroller, and a plurality of microchips containing the external data processing and storage devices which are not integrated int

10、o the microcontroller. A microcontroller-based system of this kind comprises, for example, one or more printed circuit boards on which the microcontroller and the other components are mounted.</p><p>　　It is

11、 the application program, I. e. the program which is executed by the microcontroller, which determines the overall operation of the microcontroller system. Each application program is therefore specific to a separate app

12、lication.</p><p>　　In most current applications the application program is too large to be held in the microcontroller and is therefore stored in a memory external to the microcontroller. This program memory

13、, which has only to be read, not written, is generally a reprogrammable read only memory (REPROM).</p><p>　　After the application program has been programmed in memory and then started in order to be execute

14、d by the microcontroller, the microcontroller system may not function as expected.</p><p>　　In the last unfavorable situation this is a minor dysfunction of the system and the microcontroller is still able t

15、o dialog with a test station via a serial or parallel interface. This test station is then able to determin the nature of the problem and indicates precisely the type of correction (software and physical) to be applied t

16、o the system for it to operate correctly.</p><p>　　Unfortunately, most dysfunctions of microcontroller-based system result in a total system lock-up, preventing any dialog with a test station. It is then imp

17、ossible to determine the type of fault, i.e. whether it is a physical fault (in the microcontroller itself, in an external read only memory, in a peripheral device, on a bus, etc) or a software fault(i.e. an error in th

18、e application program).The troubleshooting technique usually employed in these cases of total lock-up is based on the use of</p><p>　　There are various problems associated with the use of such test devices f

19、or troubleshooting a microcontroller-based system. The probes used in these test devices are very fragile, difficult to apply because of the small size of the circuit and their close packing, and may not make good contac

20、t with the circuit.</p><p>　　Also, because of their high cost, these test devices are not mass produced. Consequently, faulty microcontroller-based systems can not be repaired immediately, wherever they happ

21、en to be located at the time, but must first be returned to a place where a test device is available. Troubleshooting a microcontroller-based system in this way is time-consuming, irksome and costly.</p><p>

22、　　To avoid the need for direct action on the microcontroller-based system each time the application program executed by the microcontroller of the system is changed, it is standard practice to use a downloadable read onl

23、y memory to store the application program, a loading program being written into a mask-programmed read only memory of the microcontroller. The mask-programmed read only memory of the microcontroller is integrated into th

24、e microcontroller and programmed once and for all during manuf</p><p>　　To change the application program the microcontroller is reset by running the downloading program. This downloading program can then co

25、mmunicate with a workstation connected to the microcontroller by an appropriate transmission line, this workstation the new application program to be written into the microcontroller. The downloading program receives the

26、 new application program and loads it into a read only memory external to the microcontroller.</p><p>　　Although this solution avoids the need for direct action on the microcontroller-based system (which wou

27、ld entail removing from the system the reprogrammable read only memories containing the application program, writing into these memories the new application program using an appropriate programming device and then replac

28、ing them in the system), it nevertheless has a major drawback, namely specialization of the microcontroller during manufacture.</p><p>　　Each type of reprogrammable memory is associated with a different down

29、loading program because the programming parameters (voltage to be applied, duration for which the voltage is to be applied) vary with the technology employed. The downloading program is written once and for all into the

30、mask-programmed internal memory of the microcontroller and the latter is therefore restricted to using memory components of the type for which this downloading program was written. In other words, the microcont</p>

31、<p>　　One object of the invention is to overcome these various drawbacks of the prior art. To be more precise, an object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller circuit which can verify quickly, simply, r

32、eliably and at low cost the operation of a system based on the microcontroller.</p><p>　　Another object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller integrated circuit which can accurately locate the def

33、ective component or components of a system using the microcontroller in the event of dysfunction of the system.</p><p>　　A further object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller integrated circuit w

34、hich avoids the need for direct action on the microcontroller-based system to change the application program, whilst remaining standard as regards the type of memory component with which it can be used in a system.</p

35、><p>　　帶有只讀存儲器的單片機(jī)集成電路</p><p>　　單片機(jī)集成電路包含一個(gè)處理器內(nèi)核，它至少通過一種數(shù)據(jù)處理或存儲設(shè)備來交換數(shù)據(jù)。集成電路包含一個(gè)只讀掩模程序存儲器，其中像測試程序一樣的通用程序能被單片機(jī)執(zhí)行。這種通用程序具有將數(shù)據(jù)寫到數(shù)據(jù)處理和、或存儲設(shè)備的基本功能。寫入功能用于裝載程序。因?yàn)檠b載程序并非永久地存儲在只讀存儲器中，所以可對單片機(jī)進(jìn)行測試，而與應(yīng)用程序無關(guān)，并保持

36、系統(tǒng)中能用的存儲器元件為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)類型。</p><p>　　準(zhǔn)確地說，這項(xiàng)發(fā)明涉及單片機(jī)集成電路。單片機(jī)通常是包含一臺“計(jì)算機(jī)”的全部或大部分元件的大規(guī)模集成電路，其功能不是預(yù)先確定的，而是取決于它執(zhí)行的程序。</p><p>　　一臺單片機(jī)必然包含一個(gè)含有命令時(shí)序發(fā)生器（即根據(jù)程序的指令分配各種控制信號到其他元件的裝置）的處理器內(nèi)核，一個(gè)算數(shù)邏輯單元（用來處理數(shù)據(jù)）和寄存器（即特殊的存儲單元

37、）。</p><p>　　然而，“計(jì)算機(jī)”的其他單元對單片機(jī)而言或是內(nèi)部的，或是外部的。換言之，其他元件就集成到單片機(jī)或輔助電路中。</p><p>　　“計(jì)算機(jī)”的這些其他元件是數(shù)據(jù)處理或存儲裝置，例如包含待執(zhí)行程序的只讀或隨機(jī)存儲器、時(shí)鐘和接口（串行或并行）。</p><p>　　基于單片機(jī)的系統(tǒng)通常包含一個(gè)含有單片機(jī)的芯片和許多含有外部數(shù)據(jù)處理和、或存儲器的芯

38、片，這些芯片沒有集成在單片機(jī)中。例如，這種基于單片機(jī)的系統(tǒng)包含一個(gè)或多個(gè)印刷電路板，上面安裝著單片機(jī)和其他元件。</p><p>　　決定單片機(jī)所有操作的是應(yīng)用程序，即由單片機(jī)執(zhí)行的程序。因此，每個(gè)應(yīng)用程序都是針對特定的應(yīng)用的。</p><p>　　在多數(shù)現(xiàn)實(shí)應(yīng)用中，由于應(yīng)用程序太大，單片機(jī)無法存儲，因此就存儲在單片機(jī)的外部存儲器中。這種只讀處而不能寫入的程序存儲器通常就是可編程只讀存儲器

39、。</p><p>　　應(yīng)用程序在寫入到存儲器中后就開始執(zhí)行，以便由單片機(jī)來執(zhí)行。單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)有可能不會像預(yù)期的那樣工作。</p><p>　　在最不順的情況下，這只是系統(tǒng)的小故障，單片機(jī)仍然能夠通過串行或并行口與測試設(shè)備對話。測試設(shè)備就能夠確定問題的性質(zhì)，并準(zhǔn)確的指出校正的類型（軟件和硬件），將其應(yīng)用到系統(tǒng)上，以便正確操作。</p><p>　　遺憾的是，基于單片機(jī)

40、系統(tǒng)的多數(shù)故障導(dǎo)致整個(gè)系統(tǒng)死鎖，阻止了任何與測試設(shè)備的對話。這樣就不能確定錯(cuò)誤類型時(shí)硬件錯(cuò)誤（單片機(jī)本身，外部只讀存儲器、外圍設(shè)備、總線等）還是軟件錯(cuò)誤（應(yīng)用程序的錯(cuò)誤）。在系統(tǒng)死鎖的情況下，采用的故障分析方法通常是以使用精密儀器測試設(shè)備為基礎(chǔ)，因而要求將探測儀連接到處于測試中的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的各種集成電路的管腳上。</p><p>　　采用測試設(shè)備對于單片機(jī)的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行故障診斷，其相關(guān)問題還有很多。由于電路體積小，布

41、線密集，而測試設(shè)備中使用的探針容易損壞，用起來很麻煩，就可能與電路接觸不好。</p><p>　　此外由于成本高，這些測試設(shè)備不是批量生產(chǎn)。結(jié)果，出故障的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)就不能直接及時(shí)修復(fù)，不管它們此時(shí)安裝在何處，首先必須送到有測試設(shè)備的地方。單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的這種故障診斷即費(fèi)時(shí)又麻煩，成本也高。</p><p>　　在改變系統(tǒng)中單片機(jī)執(zhí)行的應(yīng)用程序時(shí)，為了避免直接在單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)上進(jìn)行操作，常規(guī)的做法是

42、用可下載的只讀存儲器來存儲應(yīng)用程序，即寫入到單片機(jī)掩模ROM中的裝載程序。單片機(jī)的掩模ROM集成到單片機(jī)中，并在生產(chǎn)單片機(jī)時(shí)一次性編程寫入。</p><p>　　為了改變應(yīng)用程序，單片機(jī)通過運(yùn)行裝載程序而重置。這個(gè)裝載程序能通過合適的傳輸線與連接到單片機(jī)的工作站通信，而工作站提供寫入到單片機(jī)的新的應(yīng)用程序。裝載程序接收新的應(yīng)用程序并存儲到單片機(jī)的外部ROM中。</p><p>　　盡管這種

43、方法避免了對單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的直接操作（這需要從系統(tǒng)中取出包含應(yīng)用程序的可編程只讀存儲器，并用合適的編程設(shè)備將新的應(yīng)用程序?qū)戇M(jìn)存儲器，然后換到系統(tǒng)中），但是它仍然有一個(gè)較大的缺點(diǎn)，即在生產(chǎn)中對單片機(jī)的特殊處理。</p><p>　　由于編程參數(shù)（編程電壓，外加電壓的持續(xù)時(shí)間等）隨著采用的技術(shù)而變化，每一種可編程存儲器以對應(yīng)的裝載程序密切相關(guān)。裝載程序一次性寫進(jìn)單片機(jī)內(nèi)部的掩模存儲器中，存儲器因而就限制為裝載程序要寫入的

44、存儲器類型。換而言之，單片機(jī)不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)器件，這就增加了生產(chǎn)成本。</p><p>　　這一發(fā)明就是為了克服先前技術(shù)的各種缺點(diǎn)。準(zhǔn)確的說，該發(fā)明的目的就是要提供一種單片機(jī)產(chǎn)品，以便快速、簡單、可靠、低成本地驗(yàn)證單片機(jī)的操作。</p><p>　　這項(xiàng)發(fā)明的另一個(gè)目的是提供一種單片機(jī)芯片，在系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)，可以借助于單片機(jī)準(zhǔn)確地定位系統(tǒng)中失效的器件。</p><p>