外文翻譯--水污染和社會(huì)的關(guān)系

1、<p>　　中文2500字，1940單詞</p><p><b>　　英文資料</b></p><p>　　WATER POLLUTION AND SOCIETY</p><p><b>　　By</b></p><p>　　David Krantz and Brad Kifferstei

2、n</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　Comprising over 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet.  Without the seemingly invalu

3、able compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper.  Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by p

4、olluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms a</p><p>　　POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES</p><p>　　According to the Am

5、erican College Dictionary, pollution is defined as:  “to make foul or unclean; dirty.”  Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the

6、 water.  When it is unfit for its intended use, water is considered polluted.  Two types of water pollutants exist; point source and nonpoint source.  Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substanc

7、es are emitted directly into a body of water.  The Exxon Valdez oi</p><p>　　CAUSES OF POLLUTION</p><p>　　Many causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as

8、nitrates and phosphates.  In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae.  Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxyg

9、en as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters. This, in turn, proves very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in water. </p>&l

10、t;p>　　Pathogens are another type of pollution that prove very harmful.  They can cause many illnesses that range from typhoid and dysentery to minor respiratory and skin diseases.  Pathogens include such org

11、anisms as bacteria, viruses, and protozoan.  These pollutants enter waterways through untreated sewage, storm drains, septic tanks, runoff from farms, and particularly boats that dump sewage.  Though microscopi

12、c, these pollutants have a tremendous effect evidenced by their ability to cause sickness</p><p>　　CLASSIFYING WATER POLLUTION</p><p>　　The major sources of water pollution can be classified as

13、municipal, industrial, and agricultural.  Municipal water pollution consists of waste water from homes and commercial establishments.  For many years, the main goal of treating municipal wastewater was simply t

14、o reduce its content of suspended solids, oxygen-demanding materials, dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria.  In recent years, however, more stress has been placed on improving means of disposal of the

15、 solid residues f</p><p>　　WASTEWATER TREATMENT</p><p>　　Raw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes. Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buri

16、ed, used, or released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general phases of tr

17、eatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is re</p><p>　　GLOBAL WATER POLLUTION</p><p>　　Estimates

18、 suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have lon

19、g acted as if these very bodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters

20、are now polluted. Beaches around the world are clos</p><p>　　Perhaps the biggest reason for developing a worldwide effort to monitor and restrict global pollution is the fact that most forms of pollution do

21、not respect national boundaries. The first major international conference on environmental issues was held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972 and was sponsored by the United Nations (UN). This meeting, at which the United Sta

22、tes took a leading role, was controversial because many developing countries were fearful that a focus on environmental protection was</p><p>　　WATER QUALITY</p><p>　　Water quality is closely li

23、nked to water use and to the state of economic development.  In industrialized countries, bacterial contamination of surface water caused serious health problems in major cities throughout the mid 1800’s.  By t

24、he turn of the century, cities in Europe and North America began building sewer networks to route domestic wastes downstream of water intakes.  Development of these sewage networks and waste treatment facilities in

25、urban areas has expanded tremendously in the pas</p><p>　　CONCLUSION</p><p>　　Clearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great

26、 extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a seriousissue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem.  It is ultima

27、tely up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water.  We must become familiar with our local water resources and</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b>

28、</p><p><b>　　水污染和社會(huì)的關(guān)系</b></p><p><b>　　引 言</b></p><p>　　地球的表面，大約有70%的面積被海水所覆蓋。水被認(rèn)為是我們這個(gè)星球上一種現(xiàn)有的價(jià)值不可估量的自然資源。沒有這些看似價(jià)值重要的氫氧化合物，一切生命在地球上將不會(huì)存在。它是我們星球上一切生命生長發(fā)育

29、的本質(zhì)。盡管我們?nèi)祟愐呀?jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)了這個(gè)事實(shí)，但我們一直以來漠視其污染我們的河流、湖泊和海洋。結(jié)果，我們逐漸地而且可定的被它所威脅，而且自然已經(jīng)向我們發(fā)出了警告。除此之外，無辜的有機(jī)體正在走向滅絕。我們的飲用水，已經(jīng)被我們使用水資源進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新生產(chǎn)而影響，為了阻止水的污染，我們必須了解而且去解決這個(gè)問題。</p><p><b>　　重要和次要的污染源</b></p><p>

30、　　根據(jù)美國語言學(xué)院，污染被定義為：變得骯臟、不干凈。當(dāng)水體含有大量的廢棄的物質(zhì)材料時(shí)，水體就被污染了。當(dāng)它不再適合我們的使用目的時(shí)，我們就得向這方面考慮。水污染后存在兩種類型，直接的污染和間接的污染。直接的污染發(fā)生后，水體含有有害物質(zhì)，油類的泄漏很好地解釋了這個(gè)概念。間接的污染則是由于環(huán)境的改變所引起的水質(zhì)發(fā)生的變化。這類型污染的一個(gè)很好的例子為土壤由于雨水的降落而變化，在揮發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)變的過程中發(fā)生了變化?，F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)存在著方面的預(yù)防和控制技術(shù)

31、。盡管政府的因素是細(xì)節(jié)性的事情，但是對(duì)于直接污染的發(fā)生是非常難控制的，這種污染主要影響著河流和湖泊。</p><p><b>　　引起污染的原因</b></p><p>　　污染的原因包括很多方面，有廢水的排放、農(nóng)田的灌溉，含有大量的氮、磷化合物，超過了這些物質(zhì)應(yīng)有的含量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，最終導(dǎo)致水體結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了改變?；衔锏脑龆?，轉(zhuǎn)移到水體的深處，嚴(yán)重地影響了稅種的生命物種，包

32、括魚類和居住在水中的生命。</p><p>　　當(dāng)水體含有大量的懸浮的固體時(shí)同樣可以引起污染，如油類、洗滌廢水、建筑和木屑等。在郊區(qū)，當(dāng)雨水來臨時(shí)，這些物質(zhì)就會(huì)被沖刷到水體當(dāng)中，在自然條件下，河流和湖泊發(fā)生了變化。隨著沉渣大量的進(jìn)入水體，水體深處也逐漸的發(fā)生了變化。尤其是以污水、枯葉和雜草的方式。當(dāng)自然界的微細(xì)菌在水體分解這種有機(jī)物質(zhì)時(shí)，它們開始消耗水中的氧氣，許多動(dòng)物如魚類因?yàn)槿毖醵鴿撊氲剿w的更深處，當(dāng)此情況

33、發(fā)生后，許多的動(dòng)物將面臨著死亡，且破壞了食物鏈。放射性的污染是另外一種已經(jīng)被證明了的危害極為嚴(yán)重的污染，將會(huì)引起皮膚方面的病變。無節(jié)制的排放、洪水的泄流、從農(nóng)田來的被化肥所污染的廢水及特殊船體的泄漏，通過研究均能引起疾病。</p><p><b>　　水體污染的類型</b></p><p>　　最主要的水資源的污染包括市政、工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)。市政的污染包括居住小區(qū)、商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)

34、區(qū)、建設(shè)區(qū)。許多年來，對(duì)待市政工程的主要方式為簡單地減少其所含的懸浮物和一些有害的細(xì)菌。近年來，越來越注重解決其本質(zhì)的問題。最基本的方法是從三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行控制：一級(jí)處理，包括大塊懸浮物、沉渣和磨碎的粉狀物。二級(jí)處理，運(yùn)用生物的方法進(jìn)行降解。三級(jí)處理，運(yùn)用先進(jìn)的生物方式和化學(xué)、物理方法進(jìn)行處理，包括過濾和炭吸附。</p><p>　　工業(yè)廢棄物的影響不僅僅在于它們所含的物質(zhì)的種類，例如生物含氧的要求和固體懸浮物質(zhì)的含

35、量，同時(shí)也含有各種各樣的無機(jī)的和有機(jī)的物質(zhì)。這三個(gè)觀念在控制工業(yè)污水方面是非常有價(jià)值的，應(yīng)該在其進(jìn)行傳代時(shí)采取控制。廢水能夠重復(fù)治理，尤其對(duì)于市政資源方面。</p><p><b>　　廢水的處理</b></p><p>　　污廢水的來源包括生活污廢水（廁所）和工業(yè)的過程中所產(chǎn)生的污廢水。工業(yè)廢水的處理應(yīng)該在其可以安全地排入當(dāng)?shù)氐乃登安扇?。在整個(gè)過程中，污水通過嚴(yán)格

36、的格柵和化學(xué)過程來減少其中的塊狀物質(zhì)及有毒物質(zhì)。這兩個(gè)一般的階段是處理過程中的主要階段。在處理階段的初期，占比例很大的懸浮物和無機(jī)物質(zhì)被去除掉。第二個(gè)階段處理的焦點(diǎn)為減少有機(jī)物質(zhì)，通過改變其原有的生物的過程。如果水還要進(jìn)行重復(fù)利用，那么最終的處理是十分必要的。99%的固體懸浮物被去除。各種化學(xué)過程將被用來確保水盡可能的純潔。</p><p>　　農(nóng)業(yè)以及商業(yè)住宅區(qū)，是地表水和地下水中有機(jī)和無機(jī)物的重要來源。這些成

37、分包括莊稼地被腐蝕后所沉積的沉渣，同時(shí)還有氮、磷化合物。這些是商業(yè)區(qū)的廢水中有機(jī)物的組成物。人類的排泄物含有許多需氧的物質(zhì)，商業(yè)區(qū)的污廢水直接排入地表，它們主要威脅自然水體?？刂坪拖拗粕锏闹卫硎亲罨镜姆椒ā?lt;/p><p><b>　　全球水污染</b></p><p>　　據(jù)估計(jì)，將近1.5億的人口還在飲用不安全的水。至少每年有5億的人口死于由于水污染所引起的疾

38、病。超過70%的地球表面被水所覆蓋，人們的生活長時(shí)間的影響著水系。污水、垃圾和油類被大量的傾入海水，且超過了海水的細(xì)菌容量。大部分的海洋水被污染。近海岸線、海灘逐漸地被大量的細(xì)菌所侵蝕，其野生的物種資源開始受到威脅。世界上開始廣泛的控制和節(jié)制全球的污染是因?yàn)樗廴静荒軌虮缓侠淼慕缍?。首先，國際上主要的會(huì)議是1972年由UN倡議的，這次會(huì)議上，USA扮演了一個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的角色。許多的發(fā)展中國家擔(dān)心環(huán)境保護(hù)的焦點(diǎn)最終會(huì)意味著發(fā)達(dá)國家在經(jīng)濟(jì)上牽制

39、他們。會(huì)議上，最重要的是得到了一個(gè)國際共識(shí)，除此之外，就是科學(xué)地在環(huán)境方面的一些問題上形成了一致性的意見。</p><p><b>　　水質(zhì)問題</b></p><p>　　水的質(zhì)量與水的用途和本國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展有著非常密切的關(guān)系。在工業(yè)化國家，在1800年代的大城市里，水體表面的細(xì)菌成分引起了健康問題。經(jīng)過了一個(gè)多世紀(jì)，歐洲和北美開始建立了整套管理體制。隨著時(shí)間的推移，

40、行業(yè)也在不停地發(fā)展。然而隨著人口的增長(尤其是拉丁和亞洲)超出了政府所允許的最大排水范圍。而水體引起的疾病現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被發(fā)達(dá)國家所預(yù)料。在發(fā)展中國家，經(jīng)常引起超標(biāo)報(bào)告。從第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，迎來了化學(xué)時(shí)代，水質(zhì)就開始被工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)方面的化學(xué)成分嚴(yán)重地污染。隨著影響越來越大，已經(jīng)污染了的空氣中的酸性物質(zhì)成了水質(zhì)中的成分。這些開始發(fā)生在發(fā)達(dá)國家，后來，他們也有所意識(shí)，但后果由他們負(fù)擔(dān)。相比，新的工業(yè)國家如中國、印度等也出現(xiàn)了相似的問題。</

41、p><p><b>　　結(jié) 論</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)在，很清楚，在和污水有關(guān)的一切均成了非常敏感的話題。世界各個(gè)國家通過了相應(yīng)的法律試圖努力去阻止水體的污染。確實(shí)，這個(gè)問題十分嚴(yán)峻，影響及形成的后果對(duì)于我們來說是不可估量的。我們必須熟悉我們的水源，同時(shí)學(xué)會(huì)一些進(jìn)污水排放前的預(yù)處理工作。以便減少水體中所含有的有毒有害的物質(zhì)。人類完全有能力也有責(zé)任保護(hù)我們的