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1、<p><b>  中文4323字</b></p><p><b>  外文資料翻譯</b></p><p>  Power supply system of high-rise building design   Abstract: with the continuous development of city

2、size, more and more high-rise buildings, therefore high-rise building electrical design to the designers had to face. In this paper, an engineering example, describes the electrical design of high-rise buildings and som

3、e of the more typical issues of universal significance, combined with the actual practice of an engineering solution to the problem described. Key words: high-rise buil</p><p>  The loop that you want t

4、o auto-tune must be in automatic mode. The loop output must be controlled by the execution of the PID instruction. Auto-tune will fail if the loop is in manual mode.</p><p>  Before initiating an auto-tune o

5、peration your process must be brought to a stable state which means that the PV has reached setpoint (or for a P type loop, a constant difference between PV and setpoint) and the output is not changing erratically.</p

6、><p>  Ideally, the loop output value needs to be near the center of the control range when auto-tuning is started. The auto-tune procedure sets up an oscillation in the process by making small step changes in

7、the loop output. If the loop output is close to either extreme of its control range, the step changes introduced in the auto-tune procedure may cause the output value to attempt to exceed the minimum or the maximum range

8、 limit.</p><p>  If this were to happen, it may result in the generation of an auto-tune error condition, and it will certainly result in the determination of less than near optimal suggested values.</p&g

9、t;<p>  Auto-Hysteresis and Auto-Deviation</p><p>  The hysteresis parameter specifies the excursion (plus or minus) from setpoint that the PV (process variable) is allowed to make without causing the

10、 relay controller to change the output. This value is used to minimize the effect of noise in the PV signal to more accurately determine the natural oscillation frequency of the process.</p><p>  If you sele

11、ct to automatically determine the hysteresis value, the PID Auto-Tuner will enter a hysteresis determination sequence. This sequence involves sampling the process variable for a period of time and then performing a stand

12、ard deviation calculation on the sample results.</p><p>  In order to have a statistically meaningful sample, a set of at least 100 samples must be acquired. For a loop with a sample time of 200 msec, acquir

13、ing 100 samples takes 20 seconds. For loops with a longer sample time it will take longer. Even though 100 samples can be acquired in less than 20 seconds for loops with sample times less than 200 msec, the hysteresis de

14、termination sequence always acquires samples for at least 20 seconds.</p><p>  Once all the samples have been acquired, the standard deviation for the sample set is calculated. The hysteresis value is define

15、d to be two times the standard deviation. The calculated hysteresis value is written into the actual hysteresis field (AHYS) of the loop table.</p><p><b>  Tip</b></p><p>  While the

16、 auto-hysteresis sequence is in progress, the normal PID calculation is not performed. Therefore, it is imperative that the process be in a stable state prior to initiating an auto-tune sequence. This will yield a better

17、 result for the hysteresis value and it will ensure that the process does not go out of control during the auto-hysteresis determination sequence.</p><p>  The deviation parameter specifies the desired peak-

18、to-peak swing of the PV around the set point. If you select to automatically determine this value, the desired deviation of the PV is computed by multiplying the hysteresis value by 4.5. The output will be driven proport

19、ionally to induce this magnitude of oscillation in the process during auto-tuning.</p><p>  Auto-Tune Sequence</p><p>  The auto-tuning sequence begins after the hysteresis and deviation values

20、have been determined. The tuning process begins when the initial output step is applied to the loop output.</p><p>  This change in output value should cause a corresponding change in the value of the proces

21、s variable. When the output change drives the PV away from setpoint far enough to exceed the hysteresis boundary a zero-crossing event is detected by the auto-tuner. Upon each zero crossing event the auto-tuner drives th

22、e output in the opposite direction.</p><p>  The tuner continues to sample the PV and waits for the next zero crossing event. A total of twelve zero-crossings are required to complete the sequence. The magni

23、tude of the observed peak-to-peak PV values (peak error) and the rate at which zero-crossings occur are directly related to the dynamics of the process.</p><p>  Early in the auto-tuning process, the output

24、step value is proportionally adjusted once to induce subsequent peak-to-peak swings of the PV to more closely match the desired deviation amount. Once the adjustment is made, the new output step amount is written into th

25、e Actual Step Size field (ASTEP) of the loop table.</p><p>  The auto-tuning sequence will be terminated with an error, if the time between zero crossings exceeds the zero crossing watchdog interval time. Th

26、e default value for the zero crossing watchdog interval time is two hours.</p><p>  Figure 1 shows the output and process variable behaviors during an auto-tuning sequence on a direct acting loop. The PID Tu

27、ning Control Panel was used to initiate and monitor the tuning sequence.</p><p>  Notice how the auto-tuner switches the output to cause the process (as evidenced by the PV value) to undergo small oscillatio

28、ns. The frequency and the amplitude of the PV oscillations are indicative of the process gain and natural frequency. 7 public area distribution box set Taking into account the future needs of the business re-dec

29、oration of public areas must be reserved for power. Here the design needs to consider the following points: </p><p> ?、?question of how much reserve power, lighting and electricity, which according to GB5003

30、4-2004 "Architectural Lighting Design Standards" table of Article 6.1.3 and 6.1.8, commercial building lighting power density value, high-end supermarkets, business offices as 20W/m2, under the "decorative

31、 lighting included 50% of the total lighting power density calculation" requirements, using the reserved standard 40W/m2. </p><p>  ② In order to facilitate the decoration in each partition set fire lig

32、hting in public areas and emergency lighting distribution box distribution box, in order to identify the electrical power distribution decoration cut-off point. ③ the staircase, storage rooms and other parts of the

33、decoration does not need to do, set the power distribution circuit or a separate distribution box, try not to be reserved from the public area of ??electricity distribution board fed hardcover out. ④ contr</p>

34、<p> ?、?All the distribution number to be simple and clear, not too box and line numbers are not repeated. </p><p> ?、?number to simple and clear, not too long.</p><p>  ③ distinction bet

35、ween nature and type of load. </p><p>  ④ law was easy to find, make viewer at a glance. Based on the above requirements and on the ground, fire district and the underground construction industry form the di

36、fferent conditions, using two slightly different ways. Essential for the underground garage, uses a single comparison, also relatively fire district neat, according to fire district number, such as AL-BL-1 / 1, AP and AP

37、E, the meaning of the letters and numbers: AL on behalf of lighting distribution (AP on behalf of Power distribut</p><p>  淺談高層建筑供配電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 </p><p>  摘要:隨著城市規(guī)模的不斷發(fā)展,高層建筑越來越多,因此,高層建筑電氣設(shè)計就成為設(shè)計者不得不面對的

38、問題。本文結(jié)合工程實例,介紹了高層建筑電氣設(shè)計中一些比較典型且具有普遍意義的問題,結(jié)合某工程的實際做法闡述了問題的解決方法。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞:高層建筑;電氣設(shè)計;配電;負荷計算</p><p><b>  1工程概況</b></p><p>  本項目商業(yè)綜合大樓,總建筑面積為405570m2,地上建筑面積272330m2,地下建筑

39、面積133240m2,主體高度99m。項目組成為:辦公樓兩座,建筑面積為70800m2,28層,標準層高為3.2m。</p><p><b>  2 負荷計算</b></p><p>  1)負荷特點:用電負荷大,遠大于《全國民用建筑工程設(shè)計術(shù)措施》中大120W/m2的指標,尤其是餐飲的用電負荷更大,而且不同類型、不同飲食文化背景的餐飲差別也很大。</p>

40、<p>  2)負荷的不確定性大,因為商業(yè)地產(chǎn)往往根據(jù)市場租的需求,不斷調(diào)整商鋪的性質(zhì),使得負荷在動態(tài)變化之中。</p><p>  3)目前的規(guī)范和技術(shù)措施沒有對商業(yè)項目中不同類別商鋪的參數(shù)指進行細化,工程設(shè)計中的負荷計算缺少據(jù),大多數(shù)情況只能靠設(shè)計人員憑借以往工程經(jīng)驗進行計算。</p><p>  負荷參數(shù)的選擇:針對以上遇到的問題,進行負荷計算時,首先與開發(fā)商銷售部門進

41、行良好的溝通,確定各層的業(yè)態(tài)形式商鋪面積和性質(zhì),這是電氣負荷計算的基礎(chǔ)依據(jù);其次確定商鋪內(nèi)單位面積參數(shù)指標也很重要且復(fù)雜,因為規(guī)范中沒有明確的指標可以參考;而且不同城市間的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平不均衡,用電指標也不同;便在同一城市不同區(qū)域的消費群體也有差異。</p><p>  3)需要系數(shù)的選擇:參數(shù)確定后,需要進行負荷計算。一般采用需要系數(shù)法,計算過程不再贅述。需要探討的是需要系數(shù)的選擇,這在現(xiàn)行規(guī)范、手冊及《統(tǒng)一技術(shù)

42、措施》中也沒有明確的要求,根據(jù)多年的設(shè)計體會認為,在配電最末端商鋪內(nèi)戶箱或?qū)优潆娤溆嬎銜rKx一般取1,在各回路干線計算時取0.7~0.8,在變電所各配電變壓器計算時取0.4~0.6。</p><p><b>  3變電所設(shè)置</b></p><p>  根據(jù)負荷計算結(jié)果,本工程的變壓器總安裝容量為43400Kv.A,經(jīng)與供電公司反復(fù)協(xié)商,分別在本工程的北、中和南三段設(shè)

43、置3個變電所為三段建筑供電,1#變電所設(shè)6臺2500Kv.A變壓器,承擔(dān)北段供電;2#變電所設(shè)4臺1600Kv.A變壓器,加6臺2000Kv.A變壓器,承擔(dān)中段的供電,另外還有5臺10Kv.A高壓冷水機組(合計4000Kv.A);3#變電所設(shè)2臺2000Kv.A加2臺1000Kv.A變壓器,承擔(dān)南段A、B兩座辦公樓供電。本工程配置兩處10Kv電源引入點,每處為兩路10Kv線路,根據(jù)供電公司對10Kv電源容量的規(guī)定:每路最大負荷為1100

44、0Kv.A左右,兩路即為22000Kv.A,設(shè)計1#、3#變電所合用一處10Kv,電源進線,總?cè)萘繛?1000Kv.A;2#變電所內(nèi)變壓器和10Kv,冷水機組共用一處10Kv電源進線,總?cè)萘繛?2400Kv.A。在變電所平面布置的設(shè)計中,除了滿足規(guī)范要求以外,還需要考慮高壓柜、變壓器和低壓柜按供電順序布置,尤其是低壓配電柜饋出電纜的走向順暢,值班人員巡視方便等問題如不認真考慮,會造成施工時電纜交叉多、繞遠路、浪費建筑面積以及巡視不方便等

45、問題</p><p>  4較小消防負荷的供配電</p><p>  在大型商業(yè)項目設(shè)計中經(jīng)常會遇到消防用電設(shè)備負荷較小且分布較分散,若均由變電所饋出,會使得變電所低壓柜饋出很多小電流回路,對斷路器分斷能力和導(dǎo)體的動、熱穩(wěn)定帶來一定的影響。根據(jù)GB50045-1995《高層民用建筑設(shè)計防火規(guī)范》規(guī)定“消防用電設(shè)備應(yīng)采用專用的供電回路,其配電設(shè)備應(yīng)設(shè)有明顯標志”。對供電回路的條文解釋系指“從

46、低壓總配電室(包括分配電室)至最末一級配電箱,與一般配電線路均應(yīng)嚴格分開”。在本設(shè)計中,采用了增加一級配電的方法,即從變電所不同母線段上分別饋出一條消防專用回路,在適當位置設(shè)置兩臺配電柜,再由此配電柜放射式配至末端雙電源互投箱,這樣既滿足了規(guī)范對專用供電回路的要求,又避免在變電所級饋出許多小電流回路。</p><p>  5斷路器及導(dǎo)體的選擇</p><p>  由于商業(yè)地產(chǎn)項目房間用途的

47、不確定性,在選擇斷路器和導(dǎo)體時必須考慮一定的裕量以滿足調(diào)整造成的負荷變化。根據(jù)這一特點,在設(shè)計中較多地使用了插接母線供電,既可以滿足大載流量的要求,又使供配電靈活性加大,在每層豎井中均預(yù)留備用插接箱,以便在變化時,可根據(jù)上下層負荷的變化,進行調(diào)整。例如:某豎井一段母線負責(zé)1~3層供電,當1層由于變化容量增大,而3層容量減小時,就可使用1層的備用插接箱把3層富裕的容量配給1層使用。在變電所這級配電中,選擇斷路器時要選整定值可調(diào)整的斷路器,

48、以便在末端負荷變化時調(diào)整整定值;在母線和互感器的選擇上一般按斷路器框架值來選。例如:某段干線設(shè)備容量530Kv,Kx取0.7,計算電流為704A,選擇斷路器框架值為1000A,整定值為800A;電流互感器為1000/50;母線載流量為1000A,此路最大可滿足1000A電流的負荷使用要求,即便有調(diào)整,配電開關(guān)及線路也可不必作大的變動。</p><p><b>  6層配電箱的設(shè)置</b>&l

49、t;/p><p>  根據(jù)各層防火分區(qū)的劃分,分別在各層編號為A~K豎井內(nèi)設(shè)置層照明配電箱為各商鋪供電,各商鋪的供電采用一對一放射式供電。需要指出的是由于各層的業(yè)態(tài)比較復(fù)雜各層的防火分區(qū)上、下層不對應(yīng),使得有的豎井在負責(zé)本防火分區(qū)供電的同時,還要負責(zé)相鄰的防火分區(qū)的供電。在設(shè)計時,采用了就近原則,同時也考慮到整條干線負擔(dān)的負荷情況,盡量使各個豎井內(nèi)負荷比較平衡。先決條件</p><p>  您

50、要進行自整定的回路必須處于自動模式?;芈返妮敵霰仨氂蒔ID指令來控制。如果回路處于手動模式,自整定會失敗。</p><p>  在啟動自整定之前,您的控制過程應(yīng)該達到一種穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。這種穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)是指過程變量已經(jīng)達到設(shè)定值(或者對于P調(diào)節(jié)來說,過程變量與設(shè)定值之間的差值恒定)并且輸出不會不規(guī)律地變化。</p><p>  理想狀態(tài)下,當自整定啟動時,回路的輸出值應(yīng)該在控制范圍中心附近。自整定過

51、程在回路的輸出中加入一些小的階躍變化,使得控制過程產(chǎn)生振蕩。如果回路的輸出值沒有處于控制范圍中心附近,自整定的這種階躍變化會導(dǎo)致輸出超限。</p><p>  如果這種情況發(fā)生,會使自整定發(fā)生錯誤,當然也會使推薦值并非最優(yōu)化。</p><p><b>  自滯后和自偏移</b></p><p>  滯后參數(shù)給出一個相對于設(shè)定值的正負偏移量,過程

52、變量在此偏移量范圍內(nèi)時,不會導(dǎo)致控制器改變輸出值。這個值用于減小過程變量中噪聲的影響,從而更精確地計算出過程自然振動頻率。</p><p>  如果您選用自動計算滯后值,PID自整定會生成一個滯后運算隊列。該隊列包含一段時間內(nèi)的過程變量采樣值,然后根據(jù)采樣結(jié)果計算出標準偏移。</p><p>  為了得到具有統(tǒng)計意義的采樣數(shù)據(jù),至少要有100個采樣值。如果回路的采樣周期為200 ms,10

53、0個采樣值就需要20秒時間。回路采樣周期更長會需要更多的時間。即使您使用的回路采樣周期小于20ms,從而使得采樣100次用不了20秒時間,滯后運算隊列仍然需要至少20秒采樣時間。</p><p>  當?shù)玫阶銐虻牟蓸又狄院?,就可以算出樣本的標準偏移。滯后值等于兩倍的標準偏移。計算后得到的滯后值被寫入回路表中的實際滯后(AHYS)域中。</p><p><b>  提示</b

54、></p><p>  在自滯后計算過程中,正常的PID運算會停止。因此,在啟動自整定之前,控制過程應(yīng)處于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。這樣可以使滯后值的計算收到好的效果,同時也可以保證在自滯后運算過程中,控制過程不會失控。</p><p>  偏移參數(shù)是指希望得到的過程變量相對于設(shè)定值的峰--峰值幅度。如果您選擇自動計算該值,它將是滯后值的4.5倍。在自整定過程中,會適當?shù)卣{(diào)節(jié)輸出,使控制過程中的振動

55、在這一范圍內(nèi)。</p><p><b>  自整定序列</b></p><p>  自整定序列在得到滯后值和偏移值之后開始執(zhí)行。當初始輸出階躍實際應(yīng)用到回路的輸出時,整定過程就開始了。</p><p>  輸出值的這一變化會導(dǎo)致過程變量值產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的變化。當輸出的變化使過程變量遠離設(shè)定值以致于超出滯后區(qū)范圍時,自整定將檢測到一個零相交事件。在每次

56、零相交事件發(fā)生時,自整定將反方向改變輸出。</p><p>  自整定繼續(xù)采樣過程變量值,等待下一次零相交事件。要完成整個序列,需要12次零相交事件。過程變量的峰--峰值和零相交事件的產(chǎn)生速度都與控制過程的動態(tài)特性直接相關(guān)。</p><p>  在自整定過程一開始,會適當?shù)卣{(diào)節(jié)輸出階躍值,促使過程變量的峰--峰值更接近想要得到的偏移值。一旦有調(diào)節(jié)產(chǎn)生,新的輸出階躍值將被寫入回路表的實際輸出

57、階躍幅度(ASTEP)域中。</p><p>  如果兩次零相交時間的時間間隔超過了零相交看門狗的間隔時間,自整定序列將被終止。零相交看門狗的間隔時間缺省值為兩小時。</p><p>  注意自整定是如何改變輸出,來使控制過程(用過程變量值表示)經(jīng)受小幅振動的。過程變量的振動幅度和頻率代表著控制過程增益和自然頻率。</p><p>  7公共區(qū)域配電箱的設(shè)置<

58、/p><p>  考慮到商業(yè)的公共區(qū)域?qū)硇枰窝b修,必須預(yù)留電源。此處的設(shè)計需要考慮以下幾點:</p><p> ?、匐娏款A(yù)留多少的問題,其中照明用電可根據(jù)GB50034-2004</p><p>  《建筑照明設(shè)計標準》表6.1.3及其6.1.8條,商業(yè)建筑照明功率密度值計算,高檔超市營業(yè)廳為20W/m2,根據(jù)“裝飾性燈具總功率50%計入照明密度計算值”的規(guī)定,采

59、用的預(yù)留標準為40W/m2。</p><p>  ②為方便裝修設(shè)計,在每個防火分區(qū)內(nèi)設(shè)置了公共區(qū)域照明配電箱和應(yīng)急照明配電箱,以便明確裝修設(shè)計的電氣配電分界點。</p><p> ?、蹖翘蓍g、儲藏間等不需要做裝修的部位,單獨設(shè)置配電回路或配電箱,盡量不從公共區(qū)域預(yù)留精裝用電的配電箱內(nèi)饋出。</p><p>  ④公共區(qū)域照明的控制,大部分采用兩種方式,即C—BUS

60、系統(tǒng)或BA系統(tǒng)控制,利用C—BUS的優(yōu)點是控制比較靈活,可按每一路饋出控制,也可調(diào)光控制;缺點是造價較高。利用BA系統(tǒng)控制優(yōu)點是造價低,控制簡單;缺點是由于交流接觸器為三相,控制時可能會三路同時開或者同時關(guān),在裝修設(shè)計時需將各接觸器饋出回路岔開供電,避免造成故障時大面積停電。</p><p><b>  8戶配電箱的設(shè)計</b></p><p>  在商業(yè)地產(chǎn)設(shè)計中,

61、往往只為商鋪設(shè)計一個電表箱,而出線回路由用戶根據(jù)自己的需要進行二次設(shè)計,但是商鋪內(nèi)風(fēng)機盤管的供電很難解決,無法進行空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的整體調(diào)試。本工程的做法是在電表箱內(nèi)增加一個斷路器為風(fēng)機盤管供電,另一路為用戶二次設(shè)計時使用。   </p><p>  9配電柜/箱與配電回路的編號</p><p>  大型項目往往低壓配電柜/箱很多,低壓饋出回路就更多,往往會出現(xiàn)柜/箱編號

62、及線路編號重復(fù)的問題,造成在設(shè)計圖中查找及將來維護檢修的困難。本工程有3個10Kv變電所,20臺變壓器,上百臺低壓饋出柜,饋出回路更多。按照國際電工委員會(IEC)及中國國標的要求:</p><p>  ①所有的配電編號要簡單明了,不能太箱和線路編號不重復(fù)。</p><p> ?、诰幪栆唵蚊髁?,不能太長。</p><p>  ③區(qū)分負荷性質(zhì)和類型。</p&g

63、t;<p>  ④規(guī)律明顯便于查找,能使看圖者一目了然。根據(jù)以上要求及地上、地下建筑防火分區(qū)和業(yè)態(tài)形式的不同情況,采用了兩種略有差別的方式。地下部分基本為車庫,用途比較單一,防火分區(qū)也比較整齊,按防火分區(qū)編號,如AL—BL—1/1、AP與APE等各字母及數(shù)字含義:AL代表照明配電箱(AP代表動力配電箱,APE代表應(yīng)急動力配電箱);BI代表地下一層;1/1代表I防火分區(qū)1號箱。地上部分比較復(fù)雜,防火分區(qū)比較多,且上、下層防火

64、分區(qū)不對應(yīng),按豎井編號較好,如AL—1—A1、AP和APE等字母及數(shù)字含義:1代表一層;A1代表A號豎井饋出的1號配電箱。低壓饋出回路的編號采用了如:W3—6—AL—1—A1,W3—6)表示此回路由3號變壓器所供電的6號配電柜饋出,AL—1—A1表示本回路所接的第一個配電箱為AL—1—A1等,以此類推。</p><p><b>  10結(jié)束語</b></p><p>

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