外文翻譯 --中國的地裂縫災害

1、<p><b>　　中文2258字</b></p><p>　　Ground fissure hazards in China</p><p>　　Introduction:</p><p>　　Ground fissures are very popular earth surface phenomena, showing the

2、discontinue or broken of the earth surface. Usually, they occur accompanying with other geological hazards. There are many kinds of ground fissures: tectonic fissures, including fault fissures, earthquake fissures, volca

3、nic fissures; slip-collapse fissures, including landslide fissures, mining fissures. Ground fissures have long history in China. The earliest ground fissures were recorded about five thousand years ago, “Ground</p>

4、<p>　　History of modern ground fissures in China</p><p>　　The first group fissure was observed on the walls of the buildings in Northwestern University in Xi’an city in 1958.At the beginning; people d

5、id not pay attention to it, and thought that it might be caused by the bad quality of the buildings. Along with the development of pumping ground water, the fissures become longer and longer, and the scarps become higher

6、 and higher. However, people did not pay attention to them until the tragedy-Tang Shan earthquake (July 28, 1976, M=7.8) happened, when gr</p><p>　　The characteristics of ground fissures in China</p>

7、<p>　　The ground fissures so called as "earth fissure "in USA are called tensile fissure in China. As their opposing sides move perpendicular to the plane of failure, they are also called horizontal tensil

8、e fissures. This kind of ground fissures occur since the beginning of subsidence process. Usually after Harvey rein they are visual clearly. They can occur either independently or accompany with shear displacements, in t

9、he district where groundwater has been over tapped, and also in some area of extr</p><p>　　The ground fissures so called as "surface faults" in USA are called shear fissures in China. There opposin

10、g sides move parallel to the plane of fracture, usually one side sinks while another rises relatively, in the same way of normal fault. Usually, preexisting faults are the foundation of this kind of ground fissures. As t

11、he fissures look like normal faults, they are also called "tectonic ground fissures". However, the creeping rate(12 mm/a average in Xi’an region) is ten times larger than the</p><p>　　Distribution

12、of ground fissures in China</p><p>　　There are mainly four ground fissure zones: Fen-Wei basin ground fissure zone, and Dabieshan faults ground fissure zone, in North China area, including seven provinces: H

13、ebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Jiangsu ,Shandong and Anhui. Some ground fissures are also discovered in following 8 more provinces: Liaoning, Jilin, Gansu, Guangdong and Yunnan, with little hazard (XIE, 1998). Fen-Wei basin grou

14、nd fissure zone is the most typical and sever among the four ground fissure zones.</p><p>　　Fen-Wei basin is composed by Fen River basin and Wei River basin, where many destructive earthquakes happened and t

15、he present earthquake activity is still in high level. In the basin there are typical normal earthquake faults, with the maximum offset 8km. Ground fissures hazards in this zone are most disastrous and typical with diffe

16、rential vertical creeping and opening horizontal movement.</p><p>　　Xi'an is the most severely suffered from the hazard among the 50 cities affected by ground fissures. Datong, Hancheng, and Yuci are the

17、 other big cities (the population is over a million in each city) with severe ground fissures problems. Ten ground fissures distribute over the whole down town area of Xi'an city (Figure4) with an aggregate length of

18、 72km, covering 155km2,creeping with an average rate of 12mm/a(vertical shear movement), and maximum 70mm/a nearby a new subsidence center (sink rate</p><p>　　Ground fissure hazard management</p><

19、p>　　1 Ground fissures hazard prediction</p><p>　　According to the characteristics, geological environment and mechanism of ground fissures the potential ground fissures can be predicted. The prediction is

20、 composed of three parts:</p><p>　　(1) Geotechnical investigation. The present distribution of ground fissures, preexisting faults, potential faults and subsurface shape in concerned area should be investiga

21、ted. Firstly, according to characteristics and geological environment of ground fissures, aerial photographic interpretation may help to find the locations where there is the maximum of surface elevation gradient to guid

22、e the field investigation. Secondly, the field investigation in the potential ground fissures hazard area wi</p><p><b>　　Figure 1</b></p><p>　　(2) Monitoring the ground surface defor

23、mation for precursory signals. All kinds of the technique and instrument for geodesy, across fault deformation survey and engineering geology survey can be used to monitor the potential ground fissure hazard. To monitor

24、and find where the maximum gradient curvature in subsidence profiles will help to predict the location of the fissures, while to monitor and judge the tendency of the creeping rate will help to predict the critical time

25、of the hazard. Repeat</p><p>　　(3) Consulting groundwater extraction in the near future. It has been found that the main displacement of ground fissures is caused by differential impaction. For example, the

26、average ratio of subsidence (in the subsidence centers) rate to ground fissure creeping rate and to active fault movement is 100:10:1，90% displacement is formed by differential impaction in Xi'an region. The assessme

27、nt on the ground water extraction is very helpful for the prediction of regional activity of ground fissures</p><p>　　2 Surface water supply works</p><p>　　To mitigate the ground fissures hazard

28、, the most important countermeasure is to limit the use of ground water. Therefore, surface water supply works are rescuer for many cities. In recent years, the first period of surface water work has been finished, which

29、 is diversion works providing 600000 t/d surface water to Xi'an from the surface water resource in Qinling Mountain. When the second period of surface water supply works completed in the near future, the yield will b

30、e increased to 1200000 t/d</p><p><b>　　中國的地裂縫災害</b></p><p><b>　　介紹：</b></p><p>　　地裂縫是地層表面非常普遍的現(xiàn)象，它對地表有不好的影響。通常，它的發(fā)生會引發(fā)其它地質(zhì)災害的發(fā)生。有很多種地裂縫：構(gòu)造地裂縫，包括斷裂裂縫，地震裂縫，火山裂

31、縫；滑崩裂縫，包括山崩裂縫，地礦地裂縫。地裂縫在中國有很長的歷史了。記載最早的地裂縫是五千多年前，“地裂縫發(fā)生在黃帝時期之前”。那些原始地裂縫是由大自然引發(fā)的。但是現(xiàn)代20世紀的地裂縫則是由人類和自然共同作用的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　中國現(xiàn)代地裂縫的歷史</p><p>　　1958年，在西安市的西北大學的一幢大樓的墻壁上發(fā)現(xiàn)了第一第組裂縫。當時，沒有人特別留意，只是認為由于大樓的質(zhì)量

32、不好而引起的。由于不斷的抽取地下水，這些裂縫變得越來越長了。陡坡變得越來越高了。但是，知道唐山大地震災害發(fā)生后，地裂縫的發(fā)展變得嚴重了，人們才開始想到發(fā)生在西安的裂縫可能是由于地震引起的。在中國北部的一些省，比如河北，山西，山東，江蘇，在這個時期也發(fā)生了地裂縫。從1980年開始，地裂縫成為一種很嚴重的地質(zhì)災害在一些地方。</p><p><b>　　中國地裂縫的特點</b></p>

33、;<p>　　地裂縫在美國被稱為地球裂縫，在中國被稱為拉伸裂縫。由于它們象相反的方向垂直移動，因此它們也被叫作水平拉伸裂縫。這種地裂縫是由于地面沉陷引起的。在那些過量抽取地下水和石油、天然氣的地方，有的地裂縫單獨發(fā)生，有的則伴隨著剪切位移而發(fā)生。那些裂縫通常并不是很深，大概在5～30m范圍內(nèi)，裂縫的在地層表面的寬度大概在2～50cm，且越深越窄。由于水的侵蝕，裂縫的寬度變得越來越的。在西安這種災害發(fā)生了很多次了。</

34、p><p>　　此種裂縫在美國被稱為表面裂縫，在中國被稱為剪切裂縫.它們向相反的方向平行的移動，形成斷裂面。通常，一面向下沉，一面則相對上升。已經(jīng)存在的斷裂縫通常是這種地裂縫的基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　　看上去像普通斷裂縫的地裂縫，也被稱為構(gòu)造地裂縫。但是潛變率（12mm/a ，西安地區(qū)）是在相同區(qū)域的普通活動斷裂縫的10倍之多。在中國這種地裂縫的特點非常特別。在西安，最長的一條是12.5公里

35、，平均坡度是0.4m。地裂縫隨著地面的沉陷，在不斷的變化。</p><p><b>　　中國地裂縫的分布</b></p><p>　　主要有四個地裂縫分布區(qū)域：汾-渭盆地地裂縫區(qū)域，大別山斷裂地裂縫區(qū)域，在中國的北部。包括七個?。汉颖保轿?，陜西，江蘇，山東和安徽。一些地裂縫在另外的8個省里也被發(fā)現(xiàn)，包括遼寧，吉林，甘肅，寧夏，廣東和云南。但是幾乎沒有發(fā)生由此引發(fā)的災

36、害。汾-渭盆地地裂縫區(qū)域是四個主要地裂縫區(qū)域中最特別嚴重的。</p><p>　　汾-渭盆地是由汾河盆地和渭河盆地構(gòu)成，這里發(fā)生過地震，破壞嚴重，目前地震活動仍然非常強烈。在這個盆地上有特殊的地震斷裂縫，最大偏移量為8公里。在這個區(qū)域的地裂縫災害非常嚴重，以不同的垂直速度和水平速度移動</p><p>　　西安是50個城市里邊遭受地裂縫災害最嚴重的一個城市。大同，韓城，榆次也是地裂縫災害嚴

37、重的大城市（每個城市的人數(shù)達一百萬以上）。十條地裂縫分布在西安地區(qū)（如圖4），總長達72公里，覆蓋面積為155平方千米。以平均速率12mm/a延伸（垂直剪切移動），以最大70mm/a沉陷。這10條地裂縫以方向（N700E，臨潼-長安斷裂）為主延伸，大約相互都分開距離為一公里，可以清楚的看出它們有相同的構(gòu)造特征。它們已經(jīng)成為十條具有破壞性的地裂縫。破壞了不同種類的坐落在地裂縫上的建筑物。在1980年就已經(jīng)早成了上百萬的損失。我們已經(jīng)注意到

38、抽取地下水，地面沉陷與地裂縫活動密切相關(guān)。地下水的減少率在沉陷中心地區(qū)以達到4m/a。</p><p><b>　　地裂縫災害的治理</b></p><p><b>　　1 地裂縫災害預防</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)地裂縫的特征，地質(zhì)環(huán)境和地質(zhì)構(gòu)造機制，地裂縫災害是可以預防的，這種預防由三部分組成：</p>

39、;<p>　　(1）勘察調(diào)查：當前的地裂縫分布于斷裂層，潛在斷裂層和未被調(diào)查的地表表層下。首先，根據(jù)地裂縫的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造和特征，空中攝影可以幫助找到地裂縫地區(qū)的最大梯度，有助于這個領(lǐng)域的調(diào)查。其次，在研究潛在的地裂縫災害領(lǐng)域時，可以有助于我們對地裂縫的評估。地裂縫帶的活動速率總體表現(xiàn)為南部大于北部, 東部大于西部, 而每條地裂縫帶的不同地段, 其活動速率都有不同程度的差異;市區(qū)內(nèi)10 條地裂縫帶基本具有三維運動的一致性, 以垂

40、直位移量為最大,南北拉張量次之,而水平錯動量則很小.再次，建立地質(zhì)災害高風險區(qū)土地利用模式,合理利用城市土地資源,科學規(guī)劃重要建設(shè)項目,使城市總體建設(shè)布局適應(yīng)自然地質(zhì)環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的需要。</p><p>　?。?）監(jiān)測預警系統(tǒng)：許多種類的關(guān)于地裂縫的斷面構(gòu)造的研究的技術(shù)和設(shè)備用于監(jiān)測地表潛在的地裂縫災害。通過監(jiān)測和找出哪的地裂縫沉陷的最大梯度可以幫助找出地裂縫的位置，同時監(jiān)測和判斷延伸率的的走向，判斷災害發(fā)

41、生的準確時間。建立完善的監(jiān)測預警系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)庫是十分必要的。運用“GIS”、“GPS”技術(shù)建立地裂縫、地面沉降與地下水動態(tài)監(jiān)測預警系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)庫,掌握動態(tài)變化規(guī)律,定期發(fā)出預報和預警,提出防災建議,為政府減災防災及城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供決策依據(jù)和技術(shù)支持。</p><p>　?。?）目前抽取地下水咨詢：目前抽取地下水是引起地裂縫的主要的原因。比如，地裂縫平均沉陷率，地裂縫的延伸率，和活動裂縫的位移之比是100：10：1，

42、%90的位移分布在西安的不同區(qū)域。抽取地下水的評估顯示這樣對地裂縫非常有用。有計劃的合理節(jié)制地下水資源的開采,是控制地面沉降,進而緩解地裂縫的最有效途徑。</p><p><b>　　2 地表水的治理</b></p><p>　　為了防治地裂縫災害，重要的措施就是限制地表水的開采。有效的辦法是依據(jù)水文地質(zhì)條件和需要,優(yōu)化地下水開采的設(shè)計,調(diào)整規(guī)范地下水開層位和范圍,酌