外文翻譯---可編程控制技術(shù)在船用鍋爐控制系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用

1、<p>　　The application of PLC technique in the control of marine boilers</p><p>　　Programmable foreword controller, Is called PC or PLC, It appears causes the control domain faced with a technical transf

2、ormation Take the relay as the foundation engine room control device structure complex, the component are many, The reliability is bad, The breakdown sometimes occurs The current our country ships use the import complete

3、 set control device, Its function consummates, The reliability is also high, But the price is expensive Number year ago, I use import PLC am the controller, Ow</p><p>　　1 system composition</p><p&

4、gt;　　The system is composed by below several parts: Programmable foreword controller PC; Power source PS; Examination unit Cooperation unit OB; Actuation unit M; Display monitor IB; Auxiliary relay unit JB; Line bank L,

5、Like chart 1 shows The first six parts are the control device basic composition This installment additionally builds auxiliary relay unit JB including four 8 ports intermediate relay J1, J2, J3 and J4 and 12 ports light

6、controls relay JGC. When the controller output must actuate the h</p><p>　　2 Systems controls request</p><p>　　2.1 Burning management control</p><p>　　(1) Fuel oil choice The fuel m

7、ay choose the heavy oil or the light oil If choice heavy oil, The oil temperature must in 80 ℃ above, The side can carry on burning The oil temperature is lower than 80 ℃,Then blowing-out, And the start heats up the inst

8、allment to heat up to the heavy oil</p><p>　　(2) Combustion control According to the start, front sweeps the gas, the ignition, opens the #1 spray hole, opens the #2 spray hole the order to start boiler burn

9、ing; After closes the #2 spray hole, closes the order blowing-out which the #1 spray hole, sweeps was mad</p><p>　　(3) Steam pressure intermittent control According to boiler steam pressure p AND gate limiti

10、ng value p1 (0.7MPa, p2 (approximately 0.6MPa) controls two spray holes approximately) the work When p>p1,#1, the #2 spray hole closes; When p1>p>p2,The #1 spray hole alone works; When p2>p,#1, the #2 spray h

11、ole opens。</p><p>　　(4) Boiler water monitor the boiler water level uses the pair of position control mode, which knew very well, Therefore, does not give relates in detail</p><p>　　2.2 Intercon

12、nection protections</p><p>　　(1) Steam overpressure interconnection The steam pressure arrives reports to the police threshold value p0 (approximately time 0.72MPa), Sends out "the steam overpressure&qu

13、ot; the warning, Blowing-out, And shuts off the load power source, Stops to all executions component power supply</p><p>　　(2) The boiler water level reports to the police The establishment high reports to t

14、he police the water level and the lowest danger warning water level When controls malfunctions, The water level surpasses reports to the police the water level, Then sends out the high water mark to report to the police,

15、 And shuts off the feed pump electric motor power source When the water level is lower than the danger warning water level, Then sends out the low water level to report to the police, Boiler blowi</p><p>　　(

16、3) The emergency blowing-out protects When the collection controls Taiwan to have the blowing-out to order, Then sends out "the emergency blowing-out" the warning, Boiler blowing-out</p><p>　　(4)He

17、avy oil temperature control interconnection When choice heavy oil, The oil temperature is higher than 80 ℃ procedures to be able to move The oil temperature lowly is lower than this value, Sends out the warning, Boiler b

18、lowing-out</p><p>　　(5) Flame surveillance unusual interconnection When appears the ignition defeat, the midway flameout or the burning condition worsening, Sends out "the flame surveillance to be unusu

19、al" the warning, Boiler blowing-out</p><p>　　(6) Manual, automatic operation interconnection only when cuts the switch to set "manually" ("is automatic") the position, only then allo

20、ws carries on manually (is automatic) all operations</p><p>　　(7) The #1 spray hole does not work, Or the air throttle has not started in a big way, The #2 spray hole does not work and so on</p><p

21、>　　3 Hardware designs</p><p>　　The hardware design mainly revolves the system the reliability and the consummation its function two goal carries on</p><p>　　3.1 PC shaping</p><p>

22、;　　The programmable foreword controller uses, the excellent craft manufacture advanced, its reliability is the general labor controls the microcomputer 4~6 to double, Therefore should stress from the control function ang

23、le chooses PC. Regarding the single plane, the medium scale, use in guaranteeing the boiler safe operation the automatic control system, To conserves energy the goal to be possible not to consider, Therefore does not nee

24、d the PID control function Such system by condition control, se</p><p>　　3.2 Power sources protections and ant jamming</p><p>　　Although PC has the good power source adaptive ness, Also should t

25、ake the measure from the electrical power system, Reduces in the installment power supply as far as possible the disturbance, the undulation, owes presses, the instantaneous high pressure to the system the influence Ther

26、efore, Uses in the electrical power system Separation power source power supply, insulating transformer and power failure protector PC machine, the input circuit and the output circuit by separate the power source,</p

27、><p>　　3.3 IO allocation and exterior circuit design</p><p>　　Control system by PC machine and input and output circuit connection constitution, Each part independently supplies power by electrical

28、 network PS, Sees chart 1.The input circuit divides the examination input circuit and the operation input circuit two kinds: The examination input circuit receives the light to control the light which the tube and the se

29、nsor controls to control the switch and magnetic contactor G, Si (i=1,2,) And PC input port connection, Pot</p><p>　　The stove condition information feedback gives PC. Operation input circuit button, change-

30、over switch and so on and PC input port connection, To PC transfer operation order In the control system movement fixed time and the steam pressure, the temperature and so on the entire definite value reads in PC by the

31、programming, Therefore supposes the parameter installation electric circuit not in addition The output circuit including actuates the electric circuit and the display circuit two kinds: Actu</p><p>　　4 PLC t

32、echnologies in ships engine room automation application prospect</p><p>　　The industrial automation has experienced from the black-white control system controls the microcomputer system to the labor the deve

33、loping process appearance, Because It has the well known a series of merits, Enable it to obtain the rapid developmental present technical representative PLC current control domain advanced level, PLC has become the auto

34、mated system the basic installment Facing PLC technology impact, To ships engine room automation, Acceleration take PLC technology as central techn</p><p>　　可編程控制技術(shù)在船用鍋爐控制系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　可編程序控制器

35、,簡稱PC或PLC,其出現(xiàn)使控制領(lǐng)域面臨一場技術(shù)變革.以繼電器為基礎(chǔ)的機(jī)艙控制設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、器件多,可靠性差,故障時有發(fā)生.當(dāng)前我國船舶多采用進(jìn)口成套控制設(shè)備,其功能較完善,可靠性亦高,但價格昂貴.數(shù)年前,我所采用進(jìn)口PLC為控制器,自己設(shè)計(jì)硬件,編制控制程序,研制成功PC-GC型可編程鍋爐燃燒控制裝置,取代英國HAMWORTHY公司產(chǎn)品.與該公司近期同類產(chǎn)品比較,性能相當(dāng),價格僅為其12.5~13.4年來,共有PC-GC裝置12套在大

36、慶414等6條油船實(shí)船使用,經(jīng)歷南海風(fēng)浪和近70℃高溫的惡劣環(huán)境考驗(yàn),運(yùn)行良好,無一故障.經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明,引進(jìn)少數(shù)關(guān)鍵器件,根據(jù)具體控制系統(tǒng)要求,設(shè)計(jì)合適的軟件和配套硬件,是船舶技術(shù)改造和裝備配置的較好辦法.</p><p><b>　　1 系統(tǒng)組成</b></p><p>　　系統(tǒng)由以下幾部分組成:可編程序控制器PC;電源PS;檢測單元S;操作單元OB;驅(qū)動單元M;顯示屏

37、IB;輔助繼電器組JB;接線排L,如圖1所示.前六部分是控制裝置的基本組成.本裝置增設(shè)的輔助繼電器組JB包括四個8端口的中間繼電器J1、J2、J3和J4和一個12端口的光控繼電器JGC.當(dāng)控制器的輸出須驅(qū)動大功率負(fù)載時,需要通過中間繼電器進(jìn)行電壓或功率轉(zhuǎn)換.中間繼電器除完成其承擔(dān)的主控功能外,還提供多副輔助端口,可用來聯(lián)鎖有關(guān)設(shè)備或接通狀態(tài)指示燈,這樣做可以節(jié)省主控單元的硬件資源.設(shè)置接線排L以后,將電源、PC板、檢測器件、執(zhí)行器件、操

38、作按鈕、顯示燈等的全部接點(diǎn)都連到接線排插座內(nèi),這為設(shè)備安裝、維修和查找故障提供了方便.系統(tǒng)各部分的組成和連接</p><p><b>　　2 系統(tǒng)控制要求</b></p><p>　　2.1 燃燒管理控制</p><p>　　(1) 燃油選擇.燃料可選擇重油或輕油.若選擇重油,油溫須在80℃以上,方能進(jìn)行燃燒.油溫低于80℃,則停爐,并啟動加溫

39、裝置對重油加熱.</p><p>　　(2) 燃燒控制.按啟動、前掃氣、點(diǎn)火、開啟#1噴油器、開啟#2噴油器的次序啟動鍋爐燃燒;按關(guān)閉#2噴油器、關(guān)閉#1噴油器、后掃氣的次序停爐.</p><p>　　(3) 蒸汽壓力斷續(xù)控制.根據(jù)鍋爐蒸汽壓力p與門限值p1(約0.7MPa)、p2(約0.6MPa)控制兩個噴油器的工作.當(dāng)p>p1,#1、#2噴油器均關(guān)閉;當(dāng)p1>p>p2

40、,#1噴油器單獨(dú)工作;當(dāng)p2>p,#1、#2噴油器均開啟.</p><p>　　(4) 鍋爐水位控制.鍋爐水位采用熟知的雙位控制方式,故不予詳述.</p><p><b>　　2.2 聯(lián)鎖保護(hù)</b></p><p>　　(1) 蒸汽超壓聯(lián)鎖.蒸汽壓力到達(dá)報(bào)警門限值p0(約0.72MPa時),發(fā)出“蒸汽超壓”警報(bào),停爐,并且切斷負(fù)載電源,

41、停止向所有執(zhí)行器件供電.</p><p>　　(2) 鍋爐水位報(bào)警.設(shè)置最高報(bào)警水位和最低危險(xiǎn)警戒水位.當(dāng)控制失靈,水位超過報(bào)警水位,則發(fā)出高水位報(bào)警,并切斷給水泵電動機(jī)電源.當(dāng)水位低于危險(xiǎn)警戒水位,則發(fā)出低水位報(bào)警,鍋爐停爐.</p><p>　　(3) 應(yīng)急停爐保護(hù).當(dāng)集控臺有停爐命令,則發(fā)出“應(yīng)急停爐”警報(bào),鍋爐停爐.</p><p>　　(4) 重油溫控制聯(lián)

42、鎖.選擇重油時,油溫高于80℃程序才能運(yùn)行.油溫低低于此值,發(fā)出警報(bào),鍋爐停爐.</p><p>　　(5) 火焰監(jiān)視異常聯(lián)鎖.當(dāng)出現(xiàn)點(diǎn)火失敗、中途熄火或燃燒狀況惡化時,發(fā)出“火焰監(jiān)視異?！本瘓?bào),鍋爐停爐.</p><p>　　(6) 手動、自動操作聯(lián)鎖.僅當(dāng)切換開關(guān)置“手動”(“自動”)位置時,才準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)行手動(自動)的一切操作.</p><p>　　(7) #1噴

43、油器不工作,或風(fēng)門未開大,#2噴油器不工作等.</p><p><b>　　3 硬件設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p>　　硬件設(shè)計(jì)主要圍繞系統(tǒng)的可靠性和完善其功能兩個目標(biāo)進(jìn)行.</p><p><b>　　3.1 PC選型</b></p><p>　　可編程序控制器采用先進(jìn)、精良工藝制造,其可靠性是一般

44、工控微機(jī)的4~6倍,故應(yīng)側(cè)重從控制功能角度選擇PC.對于單機(jī)、中等規(guī)模、用于保證鍋爐安全運(yùn)行的自控系統(tǒng),對節(jié)能目標(biāo)可不考慮,故不需要PID控制功能.這樣的系統(tǒng)以條件控制、順序控制為主,以開關(guān)量的邏輯運(yùn)算、計(jì)時、計(jì)數(shù)居多,對器件運(yùn)行速度等方面的性能無特殊要求,因此可根據(jù)程序所需容量(IO端口數(shù)及存儲器大小)作PC選型.存儲器容量(程序步)可按經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式Q=6~10)×∑(IO)作估計(jì),若用戶程序不大,存儲器容量需求容易滿足.本系統(tǒng)

45、共需輸入端口、輸出端口各14個(若增加鍋爐水位控制功能,需再增加輸入、輸出端口各4個),故采用三菱公司F1-30MR或F1-40MR為控制器.F1-30MR是超小型可編程序控制器,其輸入、輸出端口已與PC機(jī)組裝在一起,無需再選擇IO模塊.F1系列PC無故障間隔時間MTBF為30萬小時,耐高溫(0~+55℃,工作;-15℃~+65℃,庫存),耐振動、沖擊(符合JISC0911、C0912標(biāo)準(zhǔn)),采取電源保護(hù)、電源電壓監(jiān)視、瞬時停電補(bǔ)償、抗

46、電平干擾等措施,可靠性和抗干擾能力很高.它還有出錯自診斷能力,包括通電診斷、程</p><p>　　3.2 電源保護(hù)及抗干擾</p><p>　　盡管PC有較好的電源適應(yīng)能力,還應(yīng)該從電源系統(tǒng)中采取措施,盡可能減少裝置供電中的干擾、波動、欠壓、瞬間高壓對系統(tǒng)的影響.為此,在電源系統(tǒng)中采用了分離電源供電、隔離變壓器及斷電保護(hù)器.PC機(jī)、輸入電路及輸出電路均由分離電源、通過隔離變壓器供電.隔離

47、變壓器的屏蔽層良好接地,次級輸出采用雙絞線.這些措施對于抑制電網(wǎng)中和混入輸入輸出電路中的干擾引起程序的誤動作有良好的效果.隔離變壓器采用優(yōu)質(zhì)高磁通密度無切割圓截面鐵蕊,損耗小,使裝置抗電壓波動的能力得到提高.輸出電路的電源前端還設(shè)置了應(yīng)急斷電開關(guān),當(dāng)出現(xiàn)緊急情況,可切斷電源,保護(hù)系統(tǒng)的安全.</p><p>　　3.3 IO地址分配及外部電路設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　控制系統(tǒng)由PC機(jī)與輸入

48、和輸出電路連接構(gòu)成,各部分均由電網(wǎng)PS獨(dú)立供電,見圖1.輸入電路分檢測輸入電路和操作輸入電路兩類:檢測輸入電路把受光控管及傳感器控制的光控開關(guān)和電磁開關(guān)G、Si(I=1,2,…)與PC的輸入端口連接,將鍋爐的狀態(tài)信息反饋給PC.操作輸入電路將按鈕、轉(zhuǎn)換開關(guān)等與PC的輸入端口連接,向PC傳送操作命令.控制系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行中的定時及汽壓、溫度等整定值由編程器寫入PC,故不另設(shè)參數(shù)整定電路.輸出電路包括驅(qū)動電路和顯示電路兩類:驅(qū)動電路傳送PC端口的輸

49、出,去驅(qū)動執(zhí)行器件的電磁線圈、繼電器,或驅(qū)動風(fēng)機(jī)、給水泵電機(jī)、接通重油加熱器等.顯示電路通過顯示屏IB的燈光,指示裝置的操作、設(shè)備的狀態(tài),模擬自動控制的流程,發(fā)出故障警報(bào).</p><p>　　4 PLC技術(shù)在船舶機(jī)艙自動化的應(yīng)用前景</p><p>　　工業(yè)自動化已經(jīng)歷從繼電器控制系統(tǒng)到工控微機(jī)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展過程.PLC的出現(xiàn),由于</p><p>　　其具有眾所周知

50、的一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn),使它得到飛速發(fā)展.目前PLC技術(shù)代表著當(dāng)前控制領(lǐng)域的先進(jìn)水平,PLC已成為自動化系統(tǒng)的基本裝置.面對PLC技術(shù)的沖擊,對船舶機(jī)艙自動化,加速以PLC技術(shù)為中心的技術(shù)改造步伐,勢在必行.作者認(rèn)為:機(jī)艙自動化應(yīng)著力于:大型裝置向小型發(fā)展;單機(jī)向系統(tǒng)(網(wǎng)絡(luò)化)發(fā)展;從單一或局部功能向綜合功能及智能控制方向發(fā)展.PLC器件小型化、超小型化是當(dāng)今技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢,小型PLC的功能與大型PLC之間的差距正在縮小,編程技巧的成熟,為此提供了

51、物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和技術(shù)基礎(chǔ).以英國HAMWORTHY公司的鍋爐控制系統(tǒng)和PC-GC作對照分析:其控制器采用美國德州儀器公司的PM550,它采用16位的微處理器,有計(jì)數(shù)器和定時器各99個,最大開關(guān)量IO端口512個,PID控制回路8個(系統(tǒng)使用IO端口32個,PID回路4個).與PC-GC對照,兩者在裝置的容量和運(yùn)算功能上有較大差距.系統(tǒng)控制功能上的差距主要反映在參量的連續(xù)調(diào)節(jié)上,其它控制功能上的差距不算太大,其所具有的軟硬件自診斷功能,如程序監(jiān)